From Physics to Daily Life E-Book

• Herausgeber: Wiley-VCH
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 695

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2014

Beschreibung

Beatrice Bressan brings together a number of outstanding examples of successful cross-disciplinary technology transfer originating in fundamental physics research, which dramatically impacted progress in biomedical research and clinical applications. Many of these examples were developed at CERN, a hotbed of fundamental inventions in particle physics.

Additional sections of the book deal with knowledge management and technology transfer including its economic aspects. While each chapter has been drafted by an expert in the field, the editor has carefully edited the whole book, ensuring a coherent overall structure.

A must-have for policy makers, technology companies, investors, strategic planners in research and technology, as well as attractive reading for the research community.

Leseprobe

CONTENTS

Cover

Related Titles

Title Page

Copyright

Dedication

Contributors’ CVs

Foreword

List of Acronyms

List of Units

Chapter 1: Introduction

Part I: Knowledge Management and Technology Transfer in an Organization

Chapter 2: Knowledge Management: From Theory to Practice

2.1 Knowledge-Based and Innovative Organization

2.2 The Theory of Knowledge

2.3 The Core Processes of Managing Knowledge

2.4 The Knowledge Worker

2.5 The Knowledge Creation, Acquisition, and Transfer Model

2.6 Knowledge Management: A Case Study of CERN

Part II: Examples of Knowledge and Technology Transfer

Section 1: Medical Applications

Chapter 3: Particle Beams for Cancer

3.1 Radiations in the Therapy of Solid Tumours

3.2 Conventional Radiation Therapy

3.3 Neutrontherapy and Protontherapy

3.4 Ion Therapy

3.5 Proton Single-Room Facilities

3.6 Conclusion

Acknowledgement

Chapter 4: Detection and Imaging

4.1 Invention of the Multiwire Proportional Chamber

4.2 Modalities for Medical Imaging

4.3 Development of the HIDAC Detector

4.4 The Dual-HIDAC PET Camera

4.5 Early Developments in Positron Tomography

4.6 Fully Three-Dimensional PET Acquisition

4.7 The Partial Ring Tomograph

4.8 The Birth of Multimodality Instrumentation

4.9 Conclusion

Chapter 5: Micro-Fabricated Sensors

5.1 3D Silicon Sensors

5.2 3D Sensor Applications

Acknowledgements

Section 2: Impact on Life Sciences

Chapter 6: Omics: Technologies and Translations

6.1 Biology from Different Perspectives

6.2 Quantum Leaps in Omics Development

6.3 Omics Output (I): Knowledge Bases

6.4 Omics Output (II): Translations and Challenges

6.5 From Omics to ‘Know-mics’: Translation into Personal and Actionable (gen)omics

Acknowledgements

Chapter 7: Technology Fallout in Bioinformatics

7.1 Fundamental Research and the Development of New Technology

7.2 Technology Transfer from Public Research to Private Companies

7.3 Innovation Power of ICT in a Digital World

7.4 CERN, Six Decades of Progress Surfing the Digital Waves

7.5 Accelerators, Detectors and Computers

7.6 CERN: Development of Accelerators and Detectors

7.7 The Evolution of Central Computer Systems

7.8 Computers Help Physicists to Think Big: Big Data and Discoveries

7.9 Other Examples of Technology Transfer to Industry and Applied Research

7.10 Technology Transfer from CERN to Other Sciences and Society

7.11 The EBI at the EMBL

7.12 The New Biology as an Information Science

7.13 The Transfer of Technology from EBI to Industry

7.14 Bioinformatics as a Strategic Resource in Europe: From SIB to ELIXIR

7.15 From Particles to Genomes

7.16 1000 Genomes and the SardiNIA Project

Acknowledgements

Chapter 8: Understanding the Brain: Organizational and Scientific Challenges

8.1 The Computing Revolution in Neuroscience

8.2 New Computing Technologies

8.3 Better Understanding, Diagnosis and Treatment of Brain Disease

8.4 New Modes of Translation for Neuroscience Research

Section 3: Towards Early Diagnostics

Chapter 9: Online Environments for Research and Care in Neurodegenerative Diseases

9.1 Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases: Diagnostic Issues and Imaging Biomarkers for Early Diagnosis

9.2 NeuGRID for Computer-Assisted Extraction of Imaging Biomarkers

9.3 Algorithms for Diagnostic Biomarker Extraction in Individual Patients

9.4 NeuGRID for the Development of Innovative Biomarkers for Drug Development

9.5 Increasing Societal Emergency

Acknowledgements

Chapter 10: Data Management Challenges in Paediatric Information Systems

10.1 Background

10.2 Related Work in Data Management for Paediatrics

10.3 Specific Requirements for Paediatric Data Management

10.4 The HeC Integrated Data Model

10.5 Ontologies in Paediatric Data Management

10.6 Future Perspectives

Chapter 11: Health Surveillance

11.1 Grid Computing and the Inception of Clouds

11.2 GINSENG, the French Online Health Surveillance Platform

11.3 Conclusions and Outlook

Acknowledgements

Part III: Economic Aspects of Knowledge Management and Technology Transfer

Chapter 12: Innovation and Big Data

12.1 The Wealth of Nations: Agriculture, the Division of Labour, or Profits?

12.2 Industrialization and/or Exploitation

12.3 Perfect Competition, the Disappearance of Profits, Economies of Scale

12.4 Creative Destruction

12.5 Risk and Uncertainty

12.6 Accumulation Without Innovation

12.7 The Real Engine of Economic Growth

12.8 Endogenous Technological Change

12.9 The Appropriate Set of Market and Non-Market Institutions

12.10 Limitless Knowledge

12.11 Post-Scarcity and Networks

12.12 Intellectual Property Rights

12.13 Governments' Support of Scientific Research

12.14 The Remaining Scarce Resource is Human Creativity

12.15 Different Organizational Modes for Overcoming Uncertainty

12.16 Information and Allocation Gains of Peer Production

12.17 An Ecosystem of Technologies Leading to the Singularity?

12.18 Big Data Analytics and Data-Intensive Healthcare

Chapter 13: Universities and Corporations: The Case of Switzerland

13.1 Background

13.2 KTT Activities in the Swiss Economy: The Main Facts from the Firm's Point of View

13.3 KTT Activities in the Swiss Economy: The Main Facts from the Science Institution Point of View

13.4 Analytical Part: Exploration of KTT Activities in Switzerland

13.5 Conclusion

Chapter 14: Conclusion

Author Index

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Table 2.1

Table 2.2

Table 2.3

Table 2.4

Table 2.5

Table 3.1

Table 3.2

Table 9.1

Table 9.2

Table 9.3

Table 10.1

Table 12.1

Table 12.2

Table 13.1

Table 13.2

Table 13.3

Table 13.4

Table 13.5

Table 13.6

Table 13.7

Table 13.8

Table 13.9

Table 13.10

Table 13.11

Table 13.12

Table 13.13

Table 13.14

Table 13.15

Table 13.16

Table 13.17

Table 13.18

Table 13.19

Table 13.20

Table 13.21

Table 13.22

Table 13.23

Table 13.24

Table 13.25

Table 13.26

Table 13.27

Table 13.28

Table 13.29

Table 13.30

List of Illustrations

Figure 2.1

Figure 2.2

Figure 2.3

Figure 2.4

Figure 2.5

Figure 2.6

Figure 2.7

Figure 2.8

Figure 2.9

Figure 2.10

Figure 2.11

Figure 2.12

Figure 2.13

Figure 2.14

Figure 2.15

Figure 2.16

Figure 2.17

Figure 2.18

Figure 2.19

Figure 2.20

Figure 3.1

Figure 3.2

Figure 3.3

Figure 3.4

Figure 3.5

Figure 3.6

Figure 3.7

Figure 3.8

Figure 3.9

Figure 3.10

Figure 3.11

Figure 3.12

Figure 3.13

Figure 3.14

Figure 4.1

Figure 4.2

Figure 4.3

Figure 4.4

Figure 4.5

Figure 4.6

Figure 5.1

Figure 5.2

Figure 5.3

Figure 5.4

Figure 5.5

Figure 5.6

Figure 5.7

Figure 5.8

Figure 5.9

Figure 5.10

Figure 5.11

Figure 5.12

Figure 5.13

Figure 6.1

Figure 6.2

Figure 6.3

Figure 7.1

Figure 7.2

Figure 7.3

Figure 7.4

Figure 7.5

Figure 9.1

Figure 9.2

Figure 9.3

Figure 9.4

Figure 9.5

Figure 9.6

Figure 10.1

Figure 10.2

Figure 10.3

Figure 10.4

Figure 11.1

Figure 11.2

Figure 11.3

Figure 11.4

Figure 11.5

Figure 13.1

Guide

Cover

Table of Contents

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From Physics to Daily Life

Applications in Biology, Medicine, and Healthcare

Beatrice Bressan

Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty can be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The Advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor authors shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.

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© 2014 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Boschstr.12, 69469 Weinheim, Germany

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Dedication

Il piacere più nobile è la gioia di comprendere.

The noblest pleasure is the joy of understanding.

Leonardo da Vinci

Contributors’ CVs

Ugo Amaldi was Director of Physics Research at the ISS (Istituto Superiore di Sanità), Rome, Italy. From 1973, he worked for many years as CERN Senior Scientist where, for the Large Electron Positron (LEP) collider he founded and directed (as spokesman) the DELPHI (DEtector with Lepton, Photon and Hadron Identification) Collaboration (1980–1994). Ugo has taught Medical Physics at Florence and Milan Universities, Italy (1991–2006). He is Doctor Honoris Causa at the Universities of Uppsala (Sweden), Lyon (France), Helsinki (Finland), and Valencia (Spain), and is Distinguished Affiliated Professor at The TUM (Technische Universität), Germany. Ugo's main contributions to science have been the opening of a new line of research in atomic physics (electron momentum spectroscopy) and in nuclear physics (e,ep reaction); the discovery of the rising proton–proton cross-section at the CERN Intersecting Storage Rings (ISR) (1973); the proposal of a high-energy superconducting linear collider (1975); the first measurement of the triple gluon vertex (1990); the publication of a much-quoted paper about the supersymmetric unification of the four fundamental forces (1991). Ugo has authored some 400 scientific papers, two treatises on radiation physics, and more than 20 physics textbooks, used in the past 25 years by more than one-third of Italian high-schools. In 1992, Ugo created the TERA Foundation (Fondazione per Adroterapia Oncologica), devoted to the research and development of modern radiotherapy techniques with hadron beams. The Italian CNAO (Centro Nazionale di Adroterapia Oncologica) in Pavia, Italy, is one of its main outputs (2011).

E-mail: [email protected]

Spyros Arvanitis is Senior Researcher at the KOF (Konjunkturforschungsstelle) Swiss Economic Institute at the ETH (Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule) Zurich, Switzerland. He is head of the Research Section Innovation Economics of the KOF, and holds a doctoral degree in Economics from the University of Zurich and a doctoral degree in Chemistry from the ETH Zurich. Spyros has served as expert in national and international advisory bodies on the evaluation of technology policy. His research interests cover several fields of industrial economics, with a strong emphasis on empirical studies. He has published extensively on the economics of innovation, technology diffusion, determinants of firm performance, economics of market dynamics, as well as the international competitiveness of firms and industries.

E-mail: [email protected]

Sergio Bertolucci, Physics degree cum laude (University of Pisa, Italy), serves as Director for Research and Computing at CERN. He chaired the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) Committee and was a physics research committee member at DESY (Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron). He was vice-president and a member of the Board of the Italian INFN (Istituto Nucleare di Fisica Nucleare). A former Pisa scholar, Sergio has worked at DESY (Germany), Fermilab (US) and Frascati (Italy). He was a member of the group that founded the experiment CDF (Collider Detector at Fermilab). He has been involved in the CDF detector design, construction and operation, and has been technical coordinator of the team responsible for the design and construction of the KLOE (K LOng Experiment) detector at DAFNE (Double Annular Φ Factory for Nice Experiments) at the LNF (Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati). Sergio was appointed head of the LNF accelerator and the DAFNE project, becoming Director of the Laboratory in 2002. The ‘top quark’ discovery was amongst the scientific results obtained. Sergio has designed and built many innovative detectors that are still state-of-the-art today. He has co-authored over 370 scientific publications (global h-index 86). He has been the Italian Delegate of the Programme Committee on the research infrastructure of the 6th European Union Framework Programme. His memberships include: ESA (European Space Agency), FAIR (Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research), KEK (K Enerug Kasokuki Kenky Kik), RECFA (Restricted European Committee for Future Accelerators), J-PARC (Japan Proton Accelerator Research Complex), and SLAC (Stanford Linear Accelerator Centre).

E-mail: [email protected]

Daan Boom graduated in Library and Information Science at The Hague University, The Netherlands. He has over 30 years' experience in advising and implementing knowledge management practices and IT solutions in private and public sectors. Daan is associated as Director of International Relations with CCLFI (Centre for Conscious Living Foundation Inc.), Manila, Philippines. He was Knowledge Management Programme Manager at ICIMOD (International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development), Nepal and Head of Knowledge Management at the Asian Development Bank (ADB) where he co-authored a paper on Knowledge-Based Economies (2007) and ADB's experience implementing knowledge management (Knowledge Management for Development Journal, 2005). Daan was editor in charge of a special edition on Knowledge Management for Mountain Development (ICIMOD, Issue 58, 2011). He published an article on social media use to enforce democracy and transparency (Dutch Information Professional Journal, May, 2012). In Asia, Daan organized knowledge management and communication workshops to strengthen the local capacities of Non Governmental Organizations, and South-South knowledge exchange programs between universities and research institutes. Throughout his work, Daan has contributed to curriculum development on knowledge management for universities and has participated or chaired international networks.

E-mail: [email protected]

Beatrice Bressan, science and technology writer and EUSJA (European Union of Science Journalists' Associations) member, is responsible for the Outreach activities of the CERN TOTEM (TOTal cross-section, Elastic scattering and diffraction dissociation Measurement at the Large Hadron Collider) experiment and expert consultant for associations and companies. After a degree in Mathematical Physics (La Sapienza University, Rome) and a Master in Science Communication (ISAS, International School for Advanced Studies, Trieste), Italy, Beatrice obtained a PhD, magna cum laude, and carried out a postdoctoral study in Knowledge Management and Technology Transfer for the Department of Physical Sciences of Helsinki University, Finland, within the CERN research programmes. She has worked several years as Technology Transfer Promotion Officer at CERN. Her managerial positions include: Head of Communications (SIB, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics), Communications Manager (Physics Department, Geneva University), Communications Director (MaatG Cloud Computing Company), Switzerland, and Chief Business Development Officer (gnúbila Software Development Company), France. Beatrice has extensive experience in project management, business development, media publishing, public relations, mediation, and negotiation. She is author and editor in a wide range of subject areas; her publications include: A History of International Research Networking (Wiley, 2010), and Knowledge Management in an International Research Centre (Lambert Academic Publishing, 2011).

E-mail: [email protected]

Cinzia Da Vià, a permanent faculty member at the University of Manchester, UK, is an expert in radiation detectors for High-Energy Physics and medical applications. She has been working on radiation hard silicon detector development for the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) since 1998, and is one of the two co-discoverers of the Lazarus effect, a property which enhances silicon detector performances after heavy irradiation at cryogenic temperatures. In 1995, Cinzia participated in the discussions which led to the design of 3D silicon sensors, and has been working on 3D silicon since 1998. She leads the 3D ATLAS (A Toroidal LHC ApparatuS) pixel R&D Collaboration, which successfully designed and fabricated the first 3D sensors to be installed in an experiment, and plans to insert 3D silicon pixels in the upgraded pixel layers of the CERN ATLAS experiment in 2023. Cinzia coordinated the 3D silicon detector development for the AFP (ATLAS Forward Proton) project, which aims to detect diffractive protons in the ATLAS forward region (2006–2011). In 2010, she proposed the use of Micro-Electro-Mechanical System (MEMS) technology to fabricate 3D sensors for micro-dosimetry. She collaborates with international partners on the microdosimetry Mimic project. In 2006, Cinzia formed the 3D Consortium to transfer the original 3D silicon technology to industry, and is involved in the miniaturized vertical integration of smart-systems. She is in the Scientific Committee of several international conferences on Radiation Detectors and Instrumentation and is the co-founder of the European Radiation Detector and Imaging Technology (ERDIT) Network to promote Radiation Imaging Technology research across different fields of application in Europe.

E-mail:[email protected]

Giovanni B. Frisoni is Clinical Neurologist, Full Professor of Clinical Neuroscience at the University of Geneva, Head of the Memory Clinic of the Geneva University Hospital, Switzerland, and Scientific Director of the National Alzheimer's Centre and Head of the Laboratory of Neuroimaging and Translational Care Unit in Brescia, Italy. Giovanni is the author of over 400 scientific papers in PubMed, imaging editor for Neurobiology of Ageing, and founding editorial board member of The Lancet Neurology. He was chairman of Alzheimer's Imaging Consortium at the International Conference on Alzheimer's Disease (ICAD) in 2010 and 2011, and Principal Investigator of European Commission of the Framework Programme projects ENIR (European NeuroImage Repository, 2006–2007), neuGRID (2008–2010), outGRID (2009–2012), and neuGRID for Users (2011–2014), aimed at developing a working environment for imaging neuroscientists based on Cloud Computing. Giovanni has brought the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) with Alzheimer's Association grant Pilot European ADNI (2005–2006) and IMI (Innovative Medicines Initiative) PharmaCog WP5/EADNI (Work Package 5/European ADNI) to Europe. Likewise, he has brought to Italy the Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer Network (DIAN), thanks to an Italian Ministry of Health grant, and amyloid imaging thanks to private donations. Giovanni leads the global Alzheimer's Association grant Harmonized Protocol for Hippocampal Volumetry.

E-mail: [email protected]

Rolf-Dieter Heuer is the Director General of CERN since January 2009. He graduated in Physics at the University of Stuttgart and obtained his PhD at the University of Heidelberg in Germany. He then worked as research scientist in the JADE (Japan, Deutschland, and England) Collaboration at the PETRA (Positron-Electron Tandem Ring Accelerator) in the DESY (Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron) Laboratory of Hamburg, Germany. Between 1984 and 1998, as a CERN staff member, Rolf-Dieter worked at OPAL (Omni-Purpose Apparatus for LEP - Large Electron Positron collider), where he was responsible for the coordination of design and construction of the tracking jet chamber. He was also the run coordinator during the start-up phase of LEP1 (1989–1992) and the OPAL spokesperson (1994–1998). Rolf-Dieter was appointed Professor at the University of Hamburg (1998) and Research Director at DESY (2004). He initiated the reconstruction and focus of German Particle Physics at the energy frontier, with particular emphasis on the Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Rolf-Dieter is a member of many scientific committees and advisory bodies.

E-mail: [email protected]

Martin Kussmann joined the NIHS (Nestlé Institute of Health Science) at the EPFL (École Polytechnique Fédérale, Lausanne), Switzerland in 2011, as Head of Molecular Biomarkers. He is Honorary Professor for Nutritional Science at the Faculty of Science (Aarhus University, Denmark) and Lecturer at the Faculty of Life Sciences at the EPFL. Previously, Martin led the Functional Genomics Group at the Nestlé Research Centre and was responsible for NutriGenomics and NutriEpiGenetics (2003–2011). Educated as an analytical biochemist, he acquired research experience in the pharmaceutical (Pharmacia-Upjohn, Sweden; Cerbios-Pharma, Switzerland), biotechnological (GeneProt, Switzerland), and nutritional industries (Nestlé). He holds a MSc (University of Konstanz, Germany), a PhD (University of Konstanz, including PhD stipend at University of California, San Francisco, US), and performed post-doctoral studies at the University of Southern Denmark, Odense. Martin has specialized in Analytical Biochemistry and Omics Sciences, and has (co-)authored around 100 publications. He serves on the Scientific Advisory Boards of, for example, the Keystone Symposia and the Human Proteome Organization, and is an Editorial Board Member of several scientific journals (e.g. Frontiers in Genetics; Journal of Applied and Translational Genomics; Journal of Proteomics.).

E-mail: [email protected]

David Manset holds a DPhil in Model Driven Engineering of Distributed Computing Infrastructures (Grid, High Performance Computing and Cloud) from UWE (University of the West of England, Bristol, UK), and an MPhil in Communication and Coordination of Multi-Agent Systems from the University of Savoie and École des Mines de Saint-Etienne, France. David is CEO of Gnúbila France and Director of Biomedical Applications at Gnúbila Group. Over the last 10 years, he has contributed to European and international initiatives focusing on e-health and biomedical research. In particular, David architected Grid/Cloud-based platforms for projects such as the European Union Framework Programmes MammoGrid, Health-e-Child, neuGRID and Sim-e-Child. His work and team have received awards in major events in the field, such as the International Exhibition of Inventions of Geneva, Switzerland, in 2007 (Gold Medal), the international EGEE (Enabling Grids for E-sciencE) Conference in 2007 (Best Demo Award), Europe's largest conference on ICT (Information and Communications Technology) in 2008 (Best Exhibit 1st Prize), IN2P3/CNRS (Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules/Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) for the Sentinel Network in 2010 (Technology Transfer Award), the international EGI (European Grid Infrastructure) Technical Forum in 2011 (Best Live Demo Award), and more recently the ICT 2013 Best Exhibit Award.

E-mail: [email protected]

Henry Markram is a Professor of Neurosciences at the EPFL (École Polytechnique Fédérale, Lausanne), Switzerland. After earning his PhD at the Weizmann Institute of Science (Rehovot, Israel), Henry was a Fulbright scholar at the National Institutes of Health (Maryland, US), and a Minerva Fellow at the Max Planck Institute for Medical Research (Heidelberg, Germany). In 1995, he returned to the Weizmann Institute, becoming an Associate Professor in 2000, and in 2002 he became a Full Professor at EPFL, where he founded the Brain Mind Institute. In 2005, Henry launched the Blue Brain Project, the first attempt to build the tools and workflows necessary for biologically detailed simulations of the brain. In 2010, he led a European Union Coordinating Action to study the feasibility of a large-scale European research initiative on the human brain (Human Brain Project), in January 2013, the project was selected as one of the European Union's two Future and Emerging Technologies (FET) Flagship Projects. The aim is to develop a novel research platform for understanding the human brain, to build unifying models of the brain, to integrate large volumes of experimental and clinical data, to simulate their operation using exascale supercomputers, and to explore applications in Medicine, Neuromorphic Computing and Robotics. Henry is the project coordinator of this platform.

E-mail: [email protected]

Richard McClatchey has been research-active for the past 30 years and has led many projects funded by industry and by the European Commission (EC) in the areas of large-scale distributed data and process management, in database modelling, and in systems design and integration. Currently a Fellow of both the British Computer Society and the Institute of Engineering and Technology with a PhD in Physics (Sheffield University, UK) and DPhil in Computer Science (University of the West of England, UWE, UK), Richard has authored over 200 papers and has held the Chair of Applied Computer Science at UWE since 2000. He is the co-inventor of the CRISTAL (Cooperative Repositories and Information System for Tracking Assembly Lifecycle) description-driven system, which has been exploited in industry and is still generating research output, especially for the management of data provenance. Richard's current research interests lie in Grid and Cloud data and knowledge management, and particularly in their application to medical applications. He is Professor of Applied Computer Science and the Director of the Centre for Complex Cooperative Systems at UWE. He is active in collaborative computing projects at CERN and with many international partners in the EC projects: HeC (Health-e-Child), SHARE (Supporting and structuring Healthgrid Activities and Research in Europe), neuGRID, N4U (neuGrid for Users), and CRISTAL-ISE (CRISTAL-Information Systems Engineering).

E-mail: [email protected]

Edwin Morley-Fletcher is President of Lynkeus Consultancy and former Professor of Administration Science of the Faculty of Politics, University La Sapienza (Rome, Italy). Member of the Italian CNEL (Consiglio Nazionale dell'Economia e del Lavoro) and chairman of the CNEL Working Group on the Social Market from 1995 to 2000, Senior Fellow at the School of Public Policy (University of California, Los Angeles, US) in 1999, and Jean Monnet Fellow at the European University Institute (EUI) in 1989. A member of the Scientific Committee of the MedChild Foundation, Edwin has been advisor of the Gaslini Foundation for several years now, and has led the Healthcare Governance and Technology working group of ASTRID (Analisi, Studi e Ricerche sulla Riforma delle Istituzioni Democratiche) in Italy. He is currently advisor of the Bambino Gesù Hospital in Rome in the area of Information and Communications Technology (ICT) for Health. He operated as Project Manager within Health-e-Child (2006–2010), the FP6 IP (6th Framework Programme Integrated Project) Sim-e-Child, and the FP7 STReP (Specific Targeted Research Project, 2010–2012). He is currently Project Manager of the FP7 IP MD-Paedigree (Model-Driven European Paediatric Digital Repository) and Co-ordinator of the FP7 STReP Cardioproof (Proof of Concept of Model-based Cardiovascular Prediction). Edwin is the author of over 100 publications of which the most recent one is: Modelli sanitari a confronto: nuovi assetti istituzionali europei evidenziati dal dibattito sull'Obamacare, in R. Nania (Ed.), Attuazione e sostenibilità del diritto alla salute, Chapter 5, Sapienza Università Editrice, 2013.

E-mail: [email protected]

Marilena Streit-Bianchi obtained a degree in Biological Sciences at La Sapienza University (Rome, Italy). She has been working at CERN for 40 years, and has carried out research on biomedical applications and biological effects of high-energy radiations and on economic benefits from big-science collaboration with industry and in particular technological learning, innovation acquisition, market opening and knowledge transfer. Marilena is the co-author and author of more than 55 publications in international science journals, conferences and proceedings, and has been the organizer of thematic conferences on fundamental science–industry relations, representing CERN at innovation day exhibitions. She has been the supervisor of many students and has occupied managerial positions. Marilena was the Deputy Group Leader of the Technology Transfer Group at CERN and Responsible for the Technology Promotion Section until 2007 and of Technology Promotion events in Latin-America carried out within the HELEN (High Energy Physics Latinamerican European Network) project. Since 2014, she is the curator of exhibitions and educational activities for the arSciencia Association (Santiago de Compostela, Spain), a sociocultural entity dedicated to the world of Science and Art. As an Honorary Staff Member, Marilena is leading a CERN Oral History project.

E-mail: [email protected]

David W. Townsend obtained his PhD in Particle Physics from the University of London, UK, and was a staff member for eight years at CERN. In 1980, he joined the faculty of Geneva University Hospital in Switzerland in the Department of Nuclear Medicine. In 1993, David moved to the University of Pittsburgh, US, as an Associate Professor of Radiology, and in 1995 he was Principal Investigator on the first proposal to design and build a combined Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography (PET/CT) scanner. The PET/CT scanner (attributed to Townsend and Ron Nutt, then President of CPS Innovations, US) was named by TIME Magazine as the medical invention of the year 2000. David received the 2004 Distinguished Clinical Scientist Award from the Academy of Molecular Imaging, and in 2006 was elected a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). From 2003 to 2009, he was Director of the Molecular Imaging and Translational Research Program at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, US. In 2009, David moved to Singapore and was appointed Director of the A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research) NUS (National University of Singapore) Clinical Imaging Research Centre in 2010. He shared with Ron Nutt the 2010 IEEE Medal for Innovations in Healthcare Technology, and in 2012 was elected an Honorary Fellow of the UK Royal College of Radiologists.

E-mail: [email protected]

Martin Woerter, PhD in Economics and Social Sciences, joined the KOF (Konjunkturforschungsstelle) Swiss Economic Institute at the ETH (Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule) Zurich, Switzerland as senior researcher in 2002. He is experienced in applied research in the field of Economics, with a strong emphasis on empirical studies. Martin worked as a researcher at the Scientific Institute of Communication Services (WIK, Wissenschaftliches Institut für Kommunikationsdienste, Bad Honnef, Germany), where he carried out and led projects in the field of Information and Communications Technology (ICT). During his work as a research assistant in Economics at the University of Innsbruck, Martin was part of a research team at the Austrian Academy of Sciences, focusing on policies for media and ICT. He also was carrying out parts of his PhD at SPRU (Science Policy Research Unit, now Science and Technology Policy Research, Brighton, UK). He has been a member of national and international expert groups evaluating national innovation promotion policies and policies related to ICT. His research mainly focuses on applied economics and industrial organization. Currently, he is conducting research in the field of economics of innovation, diffusion of new technologies, knowledge and technology transfer between universities and firms, innovation and competition. In Austria, Martin was Lecturer at Innsbruck and Vienna Universities, and now he teaches at the ETH.

E-mail: [email protected]

Paolo Zanella, University degree in Mathematics and Physics, obtained at the University of Bologna (Italy), was in charge of Scientific Computing (ERA1101, Engineering Research Associates) at Saclant Anti-Submarine Warfare (ASW) Research Centre (La Spezia, Italy) from 1960 to 1962. Between 1962 and 1975 he was a project leader at CERN, where he pioneered the use of computers and networks in High-Energy Physics. Later (1976–1988), Paolo was the Computing and Data Handling Division leader (300 staff), where Positron Emission Tomography (PET) and the World Wide Web (WWW) were invented. From 1989 he joined the DG Office as Advisor in Computers, Data Analysis and Networks. He retired from CERN in 1995. In 1991, he was appointed to the Chair of Informatics at the Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland, but retired in 1998 and is now Professor Emeritus. Paolo directed the EMBL-EBI (European Molecular Biology Laboratory – European Bioinformatics Institute) at the Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK (1994–1998). Since 2006, he has been Chairman of the Italian CRS4 (Centro di Ricerca, Sviluppo e Studi Superiori in Sardegna), a Research Organization, which he cofounded in 1991. Paolo is the author of many publications, and co-author of a successful textbook in French, The Architecture and Technology of Computers (5th edition 2013, Dunod, France). In 1997, he was named Fellow of the American ACM (Association for Computing Machinery) ‘…in recognition of outstanding technical and professional achievements in the field of Information Technology.’

E-mail: [email protected]

Foreword

As we advance further into the 21st century, we realise more and more that international scientific organisations such as CERN, the European Laboratory for Particle Physics, are concrete examples of science uniting people around common goals across national and cultural boundaries. Back in the 1940s and 50s, this intention to connect was prominent in the minds of those who came together to create at CERN an environment in which fundamental science has flourished. Their vision has resulted in 60 years of discoveries, 60 years of science in the service of peace.

CERN's commitment to streamlining the transfer of knowledge to different fields has strengthened during recent years. Forgetting for a moment our most cited example, the World Wide Web, and its role in globalization, there are many other success stories linked, for example, to medicine.

As is to be expected with any research centre, we are always content, but never satisfied. Therefore, in order to establish CERN as an important facilitator for medical physics in Europe, we have recently created a new Office for Medical Applications. This will provide an environment in which medical practitioners and members of the physics community can come together to pursue common goals.

Of course this is not something peculiar to CERN. Similar initiatives can be found at other research infrastructures, many of which have produced brilliant breakthrough innovations, demonstrating the subtle ways in which knowledge transforms from novel idea into novel application.

Knowledge travels mainly with people. Information dissemination, education and training are therefore key elements in connecting research to society. This constant osmosis between research facilities and society at large enables the translation of ideas into innovation.

This book provides a stimulating reflection on the growing role of knowledge as a strategic asset in responding to the epochal challenges in front of us. It exposes the crucial role that curiosity driven research plays in the long-term sustainability of our society. And it intrinsically expresses a message of hope: a common thread in the motivations that moved the contributing authors to pursue their ideas.

By improving our quality of life, they have at the same time contributed to the realization of a more equitable society. Might this not be the best vehicle to enable sustainable peace?

Geneva July 2014

Rolf-Dieter Heuer

List of Acronyms

2D, 3D, 4D

Two-dimensional, Three-dimensional, Four-dimensional

A*STAR

Agency for Science, Technology and Research

ACM

Association for Computing Machinery

AD

Alzheimer's disease

ADB

Asian Development Bank

ADNI

Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative

ADNI

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GO

ADNI Grand Opportunities

AFP