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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
- Sprache: Englisch
Fundamentals of Environmental Sampling and Analysis A fully reworked and updated introduction to the fundamentals and applications of environmental sampling and analysis Environmental sampling and analysis are essential components of environmental data acquisition and scientific research. The acquisition of reliable data with respect to proper sampling, chemical and instrumental methodology, and QA/QC is a critical precursor to all environmental work. No would-be environmental scientist, engineer, or policymaker can succeed without an understanding of how to correctly acquire, assess and use credible data. Fundamentals of Environmental Sampling and Analysis, 2nd edition provides this understanding, with a comprehensive survey of the theory and applications of these critical sampling and analytical tools. The field of environmental research has expanded greatly since the publication of the first edition, and this book has been completely rewritten to reflect the latest studies and technological developments. The resulting mix of theory and practice will continue to serve as the standard introduction to the subject. Readers of the second edition of Fundamentals of Environmental Sampling and Analysis will also find: * Three new chapters and numerous expanded sections on topics of emerging environmental concerns * Detailed discussion of subjects including passive sampling, Raman spectroscopy, non-targeted mass spectroscopic analysis, and many more * Over 500 sample problems and solutions along with other supplementary instructional materials Fundamentals of Environmental Sampling and Analysis is ideal for students of environmental science and engineering as well as professionals and regulators for whom reliable environmental data through sampling and analysis is critical.
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Fundamentals of Environmental Sampling and Analysis
Second Edition
Chunlong Zhang
University of Houston-Clear LakeTexas, USA
This edition first published 2024
© 2024 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Edition History
First edition © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.
The right of Chunlong Zhang to be identified as the author of this editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with law.
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In view of ongoing research, equipment modifications, changes in governmental regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to the use of experimental reagents, equipment, and devices, the reader is urged to review and evaluate the information provided in the package insert or instructions for each chemical, piece of equipment, reagent, or device for, among other things, any changes in the instructions or indication of usage and for added warnings and precautions. While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this work, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives, written sales materials or promotional statements for this work. The fact that an organization, website, or product is referred to in this work as a citation and/or potential source of further information does not mean that the publisher and authors endorse the information or services the organization, website, or product may provide or recommendations it may make. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a specialist where appropriate. Further, readers should be aware that websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. Neither the publisher nor authors shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Zhang, Chunlong, 1964- author. | John Wiley & Sons, publisher.
Title: Fundamentals of environmental sampling and analysis / Chunlong Zhang.
Description: Second edition. | Hoboken, NJ : JW-Wiley, 2024. | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2023057815 (print) | LCCN 2023057816 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119778561 (hardback) | ISBN 9781119778578 (adobe pdf) | ISBN 9781119778592 (epub)
Subjects: LCSH: Environmental sampling. | Environmental sciences--Statistical methods.
Classification: LCC GE45.S75 Z43 2024 (print) | LCC GE45.S75 (ebook) | DDC 628--dc23/eng/20240131
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2023057815
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2023057816
Cover Design: Wiley
Cover Images: © swissmediavision/Getty Images; Courtesy of Jianying Zhang and Yifan Wang
Set in 9.5/12.5pt STIXTwoText by Integra Software Services Pvt. Ltd, Pondicherry, India
Contents
Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
List of Case Studies
List of Boxes
Preface
New in the Second Edition
About the Author
Whom This Book Is Written For
To the Instructor
Acknowledgments
List of Symbols
1 Introduction to Environmental Data Acquisition
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Importance of Scientifically Reliable and Legally Defensible Data
1.1.2 Sampling Error vs. Analytical Error During Data Acquisition
1.2 Environmental Sampling
1.2.1 Scope of Environmental Sampling
1.2.2 Where, When, What, How, and How Many
1.3 Environmental Analysis
1.3.1 Uniqueness of Modern Environmental Analysis
1.3.2 Classical and Modern Analytical and Monitoring Techniques
Chapter Themes
References
Questions
Problems
2 Basics of Analytical and Organic Chemistry
2.1 Basic Concepts from Analytical Chemistry
2.1.1 Concentration Units
2.1.2 Analytical Precision, Accuracy, and Recovery
2.1.3 Detection Limit and Quantitation Limit
2.1.4 Standard Solution and Standard Calibration Curve
2.2 Basic Concepts from Organic Chemistry
2.2.1 Types of Organic Functional Groups
2.2.2 Important Environmental Organic Pollutants
2.2.3 Physical Properties Relevant to Environmental Analysis
2.2.4 Regulations Governing the Analysis of Environmental Pollutants
Chapter Themes
References
Questions
Problems
3 Basics of Environmental Data Validation and Analysis
3.1 Measurements of Central Tendency and Dispersion
3.2 Understanding Probability Distributions
3.2.1 Normal (Gaussian) Distribution and Probability
3.2.2 Student’s
t
Distribution and Confidence Interval
3.2.3
F
-distribution and Analysis of Variance
3.2.4 Nonparametric Tests When Normality Is Not Satisfied
3.3 Hypothesis Testing and Type I and II Errors
3.4 Detection of Outliers
3.4.1 z-test
3.4.2 Grubbs’s Test
3.4.3 Dixon’s Test
3.5 Analysis of Censored Data
3.6 Analysis of Spatial and Time Series Data
Chapter Themes
References
Questions
Problems
4 Environmental Sampling Design
4.1 Planning and Sampling Protocols
4.1.1 Data Quality Objectives
4.1.2 Basic Considerations of Sampling Plan
4.2 Sampling Environmental Population
4.2.1 Where (Space) and When (Time) to Sample
4.2.2 Obtain Representative Samples from Various Matrices
4.3 Environmental Sampling Approaches: Where and When
4.3.1 Non-Statistically Based Haphazard and Judgmental Sampling
4.3.2 Simple Random Sampling
4.3.3 Stratified Random Sampling
4.3.4 Systematic Sampling
4.3.5 Composite Sampling
4.3.6 Incremental Sampling
4.3.7 Line and Point Transect Sampling
4.4 Estimating Sample Numbers and Sampling Frequencies
4.4.1 How Many Samples Are Needed
4.4.2 How Frequent Samples Are Collected
Chapter Themes
References
Questions
Problems
5 Environmental Sampling Techniques
5.1 General Guidelines of Environmental Sampling Techniques
5.1.1 Sequence of Sampling Matrices and Analytes
5.1.2 Sample Amount
5.1.3 Sample Preservation and Storage
5.1.4 Selection of Sample Containers
5.1.5 Selection of Sampling Equipment
5.2 Grab Sampling Techniques for Various Media: Practical Approaches and Tips
5.2.1 Surface Water and Wastewater Sampling
5.2.2 Groundwater Sampling
5.2.3 Soil and Sediment Sampling
5.2.4 Hazardous Waste Sampling
5.2.5 Biological Sampling
5.2.6 Air and Stack Emission Sampling
5.3 Time-Integrated Sampling and Sensing Techniques
5.3.1 Passive Samplers
5.3.2 Automated Samplers
5.3.3
In Situ
Sensors
5.3.4 Remote Sensing
Chapter Themes
References
Questions
Problems
6 Methodology and Quality Assurance/Quality Control of Environmental Analysis
6.1 Overview on Standard Methodologies
6.1.1 The US EPA Methods for Air, Water, Wastewater, and Hazardous Waste
6.1.2 Other Applicable Methods: APHA/ASTM/ OSHA/NIOSH/USGS/AOAC
6.1.3 An Overview of Methodologies in Other Countries
6.2 Selection of Standard Methods
6.2.1 Methods for Sample Preparation
6.2.2 Methods for Physical, Biological, and General Chemical Parameters
6.2.3 Methods for Volatile Organic Compounds
6.2.4 Methods for Semivolatile Organic Compounds
6.2.5 Methods for Other Contaminants of Emerging Concerns
6.3 Field Quality Assurance/Quality Control
6.3.1 Types of Field QA/QC Samples
6.3.2 Numbers of Field QA/QC Samples
6.4 Analytical Quality Assurance/Quality Control
6.4.1 Quality Control Procedures for Sample Preparation
6.4.2 Quality Control Procedures During Analysis
Chapter Themes
References
Questions
Problems
7 Wet Chemical and Field Methods for Common Environmental Parameters
7.1 Basic Operations in Environmental Laboratories
7.1.1 Labware Cleaning Protocols for Trace Analysis
7.1.2 Chemical Reagent Purity, Standard, and Reference Materials
7.1.3 Volumetric Glassware and Calibration
7.1.4 Laboratory Health, Safety, and Emergency First Aid
7.1.5 Waste Handling and Disposal
7.2 Wet Chemical Methods and Common Techniques in Environmental Analysis
7.2.1 Gravimetric and Volumetric Wet Chemical Methods
7.2.2 Common Laboratory Techniques
7.3 Analytical Principles for Common Wet Chemical Methods
7.3.1 Moisture in Solid and Biological Samples
7.3.2 Solids in Water, Wastewater, and Sludge: TS, TSS, TDS, TVS
7.3.3 Acidity, Alkalinity, and Hardness of Waters
7.3.4 Oxygen Demand in Water and Wastewater: DO, BOD, and COD
7.3.5 Oil and Grease in Water and Wastewater
7.3.6 Residual Chlorine and Chloride in Drinking Water
7.3.7 Ammonia in Wastewater
7.3.8 Cyanide in Water, Wastewater, and Soil Extract
7.3.9 Sulfide in Water and Waste
7.4 Field Monitoring Testing Kits and Sensors
7.4.1 Field Monitoring of Water Quality Parameters
7.4.2 Field Monitoring of Ambient Air Quality
7.4.3 Field Monitoring of Soil Quality
Chapter Themes
References
Questions
Problems
8 Fundamentals of Sample Preparation for Environmental Analysis
8.1 Overview of Sample Preparation
8.1.1 Purpose of Sample Preparation
8.1.2 Overview and Recent Development of Sample Preparation
8.2 Sample Preparation for Metal Analysis
8.2.1 Total Metals and Metals in Various Species
8.2.2 Digestion Methods for Total Metal Analysis
8.2.3 Speciation of Metals in Water, Soil, and Sediment
8.3 Extraction for SVOC and Non-VOC from Liquid or Solid Samples
8.3.1 Separatory Funnel and Continuous Liquid-Liquid Extraction (LLE)
8.3.2 Soxhlet and Automatic Soxhlet Extraction (Soxtec)
8.3.3 Solid Phase Extraction
8.3.4 Solid Phase Microextraction and Stir-Bar Sorptive Extraction
8.3.5 Ultrasonic Extraction and Microwave-Assisted Extraction
8.3.6 Pressured Fluid Extraction
8.3.7 Supercritical Fluid Extraction
8.3.8 Comparison and Selection of Organic Extraction Methods
8.4 Sample Preparation for VOC in Liquid and Solid Samples
8.4.1 Dynamic Headspace Extraction (Purge-and-Trap)
8.4.2 Static Headspace Extraction
8.4.3 Azeotropic and Vacuum Distillation
8.5 Post-Extraction Cleanup of Organic Compounds
8.5.1 Theories and Operation Principles of Various Cleanup Methods
8.5.2 Recommended Cleanup Method for Selected Compounds
8.6 Derivatization for GC and HPLC Analysis
Chapter Themes
References
Questions
Problems
9 Molecular Spectroscopic Methods in Environmental Analysis
9.1 An Introduction to Molecular Spectroscopy
9.1.1 Understanding the Interactions of Various Radiations with Matter
9.1.2 Use of UV-Visible/Infrared Absorption Spectra for Qualitative Analysis
9.1.3 Use of Beer-Lambert’s Law for Quantitative Analysis
9.2 UV-Visible Spectroscopy
9.2.1 Principles of UV-Visible Spectroscopy
9.2.2 UV-Visible Instrumentation
9.2.3 UV-Visible as a Workhorse in Environmental Analysis
9.2.4 Practical Aspects of UV-Visible Spectrometry
9.3 Infrared Spectroscopy
9.3.1 Principles of Infrared Spectroscopy
9.3.2 Instruments of Infrared Spectroscopy
9.3.3 Applications in Industrial Hygiene and Air Pollution Monitoring
9.3.4 Sample Preparations for Infrared Spectroscopic Analysis
9.4 Raman Spectrometry
9.5 Photoluminescence and Chemiluminescence
Chapter Themes
References
Questions
Problems
10 Atomic Spectroscopy for Metal Analysis
10.1 Introduction to the Principles of Atomic Spectroscopy
10.1.1 Flame and Flameless Atomic Absorption
10.1.2 Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission
10.1.3 Atomic X-ray Fluorescence
10.2 Instruments for Atomic Spectroscopy
10.2.1 Flame and Flameless Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
10.2.2 Cold Vapor and Hydride Generation Atomic Absorption
10.2.3 Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission
10.2.4 Atomic X-ray Fluorescence
10.3 Selection of the Proper Atomic Spectroscopic Techniques
10.3.1 Comparison of Detection Limits and Working Range
10.3.2 Comparison of Interferences
10.3.3 Other Considerations
10.4 Speciation of Metals in Environmental Samples
10.5 Practical Tips to Metal Analysis
10.5.1 Sample Digestion and Pretreatment
10.5.2 Instrumental Drift and Run Sequence QA/QC
10.5.3 Erroneous Data and Methods of Calibrations
10.5.4 Results Calculation and Reporting
Chapter Themes
References
Questions
Problems
11 Chromatographic Methods for Environmental Analysis
11.1 Introduction to Chromatography
11.1.1 Types of Chromatography and Separation Columns
11.1.2 Common Stationary Phases: The Key to Separation
11.1.3 Column Dimensions and Packing
11.1.4 Operational Parameters for Compound Separation
11.1.5 Terms and Theories of Chromatogram
11.1.6 Use of Chromatograms for Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis
11.2 Instruments of Chromatographic Methods
11.2.1 Gas Chromatography
11.2.2 High Performance Liquid Chromatography
11.2.3 Ion Chromatography
11.2.4 Supercritical Fluid Chromatography
11.3 Common Detectors for Chromatography
11.3.1 Detectors for Gas Chromatography
11.3.2 Detectors for High Performance Liquid Chromatography
11.3.3 Detectors for Ion Chromatography
11.4 Applications of Chromatographic Methods in Environmental Analysis
11.4.1 Gases, Volatile, and Semivolatile Organics with GC
11.4.2 Semivolatile and Nonvolatile Organics with HPLC
11.4.3 Ionic Species with Ion Chromatography
11.5 Practical Tips to Chromatographic Methods
11.5.1 What Can and Cannot Be Done with GC and HPLC
11.5.2 Development for GC and HPLC Methods
11.5.3 Overview on Maintenance and Troubleshooting
Chapter Themes
References
Questions
Problems
12 Electrochemical Methods for Environmental Analysis
12.1 Introduction to Electrochemical Theories
12.1.1 Review of Redox Chemistry and Electrochemical Cells
12.1.2 General Principles of Electroanalytical Methods
12.1.3 Types of Electrodes and Notations for Electrochemical Cells
12.2 Potentiometric Applications in Environmental Analysis
12.2.1 Measurement of pH
12.2.2 Measurement of Ions by Ion Selective Electrodes (ISEs)
12.2.3 Potentiometric Titration (Indirect Potentiometry)
12.3 Voltammetric Applications in Environmental Analysis
12.3.1 Measurement of Dissolved Oxygen
12.3.2 Measurement of Anions by Amperometric Titration
12.3.3 Measurement of Metals by Anodic Stripping Voltammetry (ASV)
Chapter Themes
References
Questions
Problems
13 Mass Spectrometry in Environmental Analysis
13.1 Basics of Mass Spectrometry
13.1.1 Atomic and Molecular Mass in Mass Spectrometry
13.1.2 Basic Components of Mass Spectrometers
13.2 Ionization Techniques
13.2.1 Hard Ionization: Electron Ionization
13.2.2 Chemical Ionization
13.2.3 Atmospheric Pressure Ionization
13.2.4 Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization
13.2.5 Other Molecular Ionization Methods
13.2.6 Atomic Ionization Sources for Inorganic Compounds
13.3 Mass Analyzers
13.3.1 Quadrupole Analyzers
13.3.2 Ion Trap
13.3.3 Time-of-Flight Analyzers
13.3.4 Magnetic Sector Analyzers
13.3.5 Tandem, Sequential, and Hybrid Mass Spectrometry
13.4 Hyphenated Mass Spectrometric Methods
13.4.1 Hyphenated Atomic Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS)
13.4.2 Hyphenated Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)
13.4.3 Hyphenated Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS)
13.5 Mass Spectra and Molecule Fragmentation
13.5.1 Terminologies of Mass Spectrum
13.5.2 Isotopic Peaks
13.5.3 Fragmentation Patterns
13.5.4 Molecular Ions upon Soft Ionization
13.6 Mass Spectrometric Applications in Environmental Analysis
13.6.1 Targeted Analysis Using Mass Spectrometry
13.6.2 Non-Targeted Analysis Using Mass Spectrometry
Chapter Themes
References
Questions
Problems
14 Other Instrumental Methods in Environmental Analysis
14.1 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy
14.1.1 Instrument Components of an NMR Spectrometer
14.1.2 The Origin of NMR Signals
14.1.3 Molecular Structures and
1
H NMR Spectra
14.1.4 Molecular Structures and
13
C NMR Spectra
14.1.5 Applications of NMR in Environmental Analysis
14.2 Surface and Microscopic Characterization
14.2.1 An Overview of Various Surface Characterization Techniques
14.2.2 X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
14.2.3 Auger Electron Spectroscopy
14.2.4 Electron Microscopy: SEM and TEM
14.2.5 Scanning Probe Microscopes: STM and AFM
14.3 Radiochemical Analysis
14.3.1 Sources and Properties of Several Important Radionuclides
14.3.2 Preservation of Radioactive Samples
14.3.3 Measurement of Radioactive Samples
14.4 Screening Methods Using Immunoassay
Chapter Themes
References
Questions
Problems
Appendix A: Common Abbreviations and Acronyms
Appendix B1: National Primary Drinking Water Regulations
Appendix B2: National Ambient Air Quality Standards
Appendix C: Structures and Properties of Important Organic Pollutants
Appendix D1: Standard Normal Cumulative Probabilities
Appendix D2: Percentiles of Student’s
t
Distribution
Appendix D3: Critical Values for the
F
-Distribution
Appendix E: Required Containers, Preservation Techniques, and Holding Times
Appendix F: Answers to Selected Questions and Problems
Appendix G: Periodic Table
Index
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
CHAPTER 01
Table 1.1 Important terms...
Table 1.2 Selected milestones...
CHAPTER 02
Table 2.1 Common reporting...
Table 2.2 Method performance...
Table 2.3 Monitoring Parameters...
Table 2.4 Common organic...
Table 2.5 Compound groups...
CHAPTER 03
Table 3.1 Fugitive...
Table 3.2 Useful...
Table 3.3 Parametric...
Table 3.4 Type I and...
Table 3.5 Type I and...
Table 3.6 Critical values...
Table 3.7 Formulas to...
Table 3.8 Critical values...
Table 3.9 SPSS output on...
Table 3.10 Selected output...
Table 3.11 Comparison of...
Table 3.12 Statistical...
CHAPTER 04
Table 4.1 Summary statistics...
Table 4.2 Comparison of various...
CHAPTER 05
Table 5.1 Preservation methods...
Table 5.2 Contaminants...
Table 5.3 Soil sieve sizes...
Table 5.4 Pros and cons...
CHAPTER 06
Table 6.1 Proposed or...
Table 6.2 US EPA water...
Table 6.3 Illustration...
Table 6.4 Cross-references...
Table 6.5 Sample extraction...
Table 6.6 Sample preparation...
Table 6.7 Selected emerging...
Table 6.8 Acceptance...
CHAPTER 07
Table 7.1 ASTM reagent-grade...
Table 7.2 Concentrations...
Table 7.3 Wet chemical...
Table 7.4 Data obtained...
Table 7.5 Evaluation of...
CHAPTER 08
Table 8.1 Sample preparation...
Table 8.2 Sequential extraction...
Table 8.3 Representative...
Table 8.4 Sequential extraction...
Table 8.5 Comparison of...
Table 8.6 Volatile and...
Table 8.7 Selection of...
Table 8.8 Comparison of...
CHAPTER 09
Table 9.1 Complementary...
Table 9.2 Electron distribution...
Table 9.3 Examples of...
Table 9.4 Values of...
Table 9.5 Spectrometric...
Table 9.6 Spectrometric...
Table 9.7 IR methods for...
Table 9.8 IR methods for...
CHAPTER 10
Table 10.1 Ionization energy...
Table 10.2 Atomic spectroscopy...
Table 10.3 SW-846 Method...
CHAPTER 11
Table 11.1 Common stationary...
Table 11.3 Properties of...
Table 11.4 Comparison of...
Table 11.5 Comparison of...
Table 11.6 Applicability...
Table 11.7 Comparison...
Table 11.8 GC-based US...
Table 11.9 HPLC-based...
CHAPTER 12
Table 12.1 Galvanic cells...
Table 12.2 Types of ion...
Table 12.3 List of common...
CHAPTER 13
Table 13.1 Nominal mass, exact...
Table 13.2 Most commonly...
Table 13.3 Advantages and...
CHAPTER 14
Table 14.1 Properties of...
Table 14.2 Characteristics...
Table 14.3 Sample handling...
List of Illustrations
CHAPTER 01
Figure 1.1 Environmental...
Figure 1.2 Total error...
CHAPTER 02
Figure 2.1 Correct and incorrect...
Figure 2.2 Environmentally...
Figure 2.3 Aromatic hydrocarbons...
Figure 2.4 Oxygen-containing...
Figure 2.5 Nitrogen-containing...
Figure 2.6 Halogenated...
Figure 2.7 Halogenated...
Figure 2.8 Halogenated...
Figure 2.9 P- and S-containing...
CHAPTER 03
Figure 3.1 Normal (Gaussian)...
Figure 3.2 Histograms...
Figure 3.3 Representative...
Figure 3.4 Time series...
Figure 3.5 The actual and...
Figure 3.6 Spatial data...
CHAPTER 04
Figure 4.1 Personnel involved...
Figure 4.2 The data quality...
Figure 4.3 Criteria for selecting...
Figure 4.4 Sampling for an...
Figure 4.5 The concentrations...
Figure 4.6 Seasonal variations...
Figure 4.7 Four common...
Figure 4.8 Examples of strata...
Figure 4.9 The outcomes of...
Figure 4.10 Illustration of...
Figure 4.11 Transect sampling...
Figure 4.12 A bird’s eye...
Figure 4.13 Recent vs overall...
Figure 4.14 Schematic showing...
CHAPTER 05
Figure 5.1 Methods of sample...
Figure 5.2 Maximum holding times (MHTs) for common water quality parameters. DO:...
Figure 5.3 Common sampling tools...
Figure 5.4 Common sampling tools...
Figure 5.5 Common sampling tools...
Figure 5.6 Common sampling tools...
Figure 5.7 Common sampling tools...
Figure 5.8 Common small...
Figure 5.9 Common passive...
Figure 5.10 Surber...
Figure 5.11 Sampling...
Figure 5.12 Common air...
Figure 5.13 Determine...
Figure 5.14 Schematic...
Figure 5.15 Schematic...
Figure 5.16 Picture or...
Figure 5.17 Conceptual...
CHAPTER 07
Figure 7.1 Different types...
Figure 7.2 Apparatus used...
Figure 7.3 Relationship between...
Figure 7.4 Schematic diagram...
CHAPTER 08
Figure 8.1 Survey results...
Figure 8.2 Types of sample...
Figure 8.3 Schematic diagram...
Figure 8.4 Liquid–liquid...
Figure 8.5 Solvent miscibility...
Figure 8.6 A schematic...
Figure 8.7 An automated...
Figure 8.8 Solid-phase...
Figure 8.9 Vacuum manifold...
Figure 8.10 Five steps of...
Figure 8.11 Two types of...
Figure 8.12 Schematic phase...
Figure 8.13 Schematic diagram...
Figure 8.14 Sample preparation...
Figure 8.15 An azeotropic...
CHAPTER 09
Figure 9.1 The electromagnetic...
Figure 9.2 Energy levels...
Figure 9.3 Molecular...
Figure 9.4 Three types...
Figure 9.5 A comparison...
Figure 9.6 UV-VIS light...
Figure 9.7 (a) Electron...
Figure 9.8 Electron...
Figure 9.9 Electron in...
Figure 9.10 The formation...
Figure 9.11 Formation...
Figure 9.12 Electronic...
Figure 9.13 Simplified...
Figure 9.14 The UV absorption...
Figure 9.15 Schematic diagram...
Figure 9.16 A simple visible...
Figure 9.17 Reaction mechanisms...
Figure 9.18 Sample cells for...
Figure 9.19 The vibration modes...
Figure 9.20 Infrared spectrum of...
Figure 9.21 Chart of characteristic...
Figure 9.22 Schematic diagram...
Figure 9.23 Origins of Rayleigh...
CHAPTER 10
Figure 10.1 Process occurring...
Figure 10.2 An example...
Figure 10.3 Instrument...
Figure 10.4 Diagram of...
Figure 10.5 Schematic...
Figure 10.6 A hydride...
Figure 10.7 Schematic...
Figure 10.8 Schematic...
Figure 10.9 Typical...
Figure 10.10 Typical...
Figure 10.11 Typical...
Figure 10.12 General...
CHAPTER 11
Figure 11.1 Separation columns...
Figure 11.2 Structures of...
Figure 11.3 (a) Dependency...
Figure 11.4 Various forms...
Figure 11.5 The van Deemter...
Figure 11.6 The effect of three...
Figure 11.7 Comparison of HPLC...
Figure 11.8 Effect of solvent...
Figure 11.9 A typical chromatogram...
Figure 11.10 Schematic diagram...
Figure 11.11 Schematic diagram...
Figure 11.12 Schematic diagram...
Figure 11.13 Principles of ion...
Figure 11.14 Side view of a...
Figure 11.15 Flame Ionization...
Figure 11.16 Electron capture...
Figure 11.17 Photoionization...
Figure 11.18 Schematic diagram...
Figure 11.19 Diagram of a...
Figure 11.20 A typical chromatogram...
Figure 11.21 Example chromatographic...
CHAPTER 12
Figure 12.1 (a) Daniel cell: A...
Figure 12.2 Schematic diagram...
Figure 12.3 Schematic diagram...
Figure 12.4 A potentiometric...
Figure 12.5 A membrane-based...
Figure 12.6 Measurement of...
Figure 12.7 Anodic stripping...
CHAPTER 13
Figure 13.1 Block diagram of...
Figure 13.2 Schematic diagram...
Figure 13.3 Comparison of mass...
Figure 13.4 Schematic diagram...
Figure 13.5 Schematic diagram...
Figure 13.6 Schematic diagram...
Figure 13.7 Comparison of ESI...
Figure 13.8 Schematic diagram ...
Figure 13.9 Direct identification...
Figure 13.10 Schematic...
Figure 13.11 Schematic...
Figure 13.13 Domains of...
Figure 13.12 Schematic...
Figure 13.14 Schematic...
Figure 13.15 Quadrupole...
Figure 13.16 Schematic...
Figure 13.17 Time-of-flight...
Figure 13.18 Schematic...
Figure 13.19 Schematic...
Figure 13.20 Top 10 mass...
Figure 13.21 Major components...
Figure 13.22 Correlation...
Figure 13.23 Diagram of...
Figure 13.24 Diagram of...
Figure 13.25 Mass spectrum...
Figure 13.26 Mass spectrum...
Figure 13.27 (a) Heterolytic...
CHAPTER 14
Figure 14.1 Diagram of a...
Figure 14.2 The nuclear spins...
Figure 14.3 Terms related to...
Figure 14.4 1H-NMR spectrum of...
Figure 14.5 Chemical shifts of...
Figure 14.6 1H-NMR spectrum of...
Figure 14.7 Figure 14.7 13C-NMR...
Figure 14.8 Chemical...
Figure 14.9 The combined...
Figure 14.10 Surface...
Figure 14.11 (a) XPS survey...
Figure 14.12 Schematic...
Figure 14.13 Scanning electron...
Figure 14.14 Surface morphology...
Figure 14.15 Nobel Prizes...
Guide
Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
List of Case Studies
List of Boxes
Preface
New in the Second Edition
About the Author
Whom This Book Is Written For
To the Instructor
Acknowledgments
List of Symbols
Begin Reading
Appendix A: Common Abbreviations and Acronyms
Appendix B1: National Primary Drinking Water Regulations
Appendix B2: National Ambient Air Quality Standards
Appendix C: Structures and Properties of Important Organic Pollutants
Appendix D1: Standard Normal Cumulative Probabilities
Appendix D2: Percentiles of Student’s t Distribution
Appendix D3: Critical Values for the F-Distribution
Appendix E: Required Containers, Preservation Techniques, and Holding Times
Appendix F: Answers to Selected Questions and Problems
Appendix G: Periodic Table
Index
End User License Agreement
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List of Case Studies
Case Study 2.1 Precision, Accuracy and Detection Limit
Case Study 3.1 Correct Use of Arithmetic and Geometric Mean for Reporting Normally Distributed vs. log-Normally Distributed Data
Case Study 3.2 Outlier Detection Using Statistical Software Packages
Case Study 3.3 Temporal Data of Ground-level Ozone Concentrations Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Case Study 4.1 Spatial and Temporal Variations of Atmospheric PM2.5 in Delhi, India
Case Study 4.2 Sampling Strategies for Atmospheric PCBs with Diurnal Variations
Case Study 5.1 Use of SPMD Passive Samplers to Monitor Contaminants at Superfund Sites
Case Study 6.1 Criteria for Data Quality and Data Use
Case Study 7.1 Use of Test Kits for Measuring Arsenic in Drinking Water
Case Study 8.1 Sample Preparation for the Polar, Volatile, and Hydrophobic Disinfectants in Drinking Water to Assess Their Biological Effects
Case Study 8.2 Derivatization for the Analysis of Glyphosate: Why and How?
Case Study 10.1 Comparison of Four Methods of Metal Analysis in Soil Samples
Case Study 11.1 Chromatographic Separation and Intermolecular Forces
Case Study 13.1 Use of Isotopic Ratio Mass Spectrometry (IRMS) for Determining Source of Contamination and Tropic Transfer of PCBs in Fish
Case Study 14.1 Use of XPS to Determine Elemental Composition and Chemical State of Nanomaterials
Case Study 14.2 Use of SEM and AFM to Study the Interactions between Nanoparticles and Diatom Algae
List of Boxes
Box 1.1 Environmental Monitoring
Box 1.2 Error, Standard Deviation, Relative Standard Deviation, and Variance
Box 2.1 Conversion between Concentration Units: Molarity (M), Normality (N), mg/L, and ppm
Box 2.2 Practical Tips and Best Practice for the Preparation and Use of Calibration Curves
Box 2.3 IUPAC’s Rules for Naming Organic Compounds
Box 2.4 Contaminants of Emerging Concerns (CECs)
Box 3.1 Some Useful Excel Functions
Box 3.2 Difference between One-tailed and Two-tailed Statistical Tests
Box 6.1 Quantity is Nothing without Quality
Box 6.2 To Become a Certified Environmental Laboratory through an Accreditation Body
Box 7.1 What Do We Typically Do in an Environmental Wet Lab?
Box 8.1 Green Sample Preparation in Environmental Analysis
Box 9.1 Review on the Basic Concepts of Electronic Structure
Box 9.2 Types of Absorbing Electrons: σ, σ*, π, π* and n
Box 9.3 A Quick Primer for the Interpretation of IR Spectra
Box 9.4 Portable IR Devices for CO2 and Air Toxins in Indoor Air Monitoring
Box 9.5 A Brief Overview of the New Development and Environmental Applications of FTIR and Raman Spectrometry
Box 10.1 What Makes XRF Unique in Elemental Monitoring?
Box 11.1 Understanding Chromatographic Separation through Intermolecular Forces between Analytes and Column Stationary Phase
Box 11.2 Variations of HPLC Systems: RP-HPLC, NP-HPLC, IC, HILIC, UHPLC, Chiral LC, SEC
Box 11.3 The Effects of Velocity on Chromatographic Separation – van Deemter Equation
Box 11.4 Portable GCs Using PID, ECD, TCD, FPD, and MS
Box 12.1 Galvanic (Voltaic) Cells versus Electrolytic Cells
Box 12.2 In Situ Analysis of Sulfide in Aquatic Systems Using Potentiometric, Voltammetric and Amperometric Sensors
Box 12.3 Micro-electrochemical Sensors for In Situ High-Resolution Temporal and Spatial Chemical Analysis
Box 13.1 Direct Identifications of Microorganisms Using MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry
Box 13.2 Application Domains of Various Ion Sources in Relation to Contaminants and Their Properties (Volatility, Polarity, and Molecular Mass)
Box 13.3 Use of Isotopic Dilution Mass Spectrometry (IDMS) for Calibration and Trace Analysis
Box 14.1 Comparison between XPS, AES, and XRF
Box 14.2 Chemistry and Physics Nobel Prizes Important in the Development of Analytical Instrumentations
Box 14.3 Environmental Testing and Indoor Radon Survey, Sampling and Analysis
Preface
The acquisition of reliable and defensible environmental data through proper sampling and analytical techniques is often an essential part for the careers of many environmental professionals. However, there is currently a very diverse and diffuse source of literature in the field of environmental sampling and analysis. The nature of the literature often makes it very difficult for beginners and even skilled environmental professionals to comprehend the needed contents. The overall objective of this text is to introduce a comprehensive overview on the fundamentals of environmental sampling and analysis for students in environmental science and engineering as well as environmental professionals who are involved in various stages of sampling and analytical work.
Two unique features are evident in this book. First, this book presents a “know why” rather than a “know how” strategy. It is not intended to be a cookbook that presents the step-by-step details. Rather, fundamentals of sampling, selection of standard methods, chemical and instrumental principles, and method applications to particular contaminants are detailed. Theories and principles will be introduced first in place of specific protocols, followed by examples to promote logical thinking by orienting these principles to specific project applications. Second, the book gives an integrated introduction to sampling and analysis—both are essential to quality environmental data. For example, contrary to other books that introduce a specific area of sampling and analysis, this text will provide a balanced mix of field sampling and laboratory analysis suitable for use as a textbook. This text will fill in the gaps by providing associated examples and practice problems covering essential knowledge in chemistry, statistics, hydrology, field sampling, laboratory analysis using wet chemical methods for conventional chemicals. It will also cover various modern instrumental techniques for the analysis of trace contaminants of emerging concerns.
Since the publication of its first edition in 2007, many universities have adopted this book as the textbook for Environmental Sampling and Analysis or its equivalent courses. This second edition is written in response to an increasing number of universities offering courses related to this subject. A course in environmental sampling and analysis should be more appropriate than analytical chemistry for students in environmental majors. The traditional analytical chemistry course typically lacks necessary components unique to address environmental challenges, such as samples of various types (air, soil, water, sediment, biological specimen, wastes, etc.), trace levels of conventional and emerging compounds in complex matrices, and regulatory-driven analytical methodologies.
The theme and scope of this second edition remain essentially the same, which is to introduce a comprehensive overview on the fundamentals of environmental sampling and analysis. Features such as fundamentals and theories of sampling and analysis as well as practical tips in the first edition will remain for its primary readership. The revised book introduces the recent developments and challenges in this field to benefit readers whose primary interests are research and practice in the environmental field. This second edition will see an increasing number of practitioners and readers from the research community. This trend can be justified since a significant number of contemporary environmental issues and research topics have emerged, such as analysis of censored and time series data, incremental sampling, passive sampling, non-targeted analysis, microplastics analysis, electrochemical sensors, and more powerful spectroscopic and mass spectrometric tools, to just name a few. This book will be valuable as a reference book even for professionals who have general knowledge and skills in analytical chemistry and instrumental analysis.
New in the Second Edition
The second edition is completely revised, reorganized, and expanded from 12 to 14 chapters. Data analysis, chemistry review, and mass spectrometry have become three standalone chapters. All 14 chapters are provided with more workout examples, boxes, practical tips, case studies, and intellectually stimulating end-of-chapter problems to enhance a better understanding of the fundamentals of sampling and analysis. In the meantime, this second edition incorporates current literature from peer-reviewed journals regarding the applications and challenges in the field of environmental sampling and analysis, aimed at graduate students, researchers, and practitioners who need further information or specific details from standard handbooks (USEPA, ASTM, OSHA, etc.), or need to apply fundamental principles to conduct specific environmental sampling and analysis.
On the non-technical side, the second edition has added some new features such as Learning Objectives/Chapter Themes at the beginning/end of each chapter. Answers to selected questions and calculation-based problems are also provided in an appendix for self-assessment. To adapt to visual learners and online teaching, this new edition is updated with colored figures and text headings for e-book users for a more pleasant layout. The hardcopy of the textbook will be in a blue-black format. Boldface Type fonts are used for key terms.
In Chapter 1, basic terms related to error, standard deviation, and variance are defined. A more quantitative analysis is added to illustrate the order of magnitude for the sampling error in comparison with the analytical error. The selected milestones for analytical instrumentations have been expanded to include several prominent instrumentations. Required knowledge and skills for environmental sampling and analysis are delineated.
Chapters 2 and 3 are the two of three reorganized new chapters covering basics of analytical/organic chemistry and environmental data analysis, respectively. In Chapter 2, new calculation examples of concentration unit conversions, accuracy, precision, and detection limits are provided. A quick review of organic functional groups, important legacy and emerging environmental organic contaminants along with their structural features and physical properties are significantly expanded. In Chapter 3, outlier detections, dealing with non-parametric data, and analysis of non-detect data and spatial/temporal data are elaborated along with real-world examples to enable students to choose correct tools and statistical packages (Excel, SPSS, Minitab, R, ArcGIS ) to avoid the common mistakes in environmental data analysis.
In Chapter 4, composite sampling and transect sampling are elaborated. The concept of incremental sampling has been added because this new sampling approach is being increasingly recognized. Contents regarding sampling frequency are added as a new section following the discussion of sampling number estimation. Several practical examples from actual monitoring data and published papers are used to illustrate sampling design for contaminants/biological parameters in air, surface water, or groundwater.
In Chapter 5, a new section regarding time-integrated sampling techniques and in situ sensors is added to include passive samplers (SPMD, POCIS, DGT), automated samplers, in situ sensors, and remote sensing to reflect the trend in current research and monitoring practices. Such additions become essential at present to complement the more commonly used grab-based sampling techniques. Schematic drawings of sampling tools for atmospheric and biological samples have been updated, and calculation examples related to grab and passive sampling are added.
In Chapter 6, several outdated test method indexes, numerous method websites, and older versions of method manuals have been deleted or updated. An overview of sampling and analysis methodologies in other countries is added for a broader spectrum of readers. Examples, case studies and boxes are added to illustrate the preparation of QC samples, importance of data quality compared to data quantity, accreditation of lab certifications, data quality assessment (DQA), and data usability evaluation (DUE).
Chapter 7 has been changed from “Common Operation and Wet Chemical Methods in Environmental Laboratories” to “Wet Chemical and Field Methods for Common Environmental Parameters,” by adding testing kits and sensors used in routine monitoring by field crews and practitioners. Boxes and additional calculation examples are provided to prepare beginners to competently work in a wet chemical lab and develop a solid understanding of chemical stoichiometry and calculations of solids (SS, TSS, TDS, etc.), alkalinity, hardness, DO, BOD, and ThOD.
In Chapter 8, the section on sample preparation for metal analysis now includes methods for both total metals and metal speciation in water, soil, and sediment. The section on VOCs is now elaborated to include sample preparation for VOCs in liquid and soil samples. New sample preparation methods such as stir-bar sorptive extraction, and the concept of green sample preparation (e.g., uses of supercritical CO2, subcritical water and ionic liquids) are introduced. Case studies are added for readers to apply correct sample preparation methods to extract polar, volatile, and hydrophobic disinfection byproducts in drinking water, and for readers to develop a more in-depth understanding of various derivatization through chemical reactions involved in derivatizing glyphosate. The less commonly used volatile organic sampling train (VOST) in air and stack gas emissions has been deleted.
Chapter 9 is reorganized and section on origins of absorption in relation to molecular orbital theories has been completely rewritten for a better readability. The absorption of VIS, UV, and FTIR is better illustrated using familiar molecules such as color-bearing transition metal complexes, conjugated UV-absorbing compounds, and IR-absorbing CO2 responsible for global warming. Quantitative examples using Planck’s law and Hooke’s law have been added to relate wavelength/frequency to energy required to ionize or vibrate certain molecular bonds. A primer and example for the interpretation of FTIR spectra have been added along with the use of portable FTIR device for air-borne toxins and FTIR for the characterization of microplastics. The principles of Raman spectroscopy, photoluminescence, and chemiluminescence have also been briefly introduced because of their increasing uses in environmental research and monitoring.
In Chapter 10, a new section regarding analysis of metal species in environmental samples has been added. Species analysis through operationally defined extraction methods and direct analysis through particular instruments such as HGAAS, IC, IC-ICP-OES, and IC-ICP-MS are summarized. Other revisions include a box on the use of XRF to detect metals in environmental site characterization, elaboration of other plasma sources (e.g., microwave), other sample introduction systems (e.g., laser ablation), more specifics about FAAS, GFAAS, ICP-OES, ICP-MS, HGAAS and CVAAS, and three calibration methods in environmental analysis: internal standard method, external standard method, and standard addition method.
In Chapter 11, more chromatographic examples have been added to enhance an in-depth understanding of chromatographic separation through intermolecular forces, separation upon various stationary phases, compounds’ boiling points, column dimensions, film thickness, and oven temperature, along with theoretical discussion of flow velocity via van Deemter equations. Several topics with an increasing importance in environmental monitoring and research are added in the format of box, including, for example, the concepts of chiral separation for chiral compounds (e.g., pesticides), UPLC, and portable GC and GC/MS for in situ gas and vapor monitoring and emergency response.
In Chapter 12, more examples are added to help readers better understand the Nernst equation and Faraday’s law of electrolysis. New boxes are added to differentiate galvanic (voltaic) cells from electrolytic cells, to show some recent development of using electroanalytical methods for in situ monitoring of aquatic systems, for example, micro-electrochemical sensors for in situ high temporal and spatial resolution analysis of pH, pCO2, sulfide; in situ voltammetry for the analysis of trace metals and their speciation, and in situ analysis of sulfide in aquatic system using potentiometric, voltammetric and amperometric sensors.
Chapter 13 is a standalone chapter dedicated fully to more detailed discussions of mass spectrometry. This chapter starts with the introduction to basic terms (e.g., exact mass, resolution) of mass spectrometry and general components of mass spectrometers, followed by the delineation of various ionization techniques (EI, ESI, APPI, APCI, MALDI, FI/FD), mass analyzers (Q, ion trap, orbitrap, TOF, magnetic sector), and hyphenated mass spectrometric methods (ICP-MS, GC-MS, LC-MS, MS/MS, MSn) with completely revised schematic drawings. Other added contents include the use of isotopic dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS), isotopic ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS), mass spectra fragmentations, and non-targeted analysis.
The remaining contents from the first edition have now become the new Chapter 14 including NMR, surface and microscopic characterization techniques, radiochemical analysis, and screening methods using immunoassay. More examples are given to relate the chemical structures to 1H-NMR spectra. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XRS) and Auger electron spectroscopy have been added, and the descriptions of SEM, TEM, STM, and AFM are elaborated and supplemented with environmental examples reported in the research papers.
The 62 printed pages of the Experiments section (p. 339–401) in the first edition are now detached from the book. This Experiments section is supplemented with several new labs and is available from the author for instructional use as a separate lab manual.
The selections of the above topics are based on my own teaching and practical experience and the philosophy that sampling and analysis are equally important as both are an integral part of reliable data. An understanding of the principles of sampling, chemical analysis, and instrumentation is more important than knowing “specific how.” It is not uncommon to witness how time and resources are wasted by many beginners during sampling and analysis. This occurs when samplers and analysts used improper sampling and analytical protocols. This occurs also when proper procedures from “step-by-step” cookbook were followed, but the samplers or analysts did not make proper modifications without understanding the fundamentals. Even skilled professionals are not immune to errors or unnecessary expenses during sampling, sample preparation, and analytical processes if underlying fundamentals are either neglected or misinterpreted.
The author will be happy to receive comments and suggestions about this book at his e-mail address: [email protected].
Chunlong (Carl) ZhangHouston, TexasJune 2023
About the Author
Dr. Zhang is a professor of environmental science at the College of Science and Engineering within the University of Houston-Clear Lake. He has a combined three decades of experience in academia, industries, and consulting in the environmental field. He is the author and coauthor of more than 150 journal papers, books, and book chapters in diverse areas including contaminant fate and transport, environmental remediation, sampling and analysis, and environmental assessment. In his current position at the University of Houston, he lectures extensively in the area of environmental chemistry, environmental sampling and analysis, soil and groundwater remediation, and environmental engineering at both the undergraduate and graduate levels. He is the author of another textbook Soil and Groundwater Remediation: Fundamentals, Practices and Sustainability published by Wiley in 2019. His expertise includes a variety of practical experience in both field and lab on contaminant behavior in soil and groundwater, emerging chemical analysis, and remediation feasibility studies. Dr. Zhang is a registered professional engineer in environmental engineering. He also serves as an adjunct professor in the College of Environmental and Resource Sciences at Zhejiang University.
Whom This Book Is Written For
As was intended for its first edition, this book is primarily targeted to beginners such as students in environmental science and engineering or related majors. It should be a valuable reference book for environmental professionals in academia, government, and industries who are directly involved in sampling and analytical work or indirectly use and interpret environmental data for various purposes. Interested readers may also include allied disciplines such as analytical chemists, forensic scientists, industrial hygienists, biologists, toxicologists, hydrologists, soil scientists, statisticians, and professionals in pharmaceutical industries, forestry, natural resources, and wildlife biology.
To the Instructor
This 14-chapter book contains chemistry review (Chapter 2), data analysis (Chapter 3), sampling (Chapters 4–5), standard methods and QA/QC (Chapter 6), wet chemical and field methods (Chapter 7), sample preparation (Chapter 8), and instrumental analysis (Chapters 9–14). The book is ideally used as a textbook for lecture and/or lab courses related to environmental sampling and analysis such as Environmental Sampling and Analysis, Environmental Monitoring, and Environmental Analytical Chemistry. The class can be taught at both levels of undergraduate seniors and graduate students in environmental science and environmental engineering curriculums.
This book is designed to have more materials than needed for a one-semester course. At the undergraduate level, certain chapters can be skipped for a typical one-semester course depending on the course objectives (e.g., sampling versus analysis, wet-chemical lab versus instrumental analysis). Some in-depth coverage of the sections and chapters (e.g., statistical analysis, mass spectrometry, NMR) is particularly suitable for graduate students.
A solutions manual is available for purchase from Wiley. The solution manual has answers and detailed calculations for a total of over 500 Questions and Problems. The 14-chapter PowerPoint slides posted on Wiley’s website are available for instructors who have adopted this textbook. The standalone lab manual has 18 experiments to choose from, each experiment with detailed procedures and post-lab assignments. These experiments cover a wide range of topics, including data analysis, sampling, sample preparation, and chemical/instrumental analysis. This supplemental lab manual is made available to the instructor upon request from the author.
Acknowledgments
The revision to the second edition was encouraged and motivated by numerous university professors for their adoptions of this textbook for teaching uses. Thank you all for writing e-mails to me and providing positive comments and continued support. My gratitude and appreciation also go to several anonymous technical reviewers for their high-quality peer reviews and valuable insights. It is unlikely to document all these individuals, but the following university faculty and technical reviewers are thanked:
Rachel Adams, Loyola Marymount University, USA
Joan Albaigés, Research and Development Centre (CID)-Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Spain
Gary Bennett, The University of Toledo, USA
Zhaohua Dai, Pace University, USA
Maria Eremeeva, Georgia Southern University, USA
Linda George, Portland State University, USA
Rosalinda Gioia, Lancaster University, UK
Steve Hill, University of Plymouth, UK
Patricia Holden, University of California, Santa Barbara, USA
Audrey McGowin, Wright State University, USA
Dinesh Mohan, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India
P. Michael Rutherford, University of Northern British Columbia, Canada
Fatemeh Shariati, Islamic Azad University, Iran
Guey-Rong Sheu, National Central University, Taiwan, China
Ayodotun Sodipe, Texas Southern University, USA
Anastacio Sosa, Universidad del Turabo, Puerto Rico
Zhiming Yang, North Carolina Central University, USA
My sincere thanks go to colleagues and adjunct professors who helped teach and improve the lab course: Drs. Ying (Sabine) Wei, Zlata Grenoble, Sachiyo Mukherji, and Yu-hui Zhang. The draft of this edition has been used in three courses at the University of Houston: Labs for Environmental Analysis, Environmental Sampling and Monitoring, and Sampling and Analysis of Environmental Contaminants. Comments and suggestions from graduate and undergraduate students in these courses were valuable. Many of these were non-technical, but they have helped immeasurably to improve the readability of this book.
My special thanks to my mentors during the early stage of my career: Prof. Zengyao He, Louis Thibodeaux, Dipak Roy, Kalliat Valsaraj, and Joseph Hughes. Thanks are also due to Prof. Yinmei Zhu, Jianying Zhang, Shulin Zhuang, Weiping Liu, Lizhong Zhu, Dr. Jay Gandhi, and many other individuals with whom I have worked for the past decades, enabling me to keep up-to-date of research fronts and technologies.
I would like to express my gratitude and appreciation to Wiley’s Executive Editors Bob Esposito and Michael Leventhal for their vision, guidance, and patience during this journey. Managing Editor Ms. Ameen Kubra and Content Operations Specialist Richa John have been very helpful in ensuring the right format and layout of this writing. It has been a pleasant experience working with this editorial team of high professional standard and experience.
This book would not have been possible without the love and support from my wife Sue, and my sons, Richard and Arnold. This book is dedicated to my parents, who did not have the opportunity to receive an education during their time, but taught me the most important things in life for me to serve as a valuable and contributing member of this society.
