Fundamentals of Groundwater E-Book

Franklin W. Schwartz

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1161

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2023

Beschreibung

Fundamentals of Groundwater A thoroughly updated classic on the fundamentals of groundwater The second edition of Fundamentals of Groundwater delivers an expert discussion of the fundamentals of groundwater in the hydrologic cycle and applications to contemporary problems in hydrogeology. The theme of the book is groundwater, broadly defined, and it covers the theory and practice of groundwater--from basic principles of physical and chemical hydrogeology to their application in traditional and emerging areas of practice. This new edition contains extensive revisions, including new discussions of human impacts on aquifers, and strategies and concepts for sustainable development of groundwater. It also covers the theory of groundwater flow--including concepts of hydraulic head and the Darcy equation--and ground water/surface water interactions, as well as geochemistry and contamination. Readers will also find * A thorough introduction to the techniques of water resource investigations and regional groundwater flow * Comprehensive explorations of groundwater chemistry and its applications in regional characterization and assessments of health impacts * Practical discussions of groundwater contamination and water sustainability more generally * Fulsome treatments of newly emerged contaminants, like PFAS, pathogens, agricultural contaminants, methane, arsenic, uranium, and redox processes Perfect for undergraduate and graduate students taking courses in hydrogeology, groundwater, geoscience, applied geoscience, and groundwater and contaminant processes, Fundamentals of Groundwater also benefits environmental consultants, geochemists, engineers, and geologists.

Leseprobe

Fundamentals of Groundwater

Second Edition

Franklin W. Schwartz

Ohio State UniversityColumbusUSA

Hubao Zhang

SahuaritaUSA

Copyright © 2024 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.Published simultaneously in Canada.

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Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data applied for:

ISBN: HB: 9781119820130, ePDF: 9781119820147, epub: 9781119820154

Cover Design: WileyCover Image(s): © John Carnemolla/Getty Images

This book is dedicated to our families:(Schwartz) Diane and Cynthia(Zhang) Ping, Dayu, and Michael

Preface

After a 20‐year hiatus, we are pleased to bring you the 2nd Edition of Fundamentals of Groundwater. Like its predecessor, the book is written at an introductory level to facilitate learning and teaching, while maintaining appropriate rigor. Not surprisingly, much has changed with this edition in terms of its look and feel and importantly the content. Most obvious is the use of color in many figures throughout the book. As the book progressed, the dearth in high‐quality colored figures and photographs in traditional journal articles became obvious. Fortunately, here in the United States, groundwater‐related documents and reports of the U.S. Geological Survey represent a valuable treasure of high‐quality graphical material.

This text covers what we consider the basic areas of theory and practice in groundwater. The first half of the book is similar in coverage to the first edition with changes focused on updating methods and concepts. What is new is a “deep dive” into aquifers (Chapter 4) with a focus on large aquifers experiencing problems associated with overpumping. Chapter 5 focuses on basic groundwater flow theory and calculations. Chapter 6 introduces basic concepts in vadose or unsaturated zone. We have also updated and expanded Chapter 7 on geologic and hydrogeologic investigations with the addition of geophysical methods appropriate for larger‐scale evaluations of aquifers, and novel approaches for the installation of piezometers. Chapter 8 covers regional groundwater flow and how groundwater systems interact with other components of the hydrologic cycle.

We have maintained our comprehensive treatment of classical well hydraulics and common methods used to interpret results from aquifer tests. Chapter 9 is focused on confined aquifers that are homogeneous, isotropic, and infinite in extent. A new Excel spreadsheet curve fitting method is provided to show students a modern tool to solve aquifer testing problem. Chapter 10 looks at the response of leaky confined aquifers to pumping. Chapter 11 describes the response of an unconfined aquifer to pumping. Slug, step, and intermittent tests are treated in Chapter 12. Chapter 13 introduces how to deal with complex geological settings with analytical and numerical methods.

Subsequent chapters in the back half of the book will return to several at‐risk aquifers, considering problems, such as subsidence, streamflow depletion, destruction of riparian ecology, seawater intrusion, and contamination. Chapters 14 and 15 are new with a focus on groundwater sustainability and technical approaches (such as long‐term monitoring, water balance, and modeling) to identify, manage, and to treat aquifers at risk. Chapters 16 and 17 address the basic concepts of water chemistry necessary to tackle both natural and contaminated systems. Material added to these chapters reflect a new and emerging interest in evaluation of water quality impacts on human health and novel approaches for health assessments. Studies of groundwater and health in India and Bangladesh emphasize the need to study trace constituents in groundwater, present at μg/L concentrations. Studies by the U.S. Geological Survey, particularly in California have pioneered new strategies in health‐risk assessments associated with water quality.

As before, we have maintained our strong coverage of isotopes in groundwater, mass transport, and contaminant hydrogeology in Chapters 18 through 20, respectively. In the case of isotopes, we get beyond basic theory with case studies illustrating how isotopes are used in practice. Our approach to mass transport in Chapter 19 uses transport pathways as an organizing principle along with discussions of physical and chemical processes, which operate to impact concentrations of key constituents. We examine the role of hydrogeologic settings influencing the chemical evolution of natural processes, as well as a focus on redox processes. Chapter 20 introduces the basics of contaminant hydrogeology including dissolved contaminants, LNAPLs and DNAPLs, and strategies for evaluating and interpreting contaminant transport.

This book is designed as an introductory groundwater text for upper‐division undergraduate students, or lower‐division graduate students, or a refresher for groundwater professionals. Elementary college calculus and chemistry will help to understand the derivation of equations in the book. However, this book does not require readers to have this background because it provides step‐by‐step solutions for the application of mathematical equations. The book has been improved through the integration of an “aquifer” theme across various chapters to facilitate the teaching of the material and concepts. Students will benefit from a focus on aquifers at risk of depletion in the United States and Asia, and especially the chemical risks to sustainability. As before, we purposely made the text longer than one course can cover to provide instructors choice of materials.

The publisher, John Wiley & Sons, maintains companion websites for the book. On the student site that is open to everyone, readers will find Chapter 21 Modeling Contaminant Transport, software files and spreadsheets. A password-protected instructor site is also available with worked answers to questions found at the end of chapters.

As with most book‐writing efforts, we benefited from the support and assistance of our colleagues and, especially, our families. We acknowledge the help of Dr. Sam Lee in producing the book and Dr. Rob Schincariol for his time in effort with suggestions for improving the first edition. Our Wiley Executive Editor, Summers Scholl provided great help in assistance in the books' preparation along with the production team led by Managing Editor Kubra Ameen.

Although it has been more than 20 years since the passing of mentor and colleague, Pat Domenico, his ideas, and influence still live on in this edition. He was a champion of the process‐based organization in books, the strong linkages between theory and practice, and the use of quantitative approaches and case studies.

Franklin W. Schwartz

Hubao Zhang

About the Companion Website

This book is accompanied by an instructor and a student companion websites:

www.wiley.com/go/schwartz/fundamentalsofgroundwater2 

The Instructor site is password protected which includes the material shown below:

Solutions Manual

The Student site is open access which includes the materials shown below:

Bonus chapter 21

Analytics spreadsheet

User guides and confined aquifer spreadsheet

Software files

1Introduction to Groundwater

CHAPTER MENU

1.1 Why Study Groundwater?

1.2 Brief History of Groundwater

This book is concerned with the theory and practice of groundwater hydrology, the science of water in subsurface environments. It is divided into two main parts; (1) basic concepts dealing with the origin, movement of groundwater, and its recovery from wells, and (2) important areas of practice that these days includes groundwater sustainability, geogenic, and anthropogenic problems of contamination. The book is developed around a process‐oriented theme that organizes hydrologic phenomena based on physical and mathematical principles. It emphasizes the application of knowledge to the solution of practical problems focused on aquifers and human impacts, as well as hydraulic testing and groundwater contamination.

One of the important ways to learn about groundwater problems is to experience them firsthand. Thus, the book relies on case studies and demonstrations of techniques through worked problems. Although most of the hydrogeological world is hidden from view, there are exciting things to see in the field. We brought some of these features to life through the colored photographs and illustrations.

1.1 Why Study Groundwater?

There are a variety of reasons why scientists and engineers study groundwater. First and foremost, groundwater is a key source of drinking water that is essential to life on earth, as we know it. The earth has something like 1375 million cubic kilometers with most occurring as non‐potable seawater. Groundwater, interestingly, is a tiny fraction, just 0.06% of the earth's available water. However, this relatively small volume is critically important because it represents 98% of the freshwater readily available to humans (Zaporozec and Miller, 2000). Abundant fresh water is tied up in glaciers and icecaps, but essentially unavailable. Of the other available reservoirs, large rivers have been particularly important for their role in sustaining societies for millennia. However, now, the explosive growth of human populations around the world over the last 150 years has required unsustainable development of groundwater supplies, which is among the most serious problems affecting humanity today.

Groundwater is found in aquifers, which have the capability of both storing and transmitting groundwater. An aquifer is defined formally as a geologic unit that is sufficiently permeable to supply water to a well. Commonly, the large volumes of water stored in aquifers could be counted on as reliable source during periods of drought lasting months or years. Moreover, hydrogeologists have always been taught that groundwater is a renewable resource, recharged by rain and snow‐melt runoff. Indeed, major aquifer systems store impressively large quantities of water. For example, the High Plains Aquifer located in America's Midwest covers an area of 450,000 km2. It stored an impressive 4000 km3, roughly equivalent to Lake Huron, the fifth‐largest lake in the world. Now, that important function is threatened by groundwater technologies capable of depleting groundwater in just a few generations.

Figure 1.1 The Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System underlies Egypt, Libya, Chad, and Sudan. The oases shown were localized discharge areas for waters leaking upward from the aquifer. East Oweinat is an area where groundwater is mined for irrigation of crops

(FWS).