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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
- Sprache: Englisch
Edited by one of the most well-respected and prolific engineers in the world and his team, this book provides a comprehensive overview of solar cells and explores the history of evolution and present scenarios of solar cell design, classification, properties, various semiconductor materials, thin films, wafer-scale, transparent solar cells, and other fundamentals of solar cell design. Solar cells are semiconductor devices that convert light photons into electricity in photovoltaic energy conversion and can help to overcome the global energy crisis. Solar cells have many applications including remote area power systems, earth-orbiting satellites, wristwatches, water pumping, photodetectors and remote radiotelephones. Solar cell technology is economically feasible for commercial-scale power generation. While commercial solar cells exhibit good performance and stability, still researchers are looking at many ways to improve the performance and cost of solar cells via modulating the fundamental properties of semiconductors. Solar cell technology is the key to a clean energy future. Solar cells directly harvested energy from the sun's light radiation into electricity are in an ever-growing demand for future global energy production. Solar cell-based energy harvesting has attracted worldwide attention for its notable features, such as cheap renewable technology, scalable, lightweight, flexibility, versatility, no greenhouse gas emission, and economy friendly and operational costs. Thus, solar cell technology is at the forefront of renewable energy technologies which are used in telecommunications, power plants, small devices to satellites. Large-scale implementation can be manipulated by various types used in solar cell design and exploration of new materials towards improving performance and reducing cost. Therefore, in-depth knowledge about solar cell design is fundamental for those who wish to apply this knowledge and understanding in industries and academics. This book provides a comprehensive overview on solar cells and explores the history to evolution and present scenarios of solar cell design, classification, properties, various semiconductor materials, thin films, wafer-scale, transparent solar cells, and so on. It also includes solar cells' characterization, analytical tools, theoretical modeling, practices to enhance conversion efficiencies, applications and patents. This outstanding new volume: * Provides state-of-the-art information about solar cells * Is a unique reference guide for researchers in solar energy * Includes novel innovations in the field of solar cell technology Audience: This book is a unique reference guide that can be used by faculty, students, researchers, engineers, device designers and industrialists who are working and learning in the fields of semiconductors, chemistry, physics, electronics, light science, material science, flexible energy conversion, industrial, and renewable energy sectors..
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Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2021
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Table of Contents
Cover
Title page
Copyright
Preface
1 Organic Solar Cells
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Classification of Solar Cells
1.3 Solar Cell Structure
1.4 Photovoltaic Parameters or Terminology Used in BHJOSCs
1.5 Some Basic Design Principles/Thumb Rules Associated With Organic Materials Required for BHJOSCs
1.6 Recent Research Advances in Small-Molecule Acceptor and Polymer Donor Types
1.7 Recent Research Advances in All Small-Molecule Acceptor and Donor Types
1.8 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
2 Plasmonic Solar Cells
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Principles and Working Mechanism of Plasmonic Solar Cells
2.3 Important Optical Properties
2.4 Advancements in Plasmonic Solar Cells
2.5 Conclusion and Future Aspects
Acknowledgements
References
3 Tandem Solar Cell
List of Abbreviations
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Review of Organic Tandem Solar Cell
3.3 Review of Inorganic Tandem Solar Cell
3.4 Conclusion
References
4 Thin-Film Solar Cells
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Why Thin-Film Solar Cells?
4.3 Amorphous Silicon
4.4 Cadmium Telluride
4.5 Copper Indium Diselenide Solar Cells
4.6 Comparison Between Flexible a-Si:H, CdTe, and CIGS Cells and Applications
4.7 Conclusion
References
5 Biohybrid Solar Cells
Abbreviations
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Photovoltaics
5.3 Solar Cells
5.4 Biohybrid Solar Cells
5.5 Role of Photosynthesis
5.6 Plant-Based Biohybrid Devices
5.7 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
5.8 Polymer and Semiconductors-Based Biohybrid Solar Cells
5.9 Conclusion
References
6 Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Cell Architecture and Working Mechanism
6.3 Fabrication of Simple DSSC in Lab Scale
6.4 Electrodes
6.5 Counter Electrode
6.6 Blocking Layer
6.7 Electrolytes Used
6.8 Commonly Used Natural Dyes in DSSC
6.9 Calculations
6.10 Conclusion
References
7 Characterization and Theoretical Modeling of Solar Cells
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Classification of SC
7.3 Working Principle of DSSC
7.4 Operation Principle of DSSC
7.5 Photovoltaic Parameters
7.6 Theoretical and Computational Methods
7.7 Conclusion
References
8 Efficient Performance Parameters for Solar Cells
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Solar Radiation Intensity Calculation
8.3 Methodology
8.4 Conclusions
References
9 Practices to Enhance Conversion Efficiencies in Solar Cell
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Basics on Conversion Efficiency
9.3 Approaches for Improving Conversion Efficiencies in Solar Cells
9.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
10 Solar Cell Efficiency Energy Materials
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Solar Cell Efficiency
10.3 Historical Development of Solar Cell Materials
10.4 Solar Cell Materials and Efficiencies
10.5 Conclusion and Prospects
References
11 Analytical Tools for Solar Cell
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Transient Absorption Spectroscopy
11.3 Electron Tomography
11.4 Conductive Atomic Force Microscopy (C-AFM)
11.5 Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy
11.6 Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy and Transmission Electron Microscopy
11.7 Conclusion
References
12 Applications of Solar Cells
12.1 Introduction
12.2 An Overview on Photovoltaic Cell
12.3 Applications of Solar Cells
12.4 Conclusion and Summary
References
13 Challenges of Stability in Perovskite Solar Cells
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Degradation Phenomena and Stability Measures in Perovskite
13.3 Stability-Interface Interplay
13.4 Effect of Selective Contacts on Stability
13.5 Conclusion
References
14 State-of-the-Art and Prospective of Solar Cells
Acronyms
14.1 Introduction
14.2 State-of-the-Art of Solar Cells
14.3 Prospective of Solar Cells
14.4 Conclusion
References
15 Semitransparent Perovskite Solar Cells
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Device Architectures
15.3 Optical Assessment
15.4 Materials
15.5 Applications
15.6 Conclusion
References
16 Flexible Solar Cells
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Materials for FSCs
16.3 Thin-Film Deposition
16.4 Characterizations for FSCs
16.5 Issues in FSCs
16.6 Performance Comparison of RSCs and FSCs
16.7 Applications of Flexible Solar Cell
16.8 Conclusion
References
Index
Also of Interest
End User License Agreement
Guide
Cover
Table of Contents
Title page
Copyright
Preface
Begin Reading
Index
Also of Interest
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
Chapter 2
Table 2.1 Various solar cell technologies and its efficiency.
Table 2.2 Energy band gap of various absorber and metal nanoparticles.
Table 2.3 Effect of various plasmonic nanostructures on solar cell technologies.
Chapter 6
Table 6.1. Various materials used as essential parts of DSSCs with their photovo...
Chapter 7
Table 7.1. A list of different Ru-based dye sensitizers with their photoelectroc...
Table 7.2. Calculated efficacy of cells with various counter electrodes [109].
Chapter 8
Table 8.1. The irradiation values.
Table 8.2. Sun irradiation attributes.
Table 8.3. Top 10 confirmed module and cells.
Chapter 10
Table 10.1. Properties and features idealized for solar cell materials.
Table 10.2. Notable performance results for c-SI SCs and modules.
Table 10.3. Notable performance results for Si TFSCs.
Table 10.4. Notable performance results for III-V semiconductor-based SCs.
Table 10.5. Notable performance results for CIGS SCs.
Table 10.6. Notable performance results for CdTe SCs.
Table 10.7. Notable performance results for fullerene and non-fullerene OSCs.
Table 10.8. Notable performance results for DSSCs.
Table 10.9. Notable performance results of PSCs.
Chapter 12
Table 12.1. Molecular weights and thermal data of copolymers P1 and P2 [89].
Chapter 14
Table 14.1. Evolution and PCE of different C/Si heterojunctions [67].
Table 14.2. Evolution and PCE of different C/Si heterojunctions [67].
Table 14.3. Advances in X-anions/A-cations substitutions [133].
Table 14.4. PV characteristic of the Sn-based perovskites [210].
Table 14.5. Working spectropolarimetries [166].
Table 14.6. Water network elements [182].
Chapter 15
Table 15.1. Comparison of different photovoltaic materials and their optoelectro...
Table 15.2 Summary of representative semitransparent perovskite solar cells with...
Table 15.3. Summary of different single-junction and tandem semitransparent pero...
Chapter 16
Table 16.1. Comparison chart of RSCs and FSCs.
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Scrivener Publishing100 Cummings Center, Suite 541JBeverly, MA 01915-6106
Publishers at ScrivenerMartin Scrivener ([email protected])Phillip Carmical ([email protected])
Fundamentals of Solar Cell Design
Edited by
Inamuddin,
Mohd Imran Ahamed,
Rajender Boddula,
and
Mashallah Rezakazemi
This edition first published 2021 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA and Scrivener Publishing LLC, 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J, Beverly, MA 01915, USA
© 2021 Scrivener Publishing LLC
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
ISBN 9781119724704
Cover image: Pixabay.com
Cover design by Russell Richardson
Set in size of 11pt and Minion Pro by Manila Typesetting Company, Makati, Philippines
Printed in the USA
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Preface
Solar cells are semiconductor devices that convert light photons into electricity in photovoltaic energy conversion and can help to overcome the global energy crisis. Solar cells have many applications including remote area power systems, earth-orbiting satellites, wristwatches, water pumping, photodetectors, and remote radiotelephones. Solar cell technology is economically feasible for commercial-scale power generation. While commercial solar cells exhibit good performance and stability, still researchers are looking at many ways to improve the performance and cost of solar cells via modulating the fundamental properties of semiconductors. Solar cell technology is the key to a clean energy future. Solar cells directly harvest energy from the sun’s light radiation into electricity are in an evergrowing demand for future global energy production. Solar cell–based energy harvesting has attracted worldwide attention for their notable features, such as cheap renewable technology, scalable, light-weight, flexibility, versatility, no greenhouse gas emission, environment, and economy friendly, and operational costs are quite low compared to other forms of power generation. Thus, solar cell technology is at the forefront of renewable energy technologies which are used in telecommunications, power plants and small devices to satellites. Aiming at large-scale implementation can be manipulated by various types used in solar cell design and exploration of new materials toward improving performance and reducing cost. Therefore, in-depth knowledge about solar cell design is fundamental for those who wish to apply this knowledge and understanding in industries and academics.
This book provides a comprehensive overview on solar cells and explores the history to evolution and present scenarios of solar cell design, classification, properties, various semiconductor materials, thin films, wafer-scale, transparent solar cells, and so on. It also includes solar cells’ characterization analytical tools, theoretical modeling, practices to enhance conversion efficiencies, applications, and patents. This book is a unique reference guide that can be used by faculty, students, researchers, engineers, device designers, and industrialists who are working and learning in the fields of semiconductors, chemistry, physics, electronics, light science, material science, flexible energy conversion, industrial, and renewable energy sectors. This book includes the 16 chapters and the summaries are given below.
Chapter 1 highlights a variety of organic solar cells, documented in recent literature, developed to study solar cell efficiencies, with polymer donors and organic small molecule acceptors or as donors and acceptors.
Chapter 2 discusses the plasmonic solar cells with a focus on the fundamental principle of solar cell, types and design of plasmonic metallic nanostructures and devices, novel properties of surface plasmon resonance, and energy conversion efficiency. The chapter explains about device mechanisms, solar cell design, and advancements in plasmonic solar cells to generate clean energy and solar fuels.
Chapter 3 discusses the current problem of the energy crisis, depletion of conventional energy resource, and serious threat of global warming. The chapter discusses the Tandem solar cells’ developments in the last few years.
Chapter 4 discusses solar cells based on three different thin films, e.g., amorphous silicon, cadmium telluride, and copper indium gallium selenide. Additionally, the structure of thin films and various coating techniques are discussed. Moreover, this chapter summarizes the modifications and performance improvement of thin-film solar cells.
Chapter 5 comprises a brief discussion about the biohybrid solar cells, suitable substrate selection for fabrication, as well as the role of photosynthesis in biohybrid solar cells. The chapter discusses some biomimetic approaches borrowed from photosynthetic organisms and plants which can be implemented in biohybrid solar cells.
Chapter 6 deals with various features of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Here, the simple construction and working mechanism besides various components of DSSCs are elaborately discussed. Also, the various materials used for electrolytes and natural dyes are explained briefly along with performances of DSSCs.
Chapter 7 addresses various computational methodologies from molecular mechanics to quantum mechanics for evaluation of compounds in terms of structural and electronic properties. The main objective is the assessment of photovoltaic parameters including absorption spectra, charge transfer, open-circuit voltage, peak current density, efficiency in light, and molecular descriptors toward the efficient performance of solar cells.
Chapter 8 provides a solar radiation analysis of a region through the use of deterministic models following the specified climatic circumstances. The analysis includes a quantitative analysis for the selection of optimum solar system equipment.
Chapter 9 describes the developments in photovoltaic materials and related devices. Brief description of solar cell generations and the factors that affect efficiency are reviewed. The prospects regarding practices to enhance the conversion efficiencies are shortly presented.
Chapter 10 discusses the efficiencies and materials of conventional, modern, and emerging solar cell technologies. The use of inorganic, organic, and hybrid materials for a rational design of solar cells is discussed in detail. Additionally, the challenges faced by solar cell technologies and performance enhancement techniques are also discussed briefly.
Chapter 11 highlights the latest and emerging characterization tools to study and investigate the properties and efficiency of solar cells. The emerging characterization tools discussed in this chapter are conductive atomic force microscopy, electron tomography, transient absorption spectroscopy, Kelvin probe microscopy, and surface morphology observation.
Chapter 12 briefly describes the historic evolution, fundamental properties, and working principles of photovoltaic cells of various types. The discussion about the efficiency and applications of these solar cells helps the new researchers to develop new technologies and improve their work in the area of solar cell systems.
Chapter 13 gives a detailed overview of the current efforts to enhance the stability of perovskite solar cell; moreover, the degradation causes and mechanisms are summarized. The strategies to improve device stability are portrayed in terms of structural effects, a photoactive layer, holeand electron-transporting layers, electrode materials, and device encapsulation.
Chapter 14 presents the progress of solar cells and their latest developments. The major goal is to show how they can be utilized for photovoltaic energy generation as a renewable energy source. This will help to identify the challenges and drawing prospects for the researchers in this field to further improve and develop solar cells and their applications.
Chapter 15 discusses the design, materials, and applications of semitransparent perovskite solar cells. Different device architectures and the performance evaluation parameters are discussed in detail. The materials used in the photoactive layer, charge transport layers, and transparent electrodes are also presented in addition to the major applications and future scope of semitransparent perovskite solar cells.
Chapter 16 presents an overview of flexible solar cell technology. The various aspects of this technology such as material requirements, and material and cell level characterization techniques and applications are discussed in detail. The chapter is primarily focused on developing an understanding of the current status and future challenges of flexible photovoltaic technology.
Inamuddin
Mohd Imran Ahamed
Rajender Boddula
Mashallah Rezakazemi
June 2021
