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A broad introduction to the fundamentals of wireless communication engineering technologies Covering both theory and practical topics, Fundamentals of Wireless Communication Engineering Technologies offers a sound survey of the major industry-relevant aspects of wireless communication engineering technologies. Divided into four main sections, the book examines RF, antennas, and propagation; wireless access technologies; network and service architectures; and other topics, such as network management and security, policies and regulations, and facilities infrastructure. Helpful cross-references are placed throughout the text, offering additional information where needed. The book provides: * Coverage that is closely aligned to the IEEE's Wireless Communication Engineering Technologies (WCET) certification program syllabus, reflecting * the author's direct involvement in the development of the program * A special emphasis on wireless cellular and wireless LAN systems * An excellent foundation for expanding existing knowledge in the wireless field by covering industry-relevant aspects of wireless communication * Information on how common theories are applied in real-world wireless systems With a holistic and well-organized overview of wireless communications, Fundamentals of Wireless Communication Engineering Technologies is an invaluable resource for anyone interested in taking the WCET exam, as well as practicing engineers, professors, and students seeking to increase their knowledge of wireless communication engineering technologies.
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Contents
Cover
Wiley Series on Information and Communication Technology
Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
Foreword
Preface
Part I: Preliminaries
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 Notation
1.2 Foundations
1.3 Signals and Systems
1.4 Signaling in Communications Systems
References
Part II: Radio Frequency, Antennas, and Propagation
Chapter 2: Introduction to Radio Frequency, Antennas, and Propagation
2.1 Mathematical Preliminaries
2.2 Electrostatics, Current, and Magnetostatics
2.3 Time-Varying Situations, Electromagnetic Waves, and Transmission Lines
2.4 Impedance
2.5 Tests and Measurements
References
Chapter 3: Radio-Frequency Engineering
3.1 Introduction and Preliminaries
3.2 Noise
3.3 System Issues Related to NonLinearity
3.4 Mixing and Related Issues
3.5 Oscillators and Related Issues
3.6 Amplifiers and Related Issues
3.7 Other components
References
Chapter 4: Antennas
4.1 Characterization
4.2 Examples
4.3 Antenna Arrays
4.4 Practical Issues: Connecting to Antennas, Tuning, and so on
References
Chapter 5: Propagation
5.1 Electromagnetic Wave Propagation: Common Effects
5.2 Large-Scale Effects in Cellular Environments
5.3 Small-Scale Effects in Cellular Environments
5.4 Incorporating Fading Effects in the Link Budget
Appendix: Ricean Fading Derivation
References
Part III: Wireless Access Technologies
Chapter 6: Introduction to Wireless Access Technologies
6.1 Review of Digital Signal Processing
6.2 Digital Communications for Wireless Access Systems
6.3 The Cellular Concept
6.4 Spread Spectrum
6.5 OFDM
References
Chapter 7: Component Technologies
7.1 Medium Access Control
7.2 Handoff
7.3 Power Control
7.4 Error Correction Codes
References
Chapter 8: Examples of Air-Interface Standards: GSM, IS-95, WiFi
8.1 GSM
8.2 IS-95 CDMA
8.3 IEEE 802.11 WiFi
References
Chapter 9: Recent Trends and Developments
9.1 Third-Generation CDMA-based Systems
9.2 Emerging Technologies for Wireless Access
9.3 HSPA and HRPD
9.4 IEEE 802.16 WiMAX
9.5 LTE
9.6 What's next?
References
Part IV: Network and Service Architectures
Chapter 10: Introduction to Network and Service Architectures
10.1 Review of fundamental networking concepts
10.2 Architectures
10.3 IP networking
10.4 Teletraffic Analysis
References
Chapter 11: GSM and IP: Ingredients of Convergence
11.1 GSM
11.2 VoIP
11.3 QoS
References
Chapter 12: Toward an All-IP Core Network
12.1 Making IP work with wireless
12.2 GPRS
12.3 Evolution from GSM to UMTS up to the introduction of IMS
12.4 IP Multimedia Subsystem
12.5 Other Networks
References
Chapter 13: Service Architectures, Alternative Architectures, and Looking Ahead
13.1 Services
13.2 Service Architectures
13.3 Mobile Ad Hoc Networks
13.4 Mesh, Sensor, and Vehicular Networks
References
Part V: Miscellaneous Topics
Chapter 14: Network Management
14.1 Requirements and Concepts
14.2 Network Management Models
14.3 SNMP
References
Chapter 15: Security
15.1 Basic Concepts
15.2 Cryptography
15.3 Network security protocols
15.4 Wireless Security
References
Chapter 16: Facilities Infrastructure
16.1 Communications Towers
16.2 Power Supplies and Protection
16.3 Additional Topics
References
Chapter 17: Agreements, Standards, Policies, and Regulations
17.1 Agreements
17.2 Standards
17.3 Policies
17.4 Regulations
References
Exercise Solutions
Appendix A: Some Formulas and Identities
Appendix B: Wcet Glossary Equation Index
Appendix C: Wcet Exam Tips
Appendix D: Symbols
Appendix E: Acronyms
Index
Wiley Series on Information and Communication Technology
Series Editors: T. Russell Hsing and Vincent K. N. Lau
The Information and Communication Technology (ICT) book series focuses on creating useful connections between advanced communication theories, practical designs, and end-user applications in various next generation networks and broadband access systems, including fiber, cable, satellite, and wireless. The ICT book series examines the difficulties of applying various advanced communication technologies to practical systems such as WiFi, WiMax, B3G, etc., and considers how technologies are designed in conjunction with standards, theories, and applications.
The ICT book series also addresses application-oriented topics such as service management and creation and end-user devices, as well as the coupling between end devices and infrastructure.
T. Russell Hsing, PhD, is the Executive Director of Emerging Technologies and Services Research at Telcordia Technologies. He manages and leads the applied research and development of information and wireless sensor networking solutions for numerous applications and systems. Email: thsing@telcordia.com
Vincent K.N. Lau, PhD, is Associate Professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering at the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology. His current research interest is on delay-sensitive cross-layer optimization with imperfect system state information. Email: eeknlau@ee.ust.hk
Wireless Internet and Mobile Computing: Interoperability and PerformanceYu-Kwong Ricky Kwok and Vincent K. N. Lau
RF Circuit DesignRichard C. Li
Digital Signal Processing Techniques and Applications in Radar Image ProcessingBu-Chin Wang
The Fabric of Mobile Services: Software Paradigms and Business DemandsShoshana Loeb, Benjamin Falchuk, and Euthimios Panagos
Fundamentals of Wireless Communication Engineering TechnologiesK. Daniel Wong
Copyright © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.
Published simultaneously in Canada.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:
Wong, K. Daniel.
Fundamentals of wireless communication engineering technologies / K. Daniel Wong.
p. cm. –(Information and communication technology series; 98)
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN 978-0-470-56544-5
1. Wireless communication systems. 2. Wireless communication systems–Examinations–Study guides. I. Title.
TK5103.2.W59 2011
384.5–dc23 2011013591
To my parents and Almighty God
Foreword
Wireless communications is one of the most advanced and rapidly advancing technologies of our time. The modern wireless era has produced an array of technologies, such as mobile phones and WiFi networks, of tremendous economic and social value and almost ubiquitous market penetration. These developments have in turn created a substantial demand for engineers who understand the basic principles underlying wireless technologies, and who can help move the field forward to meet the even greater demands for wireless services and capacity expected in the future. Such an understanding requires knowledge of several distinct fields upon which wireless technologies are based: radio frequency physics and devices; communication systems engineering; and communication network architecture.
This book, by a leading advocate of the IEEE Communications Society's Wireless Communication Engineering Technologies certification program, offers an excellent survey of this very broad set of fundamentals. It further provides a review of basic foundational subjects, such as circuits, signals and systems, as well as coverage of several important overlying topics, such network management, security, and regulatory issues. This combination of breadth and depth of coverage allows the book to serve both as a complete course for students and practicing engineers, and as an entrée to the field for those wishing to undertake more advanced study or do research in a particular aspect of the field. Thus, Fundamentals of Wireless Communication Engineering Technologies is a very welcome addition to the pedagogical literature in this important field of technology.
H. Vincent Poor
Princeton, New Jersey 21
Preface
This book presents a broad survey of the fundamentals of wireless communication engineering technologies, spanning the field from radio frequency, antennas, and propagation, to wireless access technologies, to network and service architectures, to other topics, such as network management and security, agreements, standards, policies and regulations, and facilities infrastructure.
Every author has to answer two major questions: (1) What is the scope of coverage of the book, in terms of breadth of topics and depth of discussion of each topic, focus and perspective, and assumptions of prior knowledge of the readers? and (2) Who are the intended readers of the book? I am honored to have been a member of the Practice Analysis Task Force convened by IEEE Communications Society to draft the syllabus and examination specifications of IEEE Communication Society's Wireless Communication Engineering Technologies (WCET) certification program. The scope of coverage of this book has been strongly influenced by the syllabus of the WCET program.
This book is designed to be helpful to three main groups of readers:
Readers who would like to understand a broad range of topics in practical wireless communications engineering, from fundamentals and theory to practical aspects. For example, wireless engineers with a few years of experience in wireless might find themselves deeply involved with one or two aspects of wireless systems, but not actively keeping up-to-date with other aspects of wireless systems. This book might help such engineers to see how their work fits into the bigger picture, and how the specific parts of the overall system on which they work relate to other parts.Electrical engineering or computer science students with an interest in wireless communications, who might be interested to see how the seemingly dry, abstract theory they learn in class is actually applied in real-world wireless systems.Readers who are considering taking the WCET exam to become Wireless Certified Professionals. This group could include readers who are not sure if they would take the exam but might decide after reviewing the scope of coverage of the exam.I hope this book can be a helpful resource for all three groups of readers. For the third group of readers, those with an interest in the WCET exam, several appendices may be useful, including a list of where various formulas from the WCET glossary are discussed in the text (Appendix B), and a few exam tips (Appendix C). However, the rest of the book has been written so that it can be read beneficially by any of the aforementioned groups of readers.
The book is divided into four main sections, three of which cover important areas in wireless systems: (1) radio frequency, antennas, and propagation; (2) wireless access technologies; and (3) network and service architectures. The fourth main section includes the remaining topics. The first three main parts of the book each begins with an introductory chapter that provides essential foundational material, followed by three chapters that go more deeply into specific topics. I have strived to arrange the materials so that the three chapters that go deeper into specific topics build on what is covered in the introductory chapter for that area. This is designed to help students who are new to an area, or not so familiar with it, to be able to go far on their own in self-study, through careful reading first of the introductory chapter, and then of the subsequent chapters. Numerous cross-references are sprinkled throughout the text, for example, so that students who are reading about a topic that relies on some foundational knowledge can see where the foundational knowledge is covered in the relevant introductory chapter. Also, references might be from the relevant introductory chapter to places where specific topics are covered in more detail, which may help motivate students to understand the material in the introductory chapter, as they can see how it is applied later.
The amount of technical knowledge that a wireless engineer “should know” is so broad that it is practically impossible to cover everything in one book, much less to cover everything at the depth that might satisfy every reader. In this book we have tried to select important topics that can be pulled together into coherent and engaging stories and development threads, rather than simply to present a succession of topics. For example, the results of some of the examples are used in later sections or chapters of the book. We also develop various notions related to autocorrelation and orthogonality with an eye to how the concepts might be needed later to help explain the fundamentals of CDMA.
Thanks to Diana Gialo, Simone Taylor, Sanchari Sil, Angioline Loredo, Michael Christian, and George Telecki of Wiley for their editorial help and guidance during the preparation of the manuscript, and to series editors Dr. Vincent Lau and Dr. T. Russell Hsing for their support and helpful comments. Thanks are also due to Dr. Wee Lum Tan, Dr. Toong Khuan Chan, Dr. Choi Look Law, Dr. Yuen Chau, HS Wong, Lian Pin Tee, Ir. Imran Mohd Ibrahim, and Jimson Tseng for their insightful and helpful reviews of some chapters in the book.
There is a web site for this book at www.danielwireless.com/wcet, where various supplementary materials, including a list of corrections and updates, will be posted.
K. Daniel Wong Ph.D. (Stanford), CCNA, CCNP (Cisco), WCP (IEEE)
Palo Alto, California
I
Preliminaries