Gas Insulated Substations E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Serie: Wiley - IEEE
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 724

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2014

Beschreibung

Comprehensive reference covering all aspects of gas insulated substations including basic principles, technology, use & application, design, specification, testing and ownership issues

This book provides an overview on the particular development steps of gas insulated high-voltage switchgear, and is based on the information given with the editor’s tutorial. The theory is kept low only as much as it is needed to understand gas insulated technology, with the main focus of the book being on delivering practical application knowledge. It discusses some introductory and advanced aspects in the meaning of applications.

The start of the book presents the theory of Gas Insulated Technology, and outlines reliability, design, safety, grounding and bonding, and factors for choosing GIS. The third chapter presents the technology, covering the following in detail: manufacturing, specification, instrument transformers, Gas Insulated Bus, and the assembly process. Next, the book goes into control and monitoring, which covers local control cabinet, bay controller, control schemes, and digital communication. Testing is explained in the middle of the book before installation and energization. Importantly, operation and maintenance is discussed. This chapter includes information on repair, extensions, retrofit or upgrade, and overloading. Finally applications are covered along with concepts of layout, typical layouts, mixed technology substations, and then other topics such as life cycle assessment, environmental impact, and project management.  

• A one-stop, complete reference text on gas insulated substations (GIS), large-capacity and long-distance electricity transmission, which are of increasing importance in the power industry today
• Details advanced and basic material, accessible for both existing GIS users and those planning to adopt the technology
• Discusses both the practical and theoretical aspects of GIS
• Written by acknowledged GIS experts who have been involved in the development of the technology from the start

Leseprobe

CONTENTS

Cover

Title Page

Copyright

List of Contributors

Foreword

Acknowledgements

Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1 General

1.2 Definitions

1.3 Standards and References

1.4 Ratings

Chapter 2: Basic Information

2.1 History

2.2 Physics of Gas Insulated Switchgear

2.3 Reliability and Availability

2.4 Design

2.5 Safety

2.6 Grounding and Bonding

2.7 Factors for Choosing Gas Insulated Substations

2.8 Sulfur Hexafluoride (SF6)

References

Chapter 3: Technology

3.1 General

3.2 Modular Components, Design, and Development Process

3.3 Manufacturing

3.4 Specification Development

3.5 Instrument Transformers

3.6 Interfaces

3.7 Gas Insulated Surge Arresters

3.8 Gas Insulated Bus

References

Chapter 4: Control and Monitoring

4.1 General

4.2 GIS Monitoring

4.3 Local Control Cabinet

4.4 Digital Communication

References

Chapter 5: Testing

5.1 General

5.2 Type Tests

5.3 Routine Tests

5.4 On-Site Field Testing

References

Chapter 6: Installation

6.1 General

6.2 Installation

6.3 Energization: Connecting to the Power Grid

Chapter 7: Operation and Maintenance

7.1 General

7.2 Operation of a Gas Insulated Substation

7.3 Maintenance

7.4 SF6 Gas Leakage Repair

7.5 Repair

7.6 Extensions

7.7 GIS Retrofit or Upgrade

7.8 Overloading and Thermal Limits

Chapter 8: Applications

8.1 General

8.2 Typical GIS Layouts

8.3 Reference Projects

8.4 GIS Case Study

8.5 Mobile GIS

8.6 Mixed Technology Switchgear (MTS)

8.7 Future Developments

References

Chapter 9: Other Topics

9.1 General

9.2 Environment

9.3 Life Cycle Cost Analysis

9.4 Insulation Coordination Study

9.5 Very Fast Transients

9.6 Project Scope Development

9.7 Risk-Based Asset Management of Gas Insulated Substations and Equipment

9.8 Health and Safety Impact

9.9 Electromagnetic Field

9.10 SF6 Decomposition Byproducts

References

Chapter 10: Conclusion

Further Reading

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Table 1.1

Table 1.2

Table 1.3

Table 1.4

Table 1.5

Table 1.6

Table 1.7

Table 1.8

Table 1.9

Table 2.1

Table 2.2

Table 2.3

Table 2.4

Table 2.5

Table 2.6

Table 2.7

Table 2.8

Table 2.9

Table 2.10

Table 2.11

Table 2.12

Table 2.13

Table 2.14

Table 2.15

Table 2.16

Table 2.17

Table 2.18

Table 2.19

Table 2.20

Table 2.21

Table 2.22

Table 2.23

Table 2.24

Table 2.25

Table 2.26

Table 2.27

Table 2.28

Table 3.1

Table 3.2

Table 3.3

Table 3.4

Table 3.5

Table 4.1

Table 4.2

Table 4.3

Table 4.4

Table 6.1

Table 6.2

Table 7.1

Table 7.2

Table 8.1

Table 8.2

Table 8.3

Table 8.4

Table 8.5

Table 8.6

Table 8.7

Table 8.8

Table 8.9

Table 8.10

Table 8.11

Table 8.12

Table 8.13

Table 8.14

Table 8.15

Table 8.16

Table 8.17

Table 8.18

Table 8.19

Table 9.1

Table 9.2

Table 9.3

Table 9.4

Table 9.5

Table 9.6

Table 9.7

Table 9.8

List of Illustrations

Figure 1.1

Figure 2.1

Figure 2.2

Figure 2.3

Figure 2.4

Figure 2.5

Figure 2.6

Figure 2.7

Figure 2.8

Figure 2.9

Figure 2.10

Figure 2.11

Figure 2.12

Figure 2.13

Figure 2.14

Figure 2.15

Figure 2.16

Figure 2.17

Figure 2.18

Figure 2.19

Figure 2.20

Figure 2.21

Figure 2.22

Figure 2.23

Figure 2.24

Figure 2.25

Figure 2.26

Figure 2.27

Figure 2.28

Figure 2.29

Figure 2.30

Figure 2.31

Figure 2.32

Figure 2.33

Figure 2.34

Figure 2.35

Figure 2.36

Figure 2.37

Figure 2.38

Figure 2.39

Figure 2.40

Figure 2.41

Figure 2.42

Figure 2.43

Figure 2.44

Figure 2.45

Figure 2.46

Figure 2.47

Figure 2.48

Figure 2.49

Figure 2.50

Figure 2.51

Figure 2.52

Figure 2.53

Figure 2.54

Figure 2.55

Figure 2.56

Figure 2.57

Figure 2.58

Figure 2.59

Figure 2.60

Figure 2.61

Figure 2.62

Figure 2.63

Figure 2.64

Figure 2.65

Figure 2.66

Figure 2.67

Figure 2.68

Figure 2.69

Figure 2.70

Figure 2.71

Figure 2.72

Figure 2.73

Figure 2.74

Figure 2.75

Figure 2.76

Figure 2.77

Figure 2.78

Figure 2.79

Figure 2.80

Figure 2.81

Figure 2.82

Figure 2.83

Figure 2.84

Figure 2.85

Figure 2.86

Figure 3.1

Figure 3.2

Figure 3.3

Figure 3.4

Figure 3.5

Figure 3.6

Figure 3.7

Figure 3.8

Figure 3.9

Figure 3.10

Figure 3.11

Figure 3.12

Figure 3.13

Figure 3.14

Figure 3.15

Figure 3.16

Figure 3.17

Figure 3.18

Figure 3.19

Figure 3.20

Figure 3.21

Figure 3.22

Figure 3.23

Figure 3.24

Figure 3.25

Figure 3.26

Figure 3.27

Figure 3.28

Figure 3.29

Figure 3.30

Figure 3.31

Figure 3.32

Figure 3.33

Figure 3.34

Figure 3.35

Figure 3.36

Figure 3.37

Figure 3.38

Figure 3.39

Figure 3.40

Figure 3.41

Figure 3.42

Figure 3.43

Figure 3.44

Figure 3.45

Figure 3.46

Figure 3.47

Figure 3.48

Figure 3.49

Figure 3.50

Figure 3.51

Figure 3.52

Figure 3.53

Figure 3.54

Figure 3.55

Figure 3.56

Figure 3.57

Figure 3.58

Figure 3.59

Figure 3.60

Figure 3.61

Figure 3.62

Figure 3.63

Figure 3.64

Figure 3.65

Figure 3.66

Figure 3.67

Figure 3.68

Figure 3.69

Figure 3.70

Figure 3.71

Figure 3.72

Figure 3.73

Figure 3.74

Figure 3.75

Figure 3.76

Figure 3.77

Figure 3.78

Figure 3.79

Figure 3.80

Figure 3.81

Figure 3.82

Figure 3.83

Figure 3.84

Figure 3.85

Figure 3.86

Figure 3.87

Figure 3.88

Figure 3.89

Figure 3.90

Figure 3.91

Figure 3.92

Figure 3.93

Figure 3.94

Figure 3.95

Figure 3.96

Figure 3.97

Figure 4.1

Figure 4.2

Figure 4.3

Figure 4.4

Figure 4.5

Figure 4.6

Figure 4.7

Figure 4.8

Figure 4.9

Figure 4.10

Figure 4.11

Figure 4.12

Figure 4.13

Figure 4.14

Figure 4.15

Figure 4.16

Figure 4.17

Figure 4.18

Figure 5.1

Figure 5.2

Figure 5.3

Figure 5.4

Figure 5.5

Figure 5.6

Figure 5.7

Figure 5.8

Figure 5.9

Figure 6.1

Figure 6.2

Figure 6.3

Figure 6.4

Figure 6.5

Figure 6.6

Figure 6.7

Figure 6.8

Figure 6.9

Figure 6.10

Figure 6.11

Figure 6.12

Figure 6.13

Figure 6.14

Figure 6.15

Figure 6.16

Figure 6.17

Figure 6.18

Figure 6.19

Figure 6.20

Figure 6.21

Figure 6.22

Figure 6.23

Figure 6.24

Figure 6.25

Figure 6.26

Figure 6.27

Figure 6.28

Figure 6.29

Figure 6.30

Figure 7.1

Figure 7.2

Figure 7.3

Figure 7.4

Figure 7.5

Figure 7.6

Figure 7.7

Figure 7.8

Figure 7.9

Figure 7.10

Figure 7.11

Figure 7.12

Figure 7.13

Figure 7.14

Figure 7.15

Figure 7.16

Figure 7.17

Figure 7.18

Figure 7.19

Figure 7.20

Figure 7.21

Figure 7.22

Figure 7.22A

Figure 7.22B

Figure 7.23

Figure 7.24

Figure 7.25

Figure 7.26

Figure 7.27

Figure 7.28

Figure 7.29

Figure 7.30

Figure 7.31

Figure 7.32

Figure 7.33

Figure 7.34

Figure 7.35

Figure 7.36

Figure 8.1

Figure 8.2

Figure 8.3

Figure 8.4

Figure 8.5

Figure 8.6

Figure 8.7

Figure 8.8

Figure 8.9

Figure 8.10

Figure 8.11

Figure 8.12

Figure 8.13

Figure 8.14

Figure 8.15

Figure 8.16

Figure 8.17

Figure 8.18

Figure 8.19

Figure 8.20

Figure 8.21

Figure 8.22

Figure 8.23

Figure 8.24

Figure 8.25

Figure 8.26

Figure 8.27

Figure 8.28

Figure 8.29

Figure 8.30

Figure 8.31

Figure 8.32

Figure 8.33

Figure 8.34

Figure 8.35

Figure 8.36

Figure 8.37

Figure 8.38

Figure 8.39

Figure 8.40

Figure 8.41

Figure 8.42

Figure 8.43

Figure 8.44

Figure 8.45

Figure 8.46

Figure 8.47

Figure 8.48

Figure 8.49

Figure 8.50

Figure 8.51

Figure 8.52

Figure 8.53

Figure 8.54

Figure 8.55

Figure 8.56

Figure 8.57

Figure 8.58

Figure 8.59

Figure 8.60

Figure 8.61

Figure 8.62

Figure 8.63

Figure 8.64

Figure 8.65

Figure 8.66

Figure 8.67

Figure 8.68

Figure 8.69

Figure 8.70

Figure 8.71

Figure 8.72

Figure 8.73

Figure 8.74

Figure 8.75

Figure 8.76

Figure 8.77

Figure 8.78

Figure 8.79

Figure 8.80

Figure 8.81

Figure 8.82

Figure 8.83

Figure 8.84

Figure 8.85

Figure 8.86

Figure 8.87

Figure 8.88

Figure 8.89

Figure 8.90

Figure 8.91

Figure 8.92

Figure 8.93

Figure 8.94

Figure 8.95

Figure 8.96

Figure 8.97

Figure 8.98

Figure 8.99

Figure 8.100

Figure 8.101

Figure 8.102

Figure 8.103

Figure 8.104

Figure 8.105

Figure 8.106

Figure 8.107

Figure 8.108

Figure 8.109

Figure 8.110

Figure 8.111

Figure 8.112

Figure 8.113

Figure 8.114

Figure 8.115

Figure 8.116

Figure 8.117

Figure 8.118

Figure 9.1

Figure 9.2

Figure 9.3

Figure 9.4

Figure 9.5

Figure 9.6

Figure 9.7

Figure 9.8

Figure 9.9

Figure 9.10

Figure 9.11

Figure 9.12

Figure 9.13

Figure 9.14

Figure 9.15

Figure 9.16

Figure 9.17

Figure 9.18

Figure 9.19

Figure 9.20

Figure 9.21

Figure 9.22

Figure 9.23

Figure 9.24

Figure 9.25

Figure 9.26

Figure 9.27

Guide

Cover

Table of Contents

Begin Reading

Chapter 1

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Gas Insulated Substations

Edited by

Hermann Koch

Energy Transmission, Siemens AG, Germany

A co-publication of IEEE Press and John Wiley & Sons Ltd

This edition first published 2014

© 2014 John Wiley and Sons Ltd

Registered office

John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom

For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com.

The right of the author to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher.

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books.

Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services and neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for damages arising herefrom. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Gas insulated substations / edited by Hermann J. Koch.

pages cm

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-1-118-57072-2 (hardback)

1. Electric cables–Gas insulation. 2. Electric substations. I. Koch, Hermann, 1954- editor of compilation.

TK3441.G3G37 2014

621.31′042–dc23

2014002202

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

ISBN: 9781118570722

List of Contributors

Hermann Koch, Siemens AG, Germany

Arun Arora, Consultant, USA

George Becker, The United Illuminating Company, USA

John Boggess, ABB, USA

Phil Bolin, Mitsubishi Electric Power Products, USA

John Brunke, Power Engineers, USA

Ravi Dhara, ABB, USA

Arnaud Ficheux, Alstom Grid, France

Noboru Fujimoto, Kinectrics Inc., Canada

Peter Grossmann, Siemens Energy, Inc., USA

Charles L Hand, Consultant, USA

Richard Jones, Tech S Corp/Energy Initiatives Group, USA

Jorge Márquez-Sánchez, Burns & McDonnell, USA

James Massura, GE Energy, USA

Venkatesh Minisandram, National Grid, USA

John Randolph, Pacific Gas & Electric San Francisco, USA

Pravakar Samanta, ABB, USA

Devki Sharma, Consultant, USA

Dave Solhtalab, Pacific Gas & Electric, USA

Xi Zhu, GE Energy Management, USA

Foreword

Though this book on GIS is new, there is quite a long history of how it all began. Initially, and many years back, the technical leads involved in developing GIS industry standards for IEEE assembled a tutorial and presented it at key IEEE meetings and conferences. The popularity with engineers and industry was quite inspiring so the presentations continued. After each occasion, the contributing authors purposely requested helpful feedback from the attendees. This way, the technical material and information flow was improved and finetuned before the next presentation.

After many years, with an effective, polished product in place, the demand arose to re-package this entire knowledge into one valuable book. And so these technical experts under the leadership of Hermann Koch have purposefully congregated and endeavored to assemble this excellent industry reference book for GIS. It is a comprehensive collection which expands on the knowledge and understanding well beyond any other GIS information currently available in industry books.

It begins with basic information on definitions, the physics of GIS, reliability, design principles, safety aspects, decision factors, and SF6 gas. There is a substantive chapter on the technology of the design, modular components, manufacturing, specification development, instrument transformers and arresters, interfaces, and the bus system alternatives. Then it proceeds into detailed chapters on control and monitoring, testing, installation, and operation and maintenance. This is followed by a chapter providing numerous bus scheme applications, many installation examples, and a case study. This chapter closes with additional information on mobile and mixed technology switchgear (MTS) applications, and future developments. The final chapter addresses other valuable topics including environmental, lifecycle cost analysis, very fast transients, and electromagnetic fields.

This GIS book addresses an impressive amount of involved aspects of the GIS technology, design and application. I am very pleased this book is now available for all the existing power engineers utilizing the advantages of GIS installations, the concerned policymakers and utility leaders, and for students and the generations to come. And I'm also honored to have shared my engineering career with these GIS colleagues who have so generously volunteered their time and energy for the benefit of others.

John Randolph

Chair, IEEE PES Substations Committee 2011–2012San Francisco, May 2014

Acknowledgements

This book on gas-insulated substations (GIS) is created by a group of expert engineers who have been working to gather in the GIS tutorial working group K2 of the substations committees of the Power and Energy Society (PES) of Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). For more than a decade, these experts prepared and presented the GIS tutorial in the USA and around the world. It is time to thank both authors and co-authors for their contributions to the book: Arun Arora, George Becker, John Boggess, Phil Bolin, John Brunke, Ravi Dhara, Arnaud Ficheux, Noboru Fujimoto, Peter Grossmann, Charles L Hand, Richard Jones, Jorge Márquez-Sánchez, James Massura, Venkatesh Minisandram, Pravakar Samanta, Devki Sharma, Dave Solhtalab, Charles L Hand, and Xi Zhu.

Thanks also to these experts who took their time to review and comment on the texts, namely Shawn Lav, Markus Etter, Scott Scharf, Dave Giegel, Ed Crockett, Patrick Fitzgerald, and Linda Zhao.

Another thank-you goes to the contributors to the tutorial over the years who may not be part of the writing team but have added their knowledge and experiences in the tutorial: Roberto Benato, Jerome Blackman, Hugues Bosia, Wolfgang Degen, Mel Hopkins, Daniel Lauzon, Dave Mitchell, Robert Stevenson, and Ryan Stone.

Thank you, John Randolph, for writing this book's Foreword.

To the editing team, warmest thanks go to Angela Dietrich for the text and Ulrich Ballas for the graphics, both from Siemens AG, Germany. Without their great support, this book would not be possible under the dense working load of engineers mentioned above.

Thanks also to the professional work of the editorial and production staff of John Wiley & Sons who were a great help in organizing and setting up the book in a nice looking way.

And of course, I have to thank my wife Edith, my children Christian and Katrin, and their friends Britta and Christopher for giving me the time to work on the book.

May this book be a great help to all engineers active in the gas-insulated substation business and be an enjoyable read or reference to them as well.

The authors thank the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) for permission to reproduce information from International Standard IEC 62271-209 ed.1.0 (2007) and IEC 62271-3 ed.1.0 (2006). All such extracts are copyright of IEC, Geneva, Switzerland. All rights reserved. Further information on the IEC is available from www.iec.ch. IEC has no responsibility for the placement and context in which the extracts and contents are reproduced by the authors, nor is IEC in any way responsible for the other content or accuracy therein.

The authors also thank CIGRE (International Council on Large Electric Systems) for their permission to reproduce information from its Technical Brochures as indicated in the subclause references.

Further information on CIGRE is available from www.CIGRE.org. CIGRE has no responsibility for the placement and context in which the extracts and contents are reproduced by the authors, nor is CIGRE in any way responsible for the other content or accuracy therein.

Hermann Koch

Gerhardshofen, GermanyMay 2014

1Introduction

Authors: Hermann Koch and John Brunke

Reviewers: Phil Bolin, Devki Sharma, Jim Massura, and George Becker

1.1 General

This book is based on the tutorial and panel sessions presented by the experts of gas insulated substations in the working group K2 of the IEEE Substations Committee. Gas insulated substations (GIS) were invented in the early 1960s with the first projects in the mid 1960s in the United States and Europe. In thousands of installed bays of GIS today, we can look back to a wide range of experiences gained in very different cases of applications.

The IEEE Substations Committee created GIS Subcommittee K0 more than twenty years ago and since then this subcommittee has continuously worked on standards and guides in the field of GIS technology and application. About twenty standards and guides related to the GIS have been published to-date, with continuous revision work in progress on all documents.