Geopositioning and Mobility E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 323

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2013

Beschreibung

This book presents a general overview of the applications and use of geopositioning and GNSS for assisting the supervision and management of mobile terrestrial professions, information, traffic regulation, multimodal information, pedestrian mobility and indoor geopositioning, etc. It especially focuses on the field of mobility and terrestrial transport, the automotive industry and tourism (on foot, by bicycle or motorcycle, by car, by professional vehicles or by public transport, etc.). This book explores the many possibilities, developmental and organizational factors, as well as new paradigms, which will contribute to an essential part of GNSS's civil economy, especially to Galileo in the mid-term and to Egnos in the short-term. Several of GNSS's integration structuring aspects in sustainable terrestrial mobilities will be analyzed; for example in terms of system architecture, data safety or legal constraints. Numerous diverse points of view will be presented regarding subjects such as dynamic cartography and new computing architectures of: mobility systems, interconnection, service quality, regulation or supervision functions of individual freedoms. Contents Foreword, Matthias Ruete. 1. The Geopositioning Concept, Yves Alexandre. 2. Functions and Performance of the Egnos System, Jérôme Legenne and Daniel Brocard. 3. Information, Modeling and Traffic Reconstruction, Arnaud De La Fortelle, Jean-Marc Lasgouttes and Fabien Moutarde. 4. Geopositioning and Legal Issues, Thierry Piette-Coudol. 5. Location-based Services: Platforms and Applications, Wafaa Ait-Cheik-Bihi, Ahmed Nait-Sidi-Moh, Mohamed Bakhouya, Jaafer Gaber and Maxime Wack. 6. Geofencing, Fabrice Reclus. 7. Pedestrian Navigation for the Benefit of Mobility, Pierre-Yves Gillieron, Véronique Chazal, Michael Flamm, Dominique Von Der Mühll and Monique Ruzicka-Rossier. 8. The Application of Satellite Positioning Systems in Travel Analysis,Patrick Gendre, Alexis Bacelar and Philippe Marchal. About the Authors Ahmed Nait-Sidi-Moh is Associate Professor of Industrial Engineering and Computer Engineering at the University of Picardie Jules Verne, St Quentin, France. His research interests include modeling, analysis of discrete event systems, performance evaluation and optimization, routing policies, scheduling and interoperability for service composition. Mohamed Bakhouya is a senior research scientist at Aalto University, Finland. His research interests include various aspects on the design, validation, implementation, performance evaluation and analysis of distributed systems, architectures, protocols and services. Jaafar Gaber is Associate Professor of Computational Sciences and Computer Engineering at the University of Technology of Belfort-Montbéliard, France. His research interests include ubiquitous and pervasive computing, distributed systems, geopositioning and mobility, security and experimental performance evaluations. Maxime Wack is Associate Professor of Computational Sciences and Computer Engineering at the University of Technology of Belfort-Montbéliard, France. He heads the Geopositioning, Embedded Systems and Mobility (GSEM) team. His research interests include intelligent transportation systems, security, digital signature and certification, location-based services and distributed systems.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Foreword

Introduction

Chapter 1 The Geopositioning Concept

1.1. A revolution is announced

1.2. The basis of powerful technological systems

1.3. The fundamentals of geopositioning development

1.4. Prospective visions of large geopositioning markets in transport and land transport

1.5. The challenge for the future of the European GNSS incubation services

1.6. Bibliography

Chapter 2 Functions and Performance of the Egnos System

2.1. Introduction

2.2. Operating principles of Egnos

2.3. Improving GPS performance with Egnos

2.4. The behavior of Egnos faced with a GPS breakdown

2.5. Conclusion

2.6. Links

Chapter 3 Information, Modeling and Traffic Reconstruction

3.1. New technologies and development

3.2. Modelingandalgorithms

3.3. Analysis and overall traffic prediction

3.4. Realizations and experiments

3.5. Perspectives

3.6. Bibliography

Chapter 4 Geopositioning and Legal Issues

4.1. General legal framework of geopositioning

4.2. Operating a geopositioning service

4.3. Authentication and anonymity

4.4. Bibliography

Chapter 5 Location-based Services: Platforms and Applications

5.1. Introduction

5.2. Technologies for LBS-based systems

5.3. Fields of application of LBS

5.4. Conclusions

5.5. Bibliography

Chapter 6 Geofencing

6.1. General presentation

6.2. Fields of application

6.3. Tracking and geofencing system

6.4. Geofences

6.5. Errors and false alarms

6.6. Possible applications

6.7. Applications to road transport

6.8. Conclusion

6.9. Bibliography

Chapter 7 Pedestrian Navigation for the Benefit of Mobility

7.1. Context

7.2. Preamble – Pedestrians

7.3. Current state of pedestrian navigation technologies

7.4. Modeling of traffic areas accessible to pedestrians

7.5. User needs and contexts of use

7.6. Summary and conclusion

7.7. Bibliography

Chapter 8 The Application of Satellite Positioning Systems in Travel Analysis

8.1. Introduction

8.2. Use of geopositioning for travel surveys

8.3. Travel time via GPS: the Cap Vista application

8.4. Presentation of the Cap Vista application

8.5. Conclusions and perspectives

8.6. Bibliography

Conclusion

Glossary

List of Authors

Index

First published 2013 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc. First published in France in 2009 by Pôle éditorial de l’Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbéliard (UTBM) entitled “Géopositionnement et mobilités : GPS, EGNOS et GALILEO”.

Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address:

ISTE Ltd27-37 St George’s RoadLondon SW19 4EUUKwww.iste.co.uk

John Wiley & Sons, Inc.111 River StreetHoboken, NJ 07030USAwww.wiley.com

© ISTE Ltd 2013

The rights of Ahmed Nait-Sidi-Moh, Mohamed Bakhouya, Jaafar Gaber and Maxime Wack to be identified as the authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act1988.

Library of Congress Control Number: 2013936493

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN: 978-1-84821-567-2

Foreword

A digital economy revolution is underway, with the quick and wide-scale development of universal access to coordinates and geographical positions, in any place, at any time automatically and at low cost.

Europe intends to play an active role in the creation of this new order, “Galileo” being the pioneer program of the political community. Beyond its strategic applications for security in Europe, the development of just industry, and beyond the notable desire for political and technical European independence, Galileo is example of a rare civil operational programs truly developed by a group of European nations.

With Galileo, Europe’s space industry has shown high ambition in making important organizational and technological breakthroughs in the field of satellite systems. The program aims to respond to new societal needs by providing citizens and companies more precision on geographical localization, a more extended and available service, and new applications.

To meet such objectives, Europe has strong assets at its disposition. The European space industry is one of the best in the world, and employs leading figures with vast experience. Galileo is a GNSS second-generation system (GNSS stands for global navigation satellite system) based on the experience curve of the global positioning system (GPS). GPS is mainly based on the huge need for information in modern society and multiple complementary factors of strong growth. With Galileo, Europe has the opportunity to reenact the Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) success story that started at the beginning of the 1980s.

The European dynamic toward Galileo is based on the European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service (EGNOS), which is the first generation GNSS with European coverage. Today, EGNOS is completely functional and will remain so for at least 15 more years. On the basis of the improved signal offered by GPS, it increases precision by up to several meters in most cases. Therefore, with EGNOS, geopositioning systems have entered a new stage in terms of service quality received by the end client. In 2009, EGNOS completed its approval cycle in the very demanding domain of civil aviation and enabled the development of poorly equipped airport infrastructure, thus opening up certain parts of Europe. Discussions are in progress for its expansion to the African continent. EGNOS is now usable by the majority of existing generations of GPS receivers, including those integrated in the general public terminals.

EGNOS will pave the way for the emergence of a new “precise” digital economy, based on geopositioning “to the nearest meter” and responding to stringent requirements for reliability, safety and automaticity. It is likely that EGNOS will respond to the many needs of the general public, professional settings and public services. By way of a simple example, several European farmers already use EGNOS for precision farming, automatically providing water and nutrients to the roots of plants, reducing the waste of water and limiting excessive spilling of pesticides and other products, thus avoiding pointless soil pollution. Encouraging the quick development of such services, applications and uses is now a priority for Europe in order to:

– value the knowledge of the European Space Industry and prefigure Galileo’s civilian economy;

– strengthen Europe’s position against worldwide competition in terms of terminals and services;

– find responses to the big challenges of the 21st Century, for example environmental protection, sustainable development, citizen mobility and the aging population.

Through this digital revolution, which is linked to the quick and wide-scale development of geopositioning, the European industry has great potential to create diversified markets, mass markets, and professional markets. To collaborate with these market stakeholders, and to improve the direction of community actions, the European Commission published a public consultation on satellite navigation systems in a Green Paper in December 20061. This resulted, during the course of 2009, in a plan of action by European, national and local institutions to assist the industry in the development of these goods and services.

Geopositioning is not, in fact, an end in itself. Geopositioning information offered by GNSS will only be of importance to society through its integration with value chains and complex services involving:

– equipment such as portable or embedded devices, mobile communication networks and complex software;

– content such as digital maps, multimedia information and proprietary data;

– technical architectures, specific to information and communication systems, based on global standards such as the Internet and GSM.

Let us note that the GSM standard is originally a European standard Galileo’s success is mainly due to its use in economic sectors such as telecommunications, air, rail, land and maritime transport, protection of the environment and agriculture. The applications of Galileo also offer strong points of interest for public services, for example road tolls, emergency services, traceability of dangerous materials, and control of humanitarian or environmental crises.

Collaboration between the space industry and the world of telecommunications undoubtedly deserves special attention because it results in more than 7% of the world market of products and services. GNSS is based on the use of mobile telephony and Europe has a strong presence in this domain. Mobile telephony systems form a mature, highly competitive industry that is well established globally and could prove to be a key element for the development of the use of Galileo.

The field of surface transportation needs to quickly come up with a solution to respond to the challenges posed by new environmental, energy and financial contexts. Geopositioning solutions include important added value that is likely to make transport systems more effective:

– access control, for example, to town centers, electronic toll systems and traffic regulation;

– assistance to the mobility of goods and people;

– control and utilization of public roads and transport;

– improvement in road safety;

– production of information for future vehicle systems, which will communicate largely with infrastructures and other vehicles;

– information broadcast to passengers in real time according to their location about available parking spaces, public transport network connections, timetables, etc.;

– access to transport for those with reduced mobility;

– spread of personalized information about tourism, navigation, hobbies, etc.

Geopositioning systems are already part of cars and public transportation. Their presence will continue to increase. By 2020, it is estimated that roads will represent 20% of the global market of GNSS products and services. This shows the importance given to this market by the European Commission, proved by the organizational affiliation of “Intelligent Road Systems” to the Directorate-General for Energy and Transport (DGET), which is in charge of developing Galileo’s applications.

This book discusses the road transport industry and presents the group of services based on Galileo, that infrastructure passengers and managers will be able to use. We hope that you enjoy discovering these new opportunities that are soon to become reality.

Matthias RUETEDirectorate-General for Energy and Transport European CommissionApril 2013

1http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/energy_transport/galileo/green-paper/doc/com_2006_gp_galileo_fr.pdf.

Introduction

A new digital acquisition dynamic has emerged with the birth of an industry of civil global positioning system (GPS) applications, specifically the large-scale development of universal access to geographical coordinates and positions everywhere, at any time and at a low cost.

From this powerful American satellite-technology system and its military-use roots, multiple widely distributed civil applications have been developed, based on free access to unidirectional and anonymous signals with no saturation constraints, despite strongly limited service quality.

The growing number of factors has amplified the scope of the movement, as has the creation of mobile telecommunication systems, which, beyond introducing mobility in electronic communication, ushered in the era of personal communication devices.

The European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service (EGNOS), the European component of satellite GPS performance enhancement systems for civil aviation, paved the way for a whole new “precision” digital economy based on geopositioning “almost down to the meter” and the meeting of strict requirements of reliability, security and automaticity. With these new performance expectations for satellite geopositioning, the control of service quality (and the cost of access in relation to gain in digital industry productivity), new services, applications and uses will be developed and this will provide an opportunity to overcome the challenges of innumerable sustainable mobility and ground transport activities. Galileo will allow Europe to realize significant economic progress by contributing knowledge in upstream techniques (design, development and deployment of the constellation of satellites as well as the ground-based segment) that are essential for the development of downstream services and applications.

Applications using global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) in general, and Galileo in particular will introduce new forms of interactions between humans and their environment. The gains in precision (now added by EGNOS) that go along with the personalization of communications begun with the global system for mobile communications (GSM) will show us new and abstract representations of our immediate surroundings that are very different from our current spatial perceptions. The large-scale use of GNSS, combined with Hertzian communications and multiple other digital supports and content, will bring new dimensions to mobile human behavior, as well as to the externalization, collectivization and extra-cerebral dematerialization of intelligence.

Ground-based mobility and transport systems face enormous challenges, in particular in first-world countries, and in order to achieve greater security with less energy use, more intermodality, less risk, etc., they will require a huge amount of data and geopositioned content. This will necessitate the development of multiple forms of new solutions in order to control access to infrastructures, optimize traffic, monitor the mobility of people, goods and vehicles; operate public routes and transportation; improve on-board intelligence in vehicles, etc. The professional applications used in various types of public services related to mobility and transport, in particular with regard to roads, are therefore expected to represent large parts of markets, civil activities and jobs related to GNSS. Mobile cultural activities, tourism, nature sports, etc., also demonstrate strong potential for individual and high-precision GNSS applications.

This book addresses the open field of issues posed by the advanced use of digital geopositioning solutions arising from satellite navigation. One of its main objectives is to show how this wealth of recent trends in federative solutions and bottom-up tools in widespread digital industry and new information and communication technologies (NTIC) can be put to the service of the societal exploitation of available space. It focuses on the uses, services and applications of geopositioning in general, and GNSS in particular, in the field of ground-based, automobile-based, and tourist (on foot, on bicycles and motorcycles, in professional vehicles and public transportation, etc.) mobility and transportation.

Moreover, it will explore the multiple potentialities, developmental and organizational factors, and new paradigms that will contribute to a major part of the civil GNSS industry, in particular EGNOS in the short-term and Galileo in the intermediate-term.

Multiple structuring aspects of the integration of GNSS into sustainable ground-based mobility devices will be analyzed, for example in the architecture of systems, data security and legal constraints. Multiple fields of use will be addressed, including transportation, travel on foot and automobile traffic.

We will present status reports concerning pedestrian mobility and indoor geopositioning, traffic information and regulation, driver assistance, management of ground-based mobile professions, multimodal information, etc.

A number of cross-functional perspectives will be given on subjects dealing with dynamic mapping and new computer architectures of mobility, interconnection, service quality and regulatory systems, as well as the protection of individual freedoms.

This book falls between works that specialize in GNSS and satellite system organization techniques and those that focus on the business fields of transportation and mobility. It is intended for anyone who wishes to learn in a systemic, open and multidisciplinary manner about:

– potential new fields of application for geopositioning in the areas of mass and sustainable transport;

– new paradigms of future “precision” ground-based uses that are the current basis for the economy supporting Galileo and will provide the same support for EGNOS in the future;

– the content of collaborative approaches (between spatial, transport, telecommunication, computer and public service intelligence) necessary for the development of ground-based geopositioning applications.

The contents of this book are intended for:

– actors who provide services and products that use geopositioned data;

– actors who use geopositioning services and applications;

– managers of public services and monitoring and regulation activities.

This book aims to contribute as quickly as possible to Europe’s progress in matters of GNSS to accelerate beyond the organizing and financing of the technical infrastructure itself (such as EGNOS and Galileo) and to engage itself fully in the downstream and applicative added-value parts of the process. The goal is to contribute materials so that Europe can go well beyond a single satellite segment and take its place, via its industrial actors and operators, in the competitive and promising downstream markets in which negotiations are conducted and final clients and public responses are managed (in the form of public services, regulations, digital territory developments, etc.) so as to overcome societal mobility and surface transportation challenges (of security, energy savings and environmental friendliness).

The book is divided into four topical sections, each one is composed of two chapters. We propose to add, as given hereafter at the end of each of the following sections, the titles of the two chapters representing the topical section content.

The concept of geopositioning and the EGNOS system

The book starts with a strategic presentation of the concept of geopositioning. We then discuss the EGNOS system as an essential support over the coming years, while we await Galileo. EGNOS will provide a short-term opportunity for a whole new applicative digital economy based on “precision” content and integrating strict requirements of reliability, security and automaticity.

This section is represented by Chapters 1 and 2:

– The Geopositioning Concept;

– Functions and Performance of the Egnos System.

Computer-related and legislative aspects

The book then addresses specific questions that arise in terms of global organization and the information and geopositioned data systems used in ground-based mobility and transportation. It begins with examining technical and organizational aspects, like those addressed by the use of GNSS in traffic management and reconstruction systems. The legal challenges of geopositioning then give the societal perspectives of systems and networks that will store, process and circulate geopositioned data and content. These analyses are done in the context of the scale changes that occur when we abandon the current paradigms of geopositioning consumption (relying on navigation terminals that are few in number and even non-connected) in order to move on to expanded architectures that use multiple geopositioning modules and function via automatic procedures and/or in real-time. It is against this background of paradigm change that will be addressed the question of the securitization of geopositioning data.

The content of this section will be presented by Chapters 3 and 4:

– Information, Modeling and Traffic Reconstruction;

– Geopositioning and Legal Issues.

Localization and communication

A presentation of the technical solutions, architectural and application-related solutions connected to the production, exploitation and exchange of geopositioned mobility data is provided. In particular, the authors examine solutions in which positioning techniques, communication technologies and location-based services that use these supports intermingle closely with content and containers. This is done according to the digital-economics principle that content/container boundaries are extremely flexible and permeable, with often-ambivalent final outcomes for the information being transported. This information is simultaneously a final outcome of the system for the final user and a support of its operational or financial management for its operator. These instances of mingling lead to multiple proliferations and questions of interoperability and hybridization adapted to user needs, that are then addressed in this context.

These aspects of localization and communication will be presented by Chapters 5 and 6:

– Location-based Services: Platforms and Applications;

– Geofencing.

Geopositioning applications and services

Finally, in the last topical section, this book presents downstream visions in response to the needs and concerns of final users. Approaches will be either global with regard to the analysis of travel with geopositioning tools or in response to specific needs that are illustrative of new trends in areas including pedestrian navigation and individual mobility.

Geopositioning applications and services will be addressed in Chapters 7 and 8:

– Pedestrian Navigation for the Benefit of Mobility;

– The Application of Satellite Positioning Systems in Travel Analysis.

The quality of this book owes a great deal to considerable group work and to leading and complementary expertise in the field of mobility and transportation, GNSS applications, digital geopositioning solutions, ICT, etc. Here, we would like to express our deepest thanks and acknowledge all the people who played a crucial role in the completion of this book. We extend our particular thanks to Mr Matthias Ruete, the director-general of Energy and Transport for the European Commission. We are also grateful to the authors who participated and added their contributions and relevant expertise to various aspects of the first, French-language edition of this book, as well as to this modified and improved English-language version. Mr Yves Alexandre, former president of European Institute of Geopositioning (EIG), lent us a great deal of support and a helping hand in the publication of this book. His participation and contribution were also significant in the development of the first edition of the book. His expertise and professionalism in the area of GNSS applications have been very useful and effective in completing this book. We would also like to extend our thanks to Mr. Yves-Claude Lequin, the founder of the publishing house of the University of Technology of Belfort Montbéliard, and to its current director Mr Paul Arthaud for their essential help in the publication of the first edition of this book. Finally, we would like to thank ISTE, in particular Ms Lucie Aidart and Mr Raphael Ménascé, upon whom we depended and who guided us in the organization and layout of this book.

Written by Ahmed NAIT-SIDI-MOH, Mohamed BAKHOUYA, Jaafar GABER and Maxime WACK.

Chapter 1

The Geopositioning Concept

1.1. A revolution is announced

The term geopositioning, coined by ALLCOMM1 in 2003, was used to translate the new digital revolution characterized by the development of universal access to coordinates and geographical location in all places, at any time, automatically and at a low cost.