GI Epidemiology E-Book
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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Fachliteratur
- Sprache: Englisch
Identifying how, why and in whom gastrointestinal disease occurs, and what can be done to prevent it, is of key importance for the modern-day gastroenterologist and researcher.
Brought to you by the world’s leading gastroenterologists, the second edition of GI Epidemiology: Diseases and Clinical Methodology is the only book that combines detailed analysis of the epidemiology of GI disease with a study of the methodology of clinical research.
With a much greater clinical focus on the diagnostic and management approach for each disease than
before, all existing chapters are fully updated with the very latest in statistical and clinical data. In addition, the revised edition contains several significant improvements, notably:
• Five extra disease epidemiology chapters: Upper GI Bleeding; Hepatitis B and C; Common Tropical GI
Diseases; Nutritional Epidemiology and GI Cancers; and Obesity among Adults
• More illustrations, including maps of each disease
• A more international focus with the inclusion of two experienced European editors
• MCQs, summary checklists and key points throughout
• Ten extra online-only chapters on methodological issues related to GI epidemiology such as Patient reported
GI Epidemiology: Diseases and Clinical Methodology, 2nd Edition is the perfect reference tool for gastroenterologists involved in both patient management and clinical research, and also for epidemiologists involved specifically in GI disease data and more general epidemiological studies.
Titles of Related Interest
Yamada’s Handbook of Gastroenterology, 3rd Edition
Yamada; ISBN 9780470656204
Essentials of Gastroenterology
Friedman; ISBN 9780470656259
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Seitenzahl: 1138
Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2013
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Contents
Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Contributors
Foreword
Preface
Companion website
Part One: Gastrointestinal Diseases and Disorders: The Public Health Perspective
Chapter 1: The burden of gastrointestinal and liver disease around the world
Introduction
Diarrheal disease
Gastrointestinal malignancies
Selected diseases of the liver
Selected gastrointestinal diseases
Gastrointestinal diseases responsible for hospitalization
Limitations of the data
Implications
Multiple choice questions
Appendix 1.A
References
Answers to multiple choice questions
Part Two: How to Critically Read the Gastrointestinal Epidemiology Literature
Introduction and overview
Chapter 2: How to read a cohort study
Brief introduction to cohort studies
Biases commonly seen in cohort studies
10-Point checklist of important issues when reading a report of a cohort study
Case study: Critical evaluation of cohort study “Long-term use of aspirin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and risk of colorectal cancer” [8]
Multiple choice questions
References
Answers to multiple choice questions
Chapter 3: How to read a case-control study
Brief introduction to case-control studies
Biases commonly seen in case-control studies
10-Point checklist of important issues when reading a report of a case-control study
Case study: Critical evaluation of a case-control study “Effect of aspirin and NSAIDs on risk and survival from colorectal cancer”
Multiple choice questions
References
Answers to multiple choice questions
Chapter 4: How to read a randomized controlled clinical trial
Brief introduction to randomized controlled trials
Biases commonly seen in randomized controlled trials
10-Point checklist for evaluating a clinical trial
Case study: Critical evaluation example
Multiple choice questions
References
Answers to multiple choice questions
Chapter 5: How to read a systematic review and meta-analysis
Introduction
Biases commonly seen in meta-analyses
Other important strengths and limitations of meta-analyses
Important issues to consider when reading a meta-analysis
Case study: Critical evaluation
Multiple choice questions
References
Answers to multiple choice questions
Chapter 6: How to decide if any of this matters
Introduction
Is the relationship described in the paper causal?
The evidence hierarchy
Austin Bradford Hill
Is the relationship important?
Relative versus absolute risk
Severity of disease
Is the relationship something we can affect or influence?
Number needed to treat (NNT) and numbers needed to harm (NNH)
Population attributable fraction
Cost implications
Conclusion
References
Part Threee: How to Do Clinical Research in GI
Chapter 7: How to develop and validate a GI questionnaire
Why do we need questionnaires?
Do we need to develop a questionnaire?
Development of a questionnaire
Adapting a questionnaire
Validation of a questionnaire
Using questionnaires in research
Conclusions
Multiple choice questions
General reference
References
Answers to multiple choice questions
Chapter 8: How to do population-based studies and survey research
Introduction
Population-based surveys
Design of population-based studies
Conclusion
Multiple choice questions
References
Answers to multiple choice questions
Chapter 9: How to find and apply large databases for epidemiologic research
Introduction
Commonly used databases
United States of America databases
Swedish national registers
UK databases
Personal identity numbers
Other databases
Recommendations for the use of large databases for research studies
References
Chapter 10: How to do genetic and molecular epidemiologic research
Genetic epidemiology (GE)
Molecular epidemiology (ME)
Epidemiology principles
Error in GE and ME studies
Study designs and approaches
Molecular epidemiology study designs
Genetic epidemiology study designs
Conclusion
Multiple choice questions
References
Answers to multiple choice questions
Chapter 11: Diagnostic studies
Introduction
Measures of test accuracy
The influence of choice of population on diagnostic test performance
The choice of a reference standard
The effect of study design on diagnostic test performance
Conclusions
References
Chapter 12: Randomized controlled trials
Introduction
The key building blocks of randomized controlled design
Stages of drug trial development
Key issues relating to phase II and phase III trials
Types of randomized controlled trial
Conclusions
References
Part Four: Epidemiology of Major GI Diseases
Chapter 13: Epidemiology of GERD, Barrett's esophagus and esophageal cancer
Introduction
Gastroesophageal reflux disease
Barrett's esophagus
Esophageal cancer
Multiple choice questions
References
Answers to multiple choice questions
Chapter 14: Epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection, peptic ulcer disease and gastric cancer
Helicobacter pylori infection
Peptic ulcer
Gastric cancer
Multiple choice questions
References
Answers to multiple choice questions
Chapter 15: Epidemiology of dyspepsia
Disease definitions
Incidence and prevalence
Risk factors
Differential diagnosis
Clinical diagnosis
Alarm features
Natural history and mortality
Disability, quality of life, and healthcare seeking
Prevention
Areas for further study
Conclusions
Multiple choice questions
References
Answers to multiple choice questions
Chapter 16: Epidemiology of upper gastrointestinal bleeding
Clinical summary
Incidence of acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding
Causes and their trends
Natural history and risk stratification
Healthcare costs
Multiple choice questions
References
Answers to multiple choice questions
Chapter 17: Epidemiology of celiac disease
Clinical summary
Disease definition
Prevalence and incidence
Risk factors for disease
Natural history and mortality
Disability and quality of life
Economics of celiac disease
Prevention
Issues and gaps in epidemiology
Recommendations for future studies
Conclusions
Multiple choice questions
References
Answers to multiple choice questions
Chapter 18: Measuring utilization of endoscopy in clinical practice
Introduction
Administrative databases
Clinical registries
Electronic health record databases
Conclusions
Multiple choice questions
References
Answers to multiple choice questions
Chapter 19: Epidemiology of colorectal carcinoma
Epidemiology of colorectal cancer (CRC)
Etiopathogenesis of CRC
Clinical manifestations
Risk factors
Primary prevention
Secondary prevention: screening
Conclusions
Multiple choice questions
References
Answers to multiple choice questions
Chapter 20: Epidemiology of irritable bowel syndrome
Clinical summary
Disease definition
Prevalence and incidence
Risk factors for disease
Overlap with other disorders
Natural history
Disability and quality of life
Healthcare utilization and costs
Areas for further study
Conclusions
Multiple choice questions
References
Chapter 21: Epidemiology of constipation
Introduction
Constipation defined
Incidence
Prevalence
Risk factors
Natural history
The impact of constipation on patients and society
Etiology
Conclusion
Multiple choice questions
References
Answers to multiple choice questions
Chapter 22: Epidemiology of diverticular disease
Clinical summary
Diverticulosis/diverticular disease
Acute diverticulitis
Complicated diverticular disease
Disability and quality of life
Healthcare costs
Multiple choice questions
References
Answers to multiple choice questions
Chapter 23: Epidemiology of infectious diarrhea
Introduction
Incidence
Risk factors
Natural history, prognosis, and mortality
Disability and quality of life
Healthcare utilization and costs
Prevention
Topical issues
Recommendations for future studies
Conclusions
Multiple choice questions
References
Answers to multiple choice questions
Chapter 24: Epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease
Clinical summary
Disease definition
Incidence and prevalence
Risk factors for disease
Natural history and mortality
Disability and quality of life
Healthcare utilization and costs
Recommendations for future studies
Conclusions
Multiple choice questions
References
Answers to multiple choice questions
Chapter 25: Epidemiology of fecal incontinence
Introduction
Methodological considerations
Prevalence of fecal incontinence in the community
Onset of fecal incontinence
Severity of fecal incontinence and its impact on quality of life
Risk factors for fecal incontinence
Health-seeking for fecal incontinence
Impact of fecal incontinence on institutionalization and mortality
Summary and a look to the future
Acknowledgment
Multiple choice questions
References
Answers to multiple choice questions
Chapter 26: Epidemiology of gallstones and biliary tract cancers
Gallstone disease
Biliary tract cancers
Gallbladder cancer
Cholangiocarcinoma
Conclusions
Multiple choice questions
References
Answers to multiple choice questions
Chapter 27: Epidemiology of pancreatitis
Acute pancreatitis
Chronic pancreatitis (CP)
Multiple choice questions
References
Answers to multiple choice questions
Chapter 28: Epidemiology of pancreatic cancer
Disease definition
Incidence and prevalence
Risk factors
Areas for further study
Multiple choice questions
References
Answers to multiple choice questions
Chapter 29: Epidemiology of hepatitis B and C in the United States
Disease definitions and clinical diagnosis
Transmission of hepatitis B and C
Incidence
Prevalence of HBV and HCV
Natural history [26–30]
Mortality from HBV and HCV
Conclusions
Multiple choice questions
References
Answers to multiple choice questions
Chapter 30: Epidemiology of alcoholic liver disease
Disease definition
Clinical manifestations
Incidence and prevalence
Natural history and mortality
Disability, quality of life, and healthcare seeking
Areas for further study
Conclusion
Multiple choice questions
References
Answers to multiple choice questions
Chapter 31: Epidemiology of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma
Cirrhosis
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Conclusions
Multiple choice questions
References
Answers to multiple choice questions
Chapter 32: Epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)
Introduction
Disease definitions
Clinical diagnosis
Prevalence
Incidence
Risk factors
Natural history and mortality
Conclusions
Multiple choice questions
References
References for Fig 32.1
Answers to multiple choice questions
Chapter 33: Epidemiology of common tropical GI diseases
Tropical sprue
Diseases caused by trypanosomatida
Diseases caused by other protozoa
Diseases caused by trematoda
Diseases caused by nematodes
Diseases caused by cestoda [27]
Conclusions
Multiple choice questions
References
Answers to the multiple choice questions
Chapter 34: Nutritional epidemiology and GI cancers
Introduction
Dietary assessment instruments
Nutritional epidemiology of gastrointestinal cancers
Esophagus cancer
Colorectal cancer
Methodologic issues in nutritional epidemiology
Conclusions
Multiple choice questions
References
Answers to multiple choice questions
Chapter 35: The epidemiology of obesity among adults
Introduction
Definition of obesity
Obesity prevalence and trends
An international context
Determinants of obesity
Consequences of obesity
Conclusion
Multiple choice questions
References
Answers to multiple choice questions
Index
This edition first published 2014 © 2014 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd; 2007 by Blackwell Publishing
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
GI epidemiology : diseases and clinical methodology / edited by Nicholas J. Talley, G. Richard Locke III, Paul Moayyedi, Joe West, Alexander C. Ford, Yuri A. Saito. -- Second edition. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-470-67257-0 (hardback : alk. paper) -- ISBN 978-1-118-72707-2 -- ISBN 978-1-118-72708-9 (ePdf) -- ISBN 978-1-118-72709-6 (ePub) I. Talley, Nicholas Joseph, editor of compilation. II. Locke, G. Richard, III, editor of compilation. III. Moayyedi, Paul, editor of compilation. IV. West, Joe, editor of compilation. V. Ford, Alexander C., editor of compilation. [DNLM: 1. Gastrointestinal Diseases--epidemiology. 2. Epidemiologic Methods. WI 140] RC801 616.3′3–dc23 2013018951
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books.
Cover design by Nathan Harris
Contributors
Foreword
This volume presents an authoritative overview of current understanding regarding the epidemiology of gastrointestinal diseases and will serve well those working in research or clinical medicine who are seeking to answer questions regarding the causes of such diseases. All major gastrointestinal disease entities are covered in 23 topic-orientated chapters, each with a set of key points and some testing multiple choice questions, and the reader can jump straight into their disease of interest knowing that the state of the art in epidemiology will be presented in a clear and concise manner. But this book offers much more. It is really two books in one: in addition to the topic-orientated chapters, an extensive series of introductory chapters outlines the major study designs in epidemiology and summarizes the main areas of methodology underlying each design. This provides an important grounding in critical appraisal to guide those wishing to delve deeper into the literature. Many of the methodological complexities are reviewed further in the web supplement to the book. These elements combined with the “how to do clinical research” sections provide a primer in gastrointestinal epidemiology on a par with many standard general epidemiology textbooks.
Professional epidemiologists frequently complain that clinicians in a particular field, who may spend a decade or more honing their diagnostic and therapeutic skills, often think they can acquire an understanding of epidemiology as an incidental by-product without ever seriously considering the necessary methods involved. This book can act as a corrective to such tendencies and it is to be hoped that all those seeking an understanding of the epidemiology of a specific gastrointestinal disease will read the first 12 chapters of the volume (along with the supplement) so they can evaluate the strengths and limitations of the methods employed and hence the certainty or otherwise of the conclusions. Unfortunately no textbook can force a reader to prepare him/herself in this way but this volume leaves no excuse and stands in contrast to many others seeking to cover the same ground.
As medical knowledge expands at an ever increasing pace, the broad understanding of disease distribution and dynamics provided by epidemiology remains of fundamental importance if prevention is going to be placed on the agenda. Many gastrointestinal diseases are fully preventable while others remain enigmatic in their aetiology. This volume covers the full spectrum and ultimately addresses the key public health question for each disease – can it be prevented on the basis of present knowledge and, if so, how? Readers are, however, equipped not only with the answer but the weight and texture of evidence leading to the answer. The editors are to be congratulated on assembling a group of expert gastroenterologists/epidemiologists who can pull this evidence together.
David FormanHead, Section of Cancer InformationInternational Agency for Research on CancerLyon, FranceOctober 2013
Preface
A rich tradition of epidemiologic research exists in gastroenterology, and the 2nd edition of GI Epidemiology aims to provide a comprehensive expert roadmap. Why is it critically important to study and understand the epidemiology of gastrointestinal and liver diseases? Health professionals strive to cure disease, and epidemiology can provide vital clues about disease pathogenesis and etiology. Case-control and cohort studies as well as clinical trials and meta-analyses inform gastroenterology practice but to interrogate the information requires skills in epidemiology. To rationally apply testing, physicians need to understand the prevalence of disease in their practices. Undertaking rigorous clinical research relies on appropriate study design and this is the core of epidemiology. For priorities in the health system, policy makers rely on knowledge of the burden of illness, while government and nongovernment funders of research use such information to help determine resource distribution.
Knowledge continues to explode; this new edition of GI Epidemiology has been completely revised and updated by experts from around the world. We have proudly built on the success of the 1st edition, which has become the standard textbook in the field, with a more global focus, expanded methodological guidance, increased illustrations, summaries of key points, and coverage of all major diseases and syndromes. In addition to the 35 chapters in print, a further 10 chapters online cover additional background material including further insights into specific methodological issues and how to secure research funding. Multiple choice questions have been included to aid learning.
We hope you will enjoy reading GI Epidemiology. The best and brightest minds in gastroenterology and epidemiology have contributed to this volume, and we are very grateful for their diligent efforts. Despite an increasing interest in and understanding of the epidemiology of gastrointestinal diseases, many vital gaps remain. We look forward to many of the readers of this book being inspired to fill these gaps. The Editors remain passionate about the discipline of GI Epidemiology and we welcome you to the field.
Nicholas J. Talley, MD, PhD,on behalf of the Editors
PART ONE
Gastrointestinal Diseases and Disorders: The Public Health Perspective
PART TWO
How to Critically Read the Gastrointestinal Epidemiology Literature
Introduction and overview
Joe West
Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
