Global Heritage E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Geisteswissenschaft
• Serie: Blackwell Readers in Anthropology
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 738

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2015

Beschreibung

Examines the social, cultural and ethical dimensions of heritage research and practice, and the underlying international politics of protecting cultural and natural resources around the globe.

• Focuses on ethnographic and embedded perspectives, as well as a commitment to ethical engagement
• Appeals to a broad audience, from archaeologists to heritage professionals, museum curators to the general public
• The contributors comprise an outstanding team, representing some of the most prominent scholars in this broad field, with a combination of senior and emerging scholars, and an emphasis on international contributions

Leseprobe

CONTENTS

Cover

Title page

Notes on Contributors

Introduction: Globalizing Heritage

Developing Heritage

Interdisciplinary Heritage

Heritage Futures

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

1 UNESCO and New World Orders

UNESCO and Cultural Heritage

The History and Institutional Framework of World Heritage

Studying the World Heritage Arena

Case Studies: World Heritage Committee Mechanics

REFERENCES

2 Neoliberalism, Heritage Regimes, and Cultural Rights

Introduction

Neoliberalism in Heritage Studies and Anthropology

Neoliberal Governmentality and Community

Emerging Articulations of Heritage and Rights

Actually Existing Heritage: A Resource for Cultural Rights Practice

Conclusion

REFERENCES

3 Civil Societies? Heritage Diplomacy and Neo-Imperialism

Introduction

What Is Heritage?

What Is Diplomacy?

Heritage and Diplomacy

Diplomatic Tracks and Power

Heritage Diplomacy Apparatuses

Heritage Diplomacy as Contact Zone

Case 1: Re-Establishing the Contact Zone – Ambassadors and Heritage Diplomacy

Case 2: Mediterranean Diplomacy and Development

Conclusion: Ethical Dimensions of Heritage Diplomacy

REFERENCES

4 Bridging Cultural and Natural Heritage

Introduction

The Anthropocene

Culture–Nature Dualism

Postcolonial Ecologies and Ontologies

World Heritage Practice

The Sacred Natural Sites Initiative

Culture and Nature in the Vortex of Asian Modernity

Co-Management in the Global North: “Kluane” World Heritage Site

World Heritage as Sites of Indigenous People-Politics

Embracing Ontological Difference

Laponia: An Experiment in Co-Management

Conclusions

REFERENCES

5 Communities and Ethics in the Heritage Debates

Introduction

Ethics and the State

Mali, Heritage, and the Ethics of Self-Determination

The American Southwest, Communities, and Collaboration

Conclusion

REFERENCES

6 Heritage Management and Conservation: From Colonization to Globalization

Introduction

Heritage and/or Development

Traditional Management Systems

Colonial Heritage Management Systems

Postcolonial Heritage Management

Global Heritage Management: Africa and Asia

Conserving the Sacred: Angkor World Heritage Site

Mountain of the Gods: Tsodilo Cultural Landscape

Conclusions

REFERENCES

7 Heritage and Violence

Introduction

On Violence

Legacies of Violence

Civil Conflicts and State Violence

International Conflicts and Heritage

Heritage and State Violence in South America

Conflict and World Heritage in Sri Lanka

Legacies of Violence and Engaged Practice

REFERENCES

8 Urban Heritage and Social Movements

Introduction

Learning from Gezi Park

Heritage as Possession and Dispossession

Heritagization as Urban Governmentality

Dispossession and Resistance by Heritage I: Palestine/Israel

Dispossession and Resistance by Heritage II: Pom Mahakan

Dispossession and Resistance by Heritage III: Rome

REFERENCES

9 Sustainable Development: Heritage, Community, Economics

Introduction

Development

Disappointment and Redefinition

Sustainable Development

Sustainable Development and Culture

Sustainable Development and Heritage

Sustainable Development and Community

Sustainability, Economy, and the Value of Heritage

Case Studies

World Heritage and Mass Tourism

World Heritage and Communities

Conclusion

REFERENCES

10 Transnationalism and Heritage Development

Introduction

The Main Players

Safeguards and Compliance Archaeology

Heritage Development

Heritage and Development in Action

REFERENCES

11 Heritage and Tourism

Introduction

Heritage (in Global Tourism)

Tourists (Encountering Heritage)

World Heritage Tourism

Global Standards versus Local Distinctiveness

Challenges and Trends

Conclusion

REFERENCES

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 03

Table 3.1 UNESCO Conventions and Regulations related to Heritage

Guide

Cover

Table of Contents

Begin Reading

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Blackwell Readers in Anthropology

This series fulfils the increasing need for texts that do the work of synthesizing the literature while challenging more traditional or subdisciplinary approaches to anthropology.

Each volume offers seminal readings on a chosen theme and provides the finest, most thought-provoking recent works in the given thematic area. Many of these volumes bring together for the first time a body of literature on a certain topic. The series thus both presents definitive collections and investigates the very ways in which anthropological inquiry has evolved and is evolving.

The Anthropology of Globalization: A Reader

, Second EditionEdited by Jonathan Xavier Inda and Renato Rosaldo

The Anthropology of Media: A Reader

Edited by Kelly Askew and Richard R. Wilk

Genocide: An Anthropological Reader

Edited by Alexander Laban Hinton

The Anthropology of Space and Place: Locating Culture

Edited by Setha Low and Denise Lawrence-Zúñiga

Violence in War and Peace: An Anthology

Edited by Nancy Scheper-Hughes and Philippe Bourgois

Same-Sex Cultures and Sexualities: An Anthropological Reader

Edited by Jennifer Robertson

Social Movements: An Anthropological Reader

Edited by June Nash

The Cultural Politics of Food and Eating: A Reader

Edited by James L. Watson and Melissa L. Caldwell

The Anthropology of the State: A Reader

Edited by Aradhana Sharma and Akhil Gupta

Human Rights: An Anthropological Reader

Edited by Mark Goodale

The Pharmaceutical Studies Reader

Edited by Sergio Sismondo and Jeremy A. Greene

Global Heritage: A Reader

Edited by Lynn Meskell

Global Heritage: A Reader

Edited by

Lynn Meskell

This edition first published 2015© 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

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Cover image: Photograph taken in Angkor, Cambodia by Lynn Meskell

For Sherry, Lila, and Sylvia

Notes on Contributors

Christoph Brumann is Head of Research Group at the Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology, Halle, and Honorary Professor of Anthropology at Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg in Germany. He is the author of Tradition, Democracy and the Townscape of Kyoto (2012) and co-editor of Making Japanese Heritage (2010) and Urban Spaces in Japan (2012). He has published widely on urban anthropology, the concept of culture, globalization, utopian communes, and Japanese gift exchange. Alongside his ethnographic study of the UNESCO World Heritage arena, he is currently preparing a new project on Buddhist temple economies in urban Asia.

Denis Byrne is Senior Research Fellow at the Institute for Culture and Society, University of Western Sydney, Australia. He has worked in both government and academic spheres of heritage conservation and has contributed to critical debates on heritage issues in Southeast Asia and indigenous Australia. He is author of Counterheritage: Critical Perspectives on Heritage Conservation in Asia (2013) and Surface Collection: Archaeological Travels in Southeast Asia (2007).

Chiara De Cesari is an anthropologist and Assistant Professor in European Studies and Cultural Studies at the University of Amsterdam. Her research focuses on heritage, memory, and cultural politics and how these change under conditions of globalization. She has published articles in American Anthropologist, Memory Studies, and Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism, among others. She co-edited Transnational Memory (2014, with Ann Rigney) and is currently finishing a book entitled, Heritage and the Struggle for Palestine. Her most recent project explores the making of a new European collective memory in relation to its blind spots, particularly the carceral heritage of colonialism.

Chip Colwell is Curator of Anthropology at the Denver Museum of Nature and Science. He has written and edited ten books, and more than forty articles and book chapters. His research has been highlighted in such venues as Archaeology Magazine, Indian Country Today, the Huffington Post, and the New York Times.

Rosemary J. Coombe holds the Tier One Canada Research Chair in Law, Communication and Culture at York University in Toronto, where she is cross-appointed to the Departments of Anthropology and Social Science. Until 2000 she was Full Professor of Law at the University of Toronto. Her award-winning book, The Cultural Life of Intellectual Properties was reprinted in 2008. She publishes in the fields of anthropology, cultural studies, and legal studies on the politics of cultural property and heritage management at the intersections of neoliberalism, informational capital, and human rights.

Alfredo González-Ruibal is Staff Scientist with the Institute of Heritage Sciences of the Spanish National Research Council (Incipit-CSIC). His work focuses on the archaeology of the contemporary past and the negative heritage of modernity (war, dictatorship, colonialism). He has recently co-edited the collection Ethics and the Archaeology of Violence (with Gabriel Moshenska, 2014). His recent book, An Archaeology of Resistance: Materiality and Time in an African Borderland (2014) deals with his other research interests: resistance, egalitarianism, and the material culture of indigenous communities.

Peter G. Gould is a consulting scholar at the Penn Cultural Heritage Center of the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology and an Adjunct Professor of Archaeology at the American University of Rome. After a career as an economist and business executive, he received his Ph.D. from University College London, for which his research in Belize, Peru and Ireland concerned the governance features of sustainable community economic development projects associated with heritage sites. He is a founding director of the Sustainable Preservation Initiative, which supports community economic development projects associated with archaeological sites, initially in Peru.

Martin Hall is Vice Chancellor (President) of the University of Salford, Manchester and Professor Emeritus at the University of Cape Town (UCT). He was previously Professor of Historical Archaeology, inaugural Dean of Higher Education Development, and then Deputy Vice-Chancellor at UCT. He is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts, a Fellow of the Royal Society of South Africa, a Life Fellow of the University of Cape Town, and past President of the World Archaeological Congress. Martin Hall has published extensively on pre-colonial, colonial, and historical archaeology, and on the representation of the past in the present.

Michael Herzfeld is the Ernest E. Monrad Professor of the Social Sciences in the Department of Anthropology at Harvard University. Over his long career, he has authored ten books – including A Place in History (1991), Cultural Intimacy (2nd edition, 2005), and Evicted from Eternity (2009) – and numerous articles and reviews, and has also produced two ethnographic films about Rome. A former editor of American Ethnologist (1995–1998), he is Senior Advisor to the Critical Heritage Studies Initiative of the International Institute for Asian Studies (Leiden). His research in Greece, Italy, and Thailand encompasses historic conservation and gentrification, crypto-colonialism, nationalism and cultural intimacy, and artisanship and apprenticeship.

Charlotte Joy is a Lecturer in Social Anthropology at Goldsmiths College, University of London. She carried out fieldwork in Djenné, Mali, and at UNESCO in Paris and is the author of The Politics of Heritage Management in Mali (2013). Her research is concerned with developing an ethnographic approach to understanding the politics of cultural heritage and the links between cultural heritage, rights, and the ethics of the uses of the past in the present. Her new research documents the destruction and rehabilitation of cultural heritage during the current conflict in Mali.

Morag M. Kersel is Assistant Professor in the Department of Anthropology at DePaul University and affiliated faculty with the Center for Art, Museum, and Cultural Heritage Law at DePaul College of Law. She co-directs the archaeological and ethnographic “Follow the Pots Project” in Jordan (http://followthepotsproject.org/). She is a co-author (with Christina Luke) of U.S. Cultural Diplomacy and Archaeology: Soft Power, Hard Heritage (2013) and a co-editor of the volume Archaeology, Cultural Heritage and the Trade in Antiquities (2006). Her research interests include the prehistory of the Levant, cultural heritage policy and law, and the trade in archaeological artifacts.

Sophia Labadi is a Lecturer in Heritage and Director of the Centre for Heritage at the University of Kent. She has a Ph.D. and a Masters in Cultural Heritage Studies from the Institute of Archaeology, University College London and graduated from the Institute of Political Sciences in Grenoble (France). Since 2001, she has worked for a number of regional and international organizations. For UNESCO, she has worked in the Secretariat of the 1972 World Heritage Convention and the 2003 Intangible Cultural Heritage Convention. She was a Getty Conservation Guest Scholar in 2006–2007, the recipient of the Cultural Policy Research Award in 2008, a Senior Research Fellow at Durham University in 2012, and a fellow at the National Gallery of Denmark in 2014.

Kathryn Lafrenz Samuels is an Assistant Professor of Anthropology at the University of Maryland, whose research examines cultural heritage in the transnational sphere, in the ambit of international economic development, democracy promotion, human rights, and global climate change. In 2013–2014 she was a Fulbright fellow in Tromsø, Norway with the Norwegian Institute for Cultural Heritage Research (NIKU). She is co-editor of Cultures of Contact: Archaeology, Ethics, and Globalization (2007) with Sebastian De Vivo and Darian Totten, Making Roman Places: Past and Present (2012) with Darian Totten, and Heritage Keywords: Rhetoric and Redescription in Cultural Heritage (2015) with Trinidad Rico.

Ian Lilley is a Professor at the University of Queensland. He has worked in Australasian and Indo-Pacific archaeology and cultural heritage for thirty-five years. He currently does fieldwork in Australia and New Caledonia, and has just begun a major project examining Indigenous issues in World Heritage management. He is Secretary-General of the ICOMOS International Scientific Committee on Archaeological Heritage Management and also serves on two IUCN Commissions. His most recent books are a heritage management volume on Early Human Expansion and Innovation in the Pacific (2010) and the university textbook, Archaeology of Oceania: Australia and the Pacific Islands (2006).

Christina Luke teaches at Boston University, where she also serves as editor of the Journal of Field Archaeology. She works closely with US embassies and foreign ministries in various countries to explore the pivotal place of heritage in social life and personal experience. Her recent publications include U.S. Cultural Diplomacy and Archaeology (2013) and several articles focused on cultural policy and sovereignty. Her current research focuses on heritage studies, international development, and geopolitics in Turkey, the Balkans, and Latin America.

Lynn Meskell is Professor of Anthropology and Director of the Archaeology Center at Stanford University. Before coming to Stanford in 2005 she was Professor of Anthropology at Columbia University in New York. She is Honorary Professor at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg. Some of her recent books and edited collections include Cosmopolitan Archaeologies (2009) and The Nature of Culture: The New South Africa (2011). Some of her new research involves an institutional ethnography of UNESCO with a particular focus on heritage rights, sovereignty, and international politics.

Webber Ndoro is currently the Director of the African World Heritage Fund based in Johannesburg, South Africa. He is also Associate Research Fellow at the University of Cape Town. He was Project Manager at ICCROM in Rome, where he worked on the Africa 2009 programme. His recent books and edited collections include Great Zimbabwe: Your Monument Our Shrine (2000), Cultural Heritage and the Law: Protecting Immovable Heritage in Sub-Saharan Africa (2009), and The Archaeological Heritage of Africa (2014). He has published several articles on heritage management in Africa.

Noel B. Salazar is Research Professor in Anthropology at the University of Leuven. He is author of Envisioning Eden (2010) and numerous articles and book chapters on the anthropology of heritage tourism. He is chair of the IUAES Commission on the Anthropology of Tourism, founding member of the AAA Anthropology of Tourism Interest Group, and editorial board member of Annals of Tourism Research and Journal of Heritage Tourism. In addition, he is registered on UNESCO’s and UNWTO’s official roster of consultants, an expert member of the ICOMOS International Cultural Tourism Committee, and the UNESCO-UNITWIN Network “Culture, Tourism and Development.”

Gamini Wijesuriya is currently a staff member of ICCROM in Rome. He was Director of Conservation in the Sri Lankan Department of Archaeology from 1982 to 2000, and then a Principal Regional Scientist in the New Zealand Department of Conservation from 2001 until moving to ICCROM in 2004. He is engaged in a variety of international level training and capacity-building activities related to conservation and management of heritage, including World Heritage. He has published several articles on conservation and management of heritage.

Gro Birgit Ween is Associate Professor and a Keeper of the Arctic and the Australian Collection at the Cultural History Museum at the University of Oslo. She has done fieldwork on indigenous issues, such as rights, heritage, and nature practices in Northern Australia, Sápmi, and Alaska. She is a member of several research projects: Anthropos and the Material (University of Oslo), Arctic Domus: Human–Animal relations in the North (University of Aberdeen), the CICADA project (McGill), and Arctic Domestication in the Era of the Anthropocene (Norwegian Centre for Advanced Study at the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters).

Lindsay M. Weiss recently completed a postdoctoral appointment in the Department of Anthropology and the Stanford Archaeology Center at Stanford University. Her current research explores the dynamics of heritage and history in the postcolonial context of South Africa. She is currently completing her manuscript on the relationship between liberation heritage and liberation history in South Africa, examining the role of national, corporate and, informal urban heritage in mediating social tensions in post-apartheid landscapes.

Yujie Zhu is currently a Postdoctoral Research Fellow in the Australian Centre on China in the World at the Australian National University. His research on the heritage cities of China explores heritage politics, cultural consumption and production, romanticism, and practices of everyday life. His work has appeared in leading tourism and anthropology journals, including Annals of Tourism Research and Current Anthropology. As part of his work in UNWTO, he co-edited the book Sustainable Tourism Management at World Heritage Sites (2009). Since 2013 he has served as the Vice Chair of Commission on the Anthropology of Tourism in International Union of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences (IUAES).

Introduction: Globalizing Heritage

Lynn Meskell

The international conflicts in Iraq and Yugoslavia in the 1990s and the concomitant destruction of cultural property had profound effects for the study of archaeology and heritage. Archaeologists became more politically attuned and more self-reflective by seeing their materials deployed as targets or shields and connected communities deeply affected by the cultural cleansing, destruction of memory, and erasure of their material pasts. The shelling of Dubrovnik, the destruction of the Mostar Bridge, fighter jets stationed at Ur, the looting of the Baghdad museum – all of this collateral damage unfolded before our eyes. For the field of heritage something had irrevocably changed. The world watched live the wholesale and often targeted destruction, in some cases perpetrated by the liberators themselves as they trenched, bombed, and looted their way through years of conflict. For nations like Iraq and Afghanistan, this externally wrought destruction was immediately followed by international condemnation of their local inhabitants and then calls for salvage and assistance, leading to what might be seen as a cycle of internationally sanctioned destruction then reconstruction. Cultural commentators often expressed more grief over the loss of antiquity than the loss of life, leading many to question the ethical priorities of international preservationist initiatives.

Many of us came to realize that the creation of heritage is also the creation of heritage conflict. It is commonly said that heritage is history with a point or history that matters. However, history as a discipline is the account that gets authorized after conflict rather than that which is bound up in the midst of things. And while it is true that only select fragments of the human past, in particular places and times, are reified for their cultural significance and value, heritage is deeply enmeshed with materiality. Therefore it is not simply historical accounts or narratives that have salience for living populations, but rather tangible places and objects are necessary to mobilize identifications, significations, and memorialization. The post-9/11 world has only reinforced these observations (Meskell 2002). Whether for the social performance of memory, trauma, protest, or uplift, a material past is discursively assembled to serve as a physical conduit between past and present. Since sites and objects bear witness to particular pasts and have those histories woven into their very fabric, they physically embody and instantiate the past in the present in a way that no textual account can fully achieve. That being said, we have increasingly come to see what many indigenous communities have long realized and indeed practiced: that these physical landscapes, monuments, and objects cannot be separated from intangible beliefs and resonances. The artificial separation of these traits is itself a symbolic violence. And when the immaterial connection that people experience disappears, the significance of those same sites and objects may also decline in the public imaginary.