Globalizing Cities E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Geisteswissenschaft
• Serie: Studies in Urban and Social Change
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 627

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2011

Beschreibung

This exciting collection of original essays provides students and professionals with an international and comparative examination of changes in global cities, revealing a growing pattern of social and spatial division or polarization.

Leseprobe

Contents

List of Figures

List of Maps

List of Tables

List of Contributors

Series Editors’ Preface

Preface

1 Introduction

The Question

The Hypothesis

Influences on the Spatial Order of Cities

Spatial Divisions in the New Spatial Order

Final Remarks

Notes

2 The Unavoidable Continuities of the City

The Shrinkage of Urban Manufacturing

Transformed Waterfronts

Edge Cities

Delocalized Property

Conclusion

Note

3 From the Metropolis to Globalization: The Dialectics of Race and Urban Form

Background

Apartheid in America

Segregation, Politics, and the State

All Roads Lead to the Market

The Washington Consensus

The Global Escape to the Suburbs

Race and Class in the Global City

Notes

4 From Colonial City to Globalizing City? The Far-from-complete Spatial Transformation of Calcutta

A Brief History of Calcutta Metropolis

The Spatial Structure of Calcutta

Where Does the Calcutta Story Fit?

Notes

5 Rio de Janeiro: Emerging Dualization in a Historically Unequal City

Industrialization and Urbanization

Regressive Deindustrialization

Metropolitan Deconcentration and Socio-Spatial Polarization

The Role of Race

The Future of Rio de Janeiro: Fragmentation or Dualization?

6 Singapore: the Changing Residential Landscape in a Winner City

The Residential Landscape on the Eve of Urban Transformation

Economic Change: the City-state under Globalization

The Dynamics of the Urban Housing Market and the Agents of Change

The Residential Landscape Revisited

Conclusion

Notes

7 Tokyo: Patterns of Familiarity and Partitions of Difference1

Sprawl and Primacy: the Tokyo Conurbation in the Post-war Period

Tokyo in the 1980s: City as Corporate Playground

Urban Restructuring and the Changing Face of Tokyo

Patterns behind the Partitions

The Tokyo Conurbation: Corporate Advance into Social Order

Notes

8 Still a Global City: The Racial and Ethnic Segmentation of New York1

Inequality and Global Restructuring

Racial and Ethnic Diversity of a Global City

Socio-economic Standing

Residential Segregation

Continuities in the Global City

Notes

9 Brussels: Post-Fordist Polarization in a Fordist Spatial Canvas

Fordism in Brussels (1945–1973)

The Economic Crisis and the Locking of a Redundant Working Class in the Inner City (1974–1985)

Post-Fordism and the Deepening of Polarization (1985 until present)

Conclusions

Notes

10 The Imprint of the Post-Fordist Transition on Australian Cities

Structural Adjustment in Australia

Fordist Urban Landscapes from the Australia of the 1950s and 1960s

The Transition to a Post-Fordist Spatial Order in Australian Cities

The Absence of Edge City Development

Post-Fordism and Ongoing Spatial Transformation

Note

11 The Globalization of Frankfurt am Main: Core, Periphery and Social Conflict

Restructuring and Globalization: Frankfurt Goes Global

Spatial Dimensions of Frankfurt’s Restructuring

Power and Spatiality

Social Struggles and Spatial Change: Core and Periphery in Turmoil

Conclusion

Notes

12 Conclusion: A Changed Spatial Order

The Changed Spatial Pattern

The Dangers of Common Generalizations

The Limitations of a Purely Spatial Focus

The Layered City

The Multiple Contingencies of Comparative Analysis

Summary

Implications for Public Policy

Notes

List of References

Index

Studies in Urban and Social Change

Published by Blackwell in association with the International Journal of Urban and Regional Research. Series editors: Harvey Molotch; Linda McDowell, Margit Mayer, Chris Pickvance

The Blackwell Studies in Urban and Social Change aim to advance debates and empirical analyses stimulated by changes in the fortunes of cities and regions across the world. Topics range from monographs on single places to large‐scale comparisons across East and West, North and South. The series is explicitly interdisciplinary; the editors judge books by their contribution to intellectual solutions rather than according to disciplinary origin.

Published

Cities and Visitors: Regulating Tourists, Markets, and City Space

Lily M. Hoffman, Susan S. Fainstein, and Dennis R. Judd (eds)

Understanding the City: Contemporary and Future Perspectives

John Eade and Christopher Mele (eds)

The New Chinese City: Globalization and Market Reform

John R. Logan (ed.)

Cinema and the City: Film and Urban Societies in a Global Context

Mark Shiel and Tony Fitzmaurice (eds)

The Social Control of Cities?A Comparative Perspective

Sophie Body‐Gendrot

Globalizing Cities: A New Spatial Order?

Peter Marcuse and Ronald van Kempen (eds)

Contemporary Urban Japan: A Sociology of Consumption

John Clammer

Capital Culture:Gender at Work in the City

Linda McDowell

Cities After Socialism: Urban and Regional Change and Conflict in Post-Socialist Societies

Gregory Andrusz, Michael Harloe and Ivan Szelenyi (eds)

The People’s Home? Social Rented Housing in Europe and America

Michael Harloe

Post-Fordism

Ash Amin (ed.)

Free Markets and Food Riots

John Walton and David Seddon

Fragmented Societies

Enzo Mingione

Urban Poverty and the Underclass: A Reader

Enzo Mingione

© 2000 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd

except for editorial material and organization © 2000 by Peter Marcuse and Ronald van Kempen

BLACKWELL PUBLISHING

350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148–5020, USA

108 Cowley Road, Oxford OX4 1JF, UK

550 Swanston Street, Carlton, Victoria 3053, Australia

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs, and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher.

First published 2000

Reprinted 2000, 2001, 2003, 2005

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Globalizing cities: a new spatial order?/edited by Peter Marcuse and Ronald van Kempen.

p. cm. — (Studies in urban and social change)

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 0–631–2189–2 (alk. paper). — ISBN 0–631–21290–6 (pbk.: alk. paper)

1. Cities and towns. 2. Spatial behavior. 3. Polarization (Social sciences). 4. Human geography. I. Marcuse, Peter. II. Kempen, Ronald van. III. Series.

HT119.G65 2000

307.76—dc21

99–43570

CIP

A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library.

Set in 10½ on 12 pt Baskerville

by Ace Filmsetting Ltd, Frome, Somerset

Printed and bound in the United Kingdom

by MPG Books Ltd, Bodmin, Cornwall

The publisher’s policy is to use permanent paper from mills that operate a sustainable forestry policy, and which has been manufactured from pulp processed using acid‐free and elementary chlorine‐free practices. Furthermore, the publisher ensures that the text paper and cover board used have met acceptable environmental accreditation standards.

For further information on

Blackwell Publishing, visit our website:

www.blackwellpublishing.com

List of Figures

5.1 Percent growth between Census periods of total and favela population in the city of Rio de Janeiro, 1950–1991

6.1 Number and composition of public housing units under management of HDB, 1960–1995

8.1 Shares of private employment in service sectors in the United States, 1956–1995

8.2 Shares of private employment in service sectors in the New York SMSA, 1956–1995

List of Maps

4.1 Calcutta City and Metropolis: regional and historical context

4.2 The spatial structure of colonial Calcutta

4.3 The spatial structure of post-colonial Calcutta

4.4 The distribution of slums in Calcutta City, 1965

4.5 The distribution of slums in Calcutta City, 1983

4.6 The spatial structure of post-reform Calcutta

5.1 Per capita income above $46 per month by district, metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro, 1990

5.2 Illiteracy by district, metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro, 1990

5.3 Black and mixed race population by district, metropolitan region of Rio de Janeiro, 1990

6.1 Location of New Towns and public housing estates, private housing estates and condominium projects

7.1 The Tokyo conurbation, showing New Towns, “satellite business cities,” and bay-side development projects

7.2 The 23-ward area of Tokyo

7.3 Population of Tokyo wards in 1995 and population change, 1985–1995

7.4 Tokyo Metropolitan Government map showing areas of maximum congestion in terms of population density and inadequacy of housing and infrastructure and areas of lesser but still significant degrees of congestion

9.1 The social pattern in the extended Brussels agglomeration, 1991

9.2 The 19th-century inner city belt, private rental sector and concentration of immigrants in the Brussels Capital Region

9.3 Spatial redistribution of Moroccans in the Brussels Capital Region, 1981–1991

9.4 Spatial redistribution of North Europeans and Americans in the extended Brussels agglomeration, 1981–1997

9.5 Belgian and foreign youngsters in the Brussels urban region, 1991

11.1 Employment in manufacturing in the Rhein–Main Area; changes 1970–1987

11.2 Employment in business services in the Rhein–Main Area, 1970

11.3 Employment in business services in the Rhein–Main Area, 1987

List of Tables

5.1 Percent of employed persons in Rio de Janeiro by economic sector, 1981, 1990 and percent change

5.2 Distribution of employed population by position: Rio de Janeiro 1981 and 1990

5.3 Change in percent of Rio de Janeiro income earned by district and percent of poor and very poor population by district from 1980 to 1991

5.4 Percent of non-white households by income and distribution of household income for population of Rio de Janeiro metropolitan area: 1980

5.5 Indices of racial dissimilarity by household income groups in Rio de Janeiro, 1980

6.1 Singapore: key indicators of economic performance

6.2 Singapore: sectoral structure of the economy (percentage distribution)

6.3 Resident private households by monthly household income from work and ethnic group of head

6.4 Type of dwelling, 1970, 1980 and 1990

6.5 Key indicators of housing, 1970–1995

6.6 Composition of the housing stock in Toa Payoh New Town, 1985 and 1995 (absolute numbers)

7.1 Population of Tokyo, its region, and Japan (absolute figures (abs) in millions, percentages as part of total population in Japan)

7.2 Selected examples of land use change in eight central and inner Tokyo wards, 1986–1991, in hectares

7.3 Relative change in use of floor space in Tokyo, 1980–1990

7.4 Changes in price of commercial and residential land in Tokyo, 1985–1996 (thousand yen per square meter)

8.1 Composition of the New York population, 1920–1990 (in thousands)

8.2 Occupation by race and ethnicity, New York City 1920

8.3 Median household income for selected racial and ethnic groups, the New York CMSA in 1990

8.4 Residential segregation indices for New York City ethnic groups (first- and second-generation), 1920

8.5 Segregation among selected racial and ethnic groups, New York metropolitan region (CMSA), 1990

8.6 Average values of the median household income of tracts where group members live, and predicted values for an “affluent urban native” of each group (NY-NJ CMSA 1990)

9.1 Population change and average taxable income per person compared to the national average 1963–1995

9.2 Employment and unemployment in the Brussels urban region 1974–1998

9.3 Employment change in selected sectors, 1980–1990

10.1 Employment and income change between 1976 and 1991 in public housing neighborhoods and other neighborhoods in the bottom 10 percent of SES rankings

10.2 Employment change by industry group, Australia, 1971–91

10.3 The ‘New Middle Class’ presence in the inner zones of Sydney and Melbourne

List of Contributors

Blair Badcock is Reader in the Department of Geographical and Environmental Studies at the University of Adelaide. Through his teaching and research he endeavours to bring an Australian perspective to bear in the field of urban and housing studies.

Robert A. Beauregard is Professor of Urban Policy at the New School for Social Research in New York City (USA). His current research focuses on the late 20th century city.

Luiz Cesar de Queiroz Ribeiro is Professor at the Institute for Urban and Regional Research and Planning at the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro. He currently serves as coordinator for the Center for Municipal Government and Urban Policy and is coordinator of a national research group on sociospatial inequalities and urban governance. He has published several books on inequality, housing, globalization and urban policy.

Sanjoy Chakravorty is Associate Professor of Geography and Urban Studies at Temple University, Department of Geography and Urban Studies, in Philadelphia. His research focuses on issues of development and distribution.

William W. Goldsmith is Professor in the Department of City and Regional Planning at Cornell University and Director of its undergraduate program in Urban and Regional Studies. He has published widely on urbanization and US urban policy and has worked in regional planning in the United States and Latin America.

Anne Haila is Professor of Urban Studies in the Department of Social Policy, University of Helsinki. She is currently researching the globalization of property markets and carrying out comparative research on cities.

Roger Keil is an Associate Professor in the Faculty of Environmental Studies at York University, Toronto. He has published extensively on urban politics, particularly in world cities, on urban ecological issues and environmental politics. He has been politically and professionally active in urbanist and environmental projects in Frankfurt, Los Angeles and Toronto. He is a founding member of the International Network for Urban Research and Action (Inura).

Christian Kesteloot is Associate Professor at the Institute for Social and Economic Geography at the Catholic University of Leuven (Belgium) and a lecturer at the Free University of Brussels. He has published widely on the relations between economic change and urban restructuring, ethnic minorities, and housing.

John Logan is Professor of Sociology and Public Policy at the University at Albany (SUNY). Much of his past research has dealt with racial and class segregation in the American metropolis. More recently he has been studying the historical roots of the contemporary situation, going back to the turn of the century in cities like New York and Chicago.

Peter Marcuse is Professor of Urban Planning at Columbia University in New York City. He has also taught at the University of California at Los Angeles, and has been President of the Los Angeles City Planning commission. A lawyer as well as planner, he has written widely on housing and planning issues, and from experiences gained as guest professor in East and West Germany, Australia, and South Africa.

Klaus Ronneberger holds a Masters Degree in Education (Dipl.Soz.Päd.), with a focus on cultural anthropology, European ethnography, sociology and political science. Ronneberger has been a researcher in the Institute for Social Research, Frankfurt am Main for many years and is currently a freelance writer. His major areas of research include urban consumption complexes, public space and surveillance, and neoliberalism.

Edward E. Telles is Professor in the Department of Sociology at the University of California, Los Angeles and is currently on leave to work at the Ford Foundation in Rio de Janeiro where he is Program Officer in Human Rights. He has published widely on race relations and urbanization in Brazil and the United States.

Leo van Grunsven is Assistant Professor of Geography and International Economics in the Faculty of Geographical Sciences, Utrecht University, The Netherlands. From 1985 to 1990 he was Lecturer in the Department of Geography, National University of Singapore. His research interests are in development, regional economics and urban development in Asia. He has published extensively in these fields. He is the editor of “Regional Change in Industrializing Asia. Regional and local responses to changing competitiveness” (1998).

Ronald van Kempen is Associate Professor of Urban Geography at the Urban Research Centre Utrecht, Faculty of Geographical Sciences, Utrecht University, the Netherlands. His current research focuses on the links between spatial segregation, social exclusion and the development of cities.

Paul Waley is a Lecturer in geography at the University of Leeds. He has written extensively on Japanese cities and Tokyo in particular. His research interests range from historical change on the urban periphery to the relandscaping of rivers in contemporary Japanese cities. He has spent many years in Japan, writing for newspapers and working with local government.

Series Preface

In the past three decades there have been dramatic changes in the fortunes of cities and regions, in beliefs about the role of markets and states in society, and in the theories used by social scientists to account for these changes. Many of the cities experiencing crisis in the 1970s have undergone revitalisation while others have continued to decline. In Europe and North America new policies have introduced privatisation on a broad scale at the expense of collective consumption, and the viability of the welfare state has been challenged. Eastern Europe has witnessed the collapse of state socialism and the uneven implementation of a globally driven market economy. Meanwhile the less developed nations have suffered punishing austerity programmes that divide a few newly industrialising countries from a great many cases of arrested and negative growth.

Social science theories have struggled to encompass these changes. The earlier social organisational and ecological paradigms were criticised by Marxian and Weberian theories, and these in turn have been disputed as allembracing narratives. The certainties of the past, such as class theory, are gone and the future of urban and regional studies appears relatively open.

The aim of the series Studies in Urban and Social Change is to take forward this agenda of issues and theoretical debates. The series is committed to a number of aims but will not prejudge the development of the field. It encourages theoretical works and research monographs on cities and regions. It explores the spatial dimension of society including the role of agency and of institutional contexts in shaping urban form. It addresses economic and political change from the household to the state. Cities and regions are understood within an international system, the features of which are revealed in comparative and historical analyses.

The series also serves the interests of university classroom and professional readers. It publishes topical accounts of important policy issues (e.g. global adjustment), reviews of debates (e.g. post-Fordism) and collections that explore various facets of major changes (e.g. cities after socialism or the new urban underclass). The series urges a synthesis of research and theory, teaching and practice. Engaging research monographs (e.g. on women and poverty in Mexico or urban culture in Japan) provide vivid teaching materials just as policy-oriented studies (e.g. of social housing or urban planning) test and redirect theory. The city is analysed from the top down (e.g. through the gendered culture of investment banks) and the bottom up (e.g. in challenging social movements). Taken together, the volumes in the series reflect the latest developments in urban and regional studies.

Subjects which fall within the scope of the series include: explanations for the rise and fall of cities and regions; economic restructuring and its spatial, class and gender impact; race and identity; convergence and divergence of the ‘east’ and ‘west’ in social and institutional paterns; new divisions of labour and forms of social exclusion; urban and environmental movements; international migration and capital flows; politics of the urban poor in developing countries; cross-national comparisons or housing, planning and development; debates on post-Fordism, the consumption sector and the ‘new’ urban poverty.

Studies in Urban and Social Change addresses an international and interdisciplinary audience of researchers, practitioners, students and urban enthusiasts. Above all, it endeavours to reach the public with compelling accounts of contemporary society.

Editorial Committee

John Walton, Chair

Margit Mayer

Chris Pickvance

May 1997

Preface

We have chosen the title of this book carefully. We call it “Globalizing Cities,” not “Global Cities,” because we treat both cities that do and cities that do not make it into the “global cities” category, as most commentators define them. But we also like the title because we view globalization as a process, not a state, and a process that affects all cities in the world, if to varying degrees and varying ways, not only those at the top of the “global hierarchy.”

The subtitle: “A New Spatial Order?” is intended to frame the theme of the book, and to pose it honestly as a question. It plays on US President Bush’s talk of a “new world order,” after the collapse of the Soviet bloc, and is intended to look at the spatial order within cities, not among them.

The organization of this book is straightforward, if perhaps unusual:

We start with a statement of the question with which we are concerned.We formulate a hypothesis as to its answer: that there is a new spatial order within cities, as the result of the process of globalization.We review the theory and the literature, essentially from Western Europe and the United States, providing the background for that hypothesis.We present the work of the distinguished contributors to this volume.We conclude that the opening hypothesis cannot be sustained, and present in our concluding chapter a modified version as the result of our review: that there are some common trends ascertainable as a result of globalization, but that neither in uniformity nor in scale do they justify the description: a new spatial order.

Thus, the Introduction and the Conclusion must be read together to see our own views of the subject matter of this book.

This book has had a long gestation period. Each of us has grappled with the issues raised here in a number of previous works centering on the way in which cities today are segregated, divided, quartered, partitioned. We assembled the contributors based on their interest in our issues, their extensive and diverse empirical work, and their openness to the kind of interchange we envisaged. We assumed the contributors would be familiar with the approaches of political economy, which we consider very fruitful, but we also assumed (correctly, it turned out!) that there would be substantial disagreement among them, both in perspective and in results. We had the opportunity to have a working session in Berlin and at the Bauhaus Dessau in May, 1996. Almost all the contributors were able to take part, and thus each was aware of the contributions of the others. We gratefully acknowledge the support of the Stiftung Bauhaus Dessau.

We have had significant correspondence with each of the contributors since then. We have however not tampered with any of the contributions contrary to their author’s wishes, and each remains the responsibility of their own author.

We owe a debt of gratitude to the editors of this series, Studies in Urban and Social Change: John Walton, Chris Pickvance, and Margit Mayer. They supported the project from the outset, and helped us (forced, we sometimes felt, but with appreciation!) to sharpen and maintain its focus. In the process, it became clear that some of the contributions dealt centrally with the issue of the effects of globalization on the spatial structure within cities, and other took a longer-range and broader view of the question, dealing with the “partitioning effect” which is a central concern of the urban discussion today but looking at its manifestation in quite other circumstances. We have placed these parallel contributions in what is in effect a companion volume, to be published by Oxford University Press in early 2000.

Peter Marcuse would like to thank Columbia University’s School of Architecture, Planning, and Preservation both for intellectual support and tolerance while he was engaged in the preparation of this volume, and his colleagues and students in the Planning Program there for intellectual stimulation throughout. Ronald van Kempen would like to thank the Urban Research Centre Utrecht (URU) of Utrecht University for the time they gave him for the work on this volume, the Centre for Research on In- and Exclusion (CRIE) for financial support and the Netherlands Graduate School of Housing and Urban Research (NETHUR) for organizational support.

Peter Marcuse, New York

Ronald van Kempen, Utrecht

1

Introduction

Peter Marcuse and Ronald van Kempen1

The Question

Is there something new, something different, about the spatial patterns of the cities of today and tomorrow which differentiates them from the cities of yesterday? That is the question to which this book is addressed. It asks it of cities around the world. New types of cities, called global cities by some, world cities or megacities by others, are described both in the scholarly and in the popular press. Indeed, internal spatial patterns seem to play a different role in cities today, and a very variable one: service-adapted patterns are different from manufacturing-based patterns, central cities have different patterns from those on the periphery, “edge cities” are different from traditional cities. Within cities, the ghettos are increasingly separated from the rest of the city, while the same holds true, though in a different way, for the exclusionary enclaves of the rich. Areas that are socially and spatially between these two extremes also separate themselves out from the rest of the city more and more. These are the evolving patterns we wish to examine in this book.

Of course cities are in a constant process of internal change. The center of cities decline or change form and functions, and new business districts spring up; immigrants cluster together and mix with others; ethnic and racial groups are segregated in ghettos and slums, or they escape to more livable neighborhoods; new cultural enclaves are formed, while old ones disappear; new forms of cities are created at the edges of metropolitan areas; suburbanization never seems to end. Spatial divisions of themselves are nothing new, but they are not stable in their causes, in their appearance, in their scale, or in their effects.

There is today a growing consensus in the literature that significant changes in spatial divisions within cities have occurred very visibly since the early 1970s. Descriptive accounts of these changes have multiplied. So have accounts of changes in the national and international context that parallel and perhaps cause them: a process of globalization, changing forms of production, a declining state provision of welfare, differences in power relationships, developing technologies, all have their influence on urban patterns, within cities as well as among them (see, e.g., Fainstein et al., 1992; O’Loughlin and Friedrichs, 1996; Musterd and Ostendorf, 1998; Madanipour et al., 1998). But exactly how do these changes affect the spatial form of individual cities? Are the patterns of all cities convergent? On what do changes depend? Can (should) public policy influence them?