Graphic Standards Field Guide to Hardscape E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Geisteswissenschaft
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 507

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2010

Beschreibung

Quick, reliable answers to your most common on-site questions

When you're in the field, you never know what you'll come across. The Graphic Standards Field Guide to Hardscape gives you fast access to the practical information you need when you're on-site and under pressure.

Presented in a highly visual and easily portable format, the Field Guide is organized to follow a logical project sequence from site evaluation of existing conditions through construction maintenance. Covering everything from assessing existing conditions, site work, bases and paving, site improvements, and materials, this handy companion conveys the most common answers that landscape architects need in the real world when visiting a construction site, and meeting with architects and engineers or clients and contractors.

The Field Guide to Hardscape extends the familiar Landscape Architectural Graphic Standards beyond the office or studio with:

• Quick access to essential information when away from the studio

• Things to look for when assessing existing conditions during preliminary design site visits or pre-construction meetings

• Graphic Standards—quality details accompanied by real-world photographs of best construction practices and techniques

• Illustrations that help you troubleshoot problems, along with on-the-spot solutions

• A list of common construction mistakes and problems to avoid

• Compact format that's easy to reference and carry along

The Graphic Standards Field Guide to Hardscape is the ideal companion for the on-the-go landscape architect, design professional, inspector, facilities manager or anyone that is involved with site construction.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Title Page

Series

Copyright

Introduction

Who This Book Is For

How This Book Is Organized

How To Use This Book

About the Author

About Graphic Standards

Acknowledgments

Part I: Existing Conditions

Chapter 1: Site Survey

Site Inventory and Observations

Description

Assessing Site Conditions

Acceptable Practices

Practices to Avoid

Photographic Information

Description

Assessing Site Conditions

Acceptable Practices

Practices to Avoid

References

Part II: Temporary Construction Installations

Chapter 2: Temporary Access Roads and Parking

Temporary Access Roads and Parking Areas

Description

Assessing Site Conditions

Acceptable Practices

Practices to Avoid

Staging Areas

Description

Assessing Site Conditions

Acceptable Practices

Practices to Avoid

References

Chapter 3: Temporary Barriers and Enclosures

Temporary Tree Protection

Description

Assessing Site Conditions

Acceptable Practices

Practices to Avoid

References

Chapter 4: Temporary Controls

Temporary Erosion and Sediment Controls

Description

Assessing Site Conditions

Acceptable Practices

Temporary Storm Water Pollution Control

Description

Assessing Site Conditions

Acceptable Practices

Practices to Avoid

References

Part III: Demolition and Site Clearing

Chapter 5: Demolition

Site Removals

Description

Assessing Site Conditions

Acceptable Practices

Practices to Avoid

Utility Line Removal

Description

Assessing Site Conditions

Acceptable Practices

Practices to Avoid

Chapter 6: Site Clearing

Clearing and Grubbing

Description

Assessing Site Conditions

Acceptable Practices

Practices to Avoid

Chapter 7: Construction Layout

Construction Layout

Description

Assessing Site Conditions

Acceptable Practices

Practices to Avoid

References

Part IV: Earthwork

Chapter 8: Earthwork

Topsoil Stripping and Stockpiling

Description

Assessing Site Conditions

Acceptable Practices

Practices to Avoid

References

Chapter 9: Earth Moving

Grading

Description

Assessing Site Conditions

Acceptable Practices

Practices to Avoid

Spreading and Grading Topsoil

Description

Assessing Site Conditions

Acceptable Practices

Practices to Avoid

References

Part V: Exterior Improvements

Chapter 10: Surfaces and Paving

Asphaltic Concrete

Description

Assessing Site Conditions

Acceptable Practices

Practices to Avoid

Concrete

Description

Assessing Existing Condition

Acceptable Practices

Practices to Avoid

Concrete Pavement

Description

Assessing Site Conditions

Acceptable Practices

Practices to Avoid

Concrete Steel Reinforcing

Description

Assessing Site Conditions

Acceptable Practices

Practices to Avoid

Unit Pavers

Description

Assessing Site Conditions

Acceptable Practices

Practices to Avoid

References

Chapter 11: Curbs and Gutters

Curbs and Edges

Description

Assessing Site Conditions

Acceptable Practices

Practices to Avoid

References

Chapter 12: Stairs and Ramps

Stairs

Description

Assessing Site Conditions

Acceptable Practices

Practices to Avoid

Ramps

Description

Assessing Site Conditions

Acceptable Practices

Practices to Avoid

Curb Ramps, Blended Transitions and Detectable Warning Surfaces

Description

Assessing Site Conditions

Acceptable Practices

Practices to Avoid

References

Chapter 13: Fences, Gates, and Screens

Wood Fences

Description

Assessing Site Conditions

Acceptable Practices

Practices to Avoid

Chain-Link Fence

Description

Assessing Site Conditions

Acceptable Practices

Practices to Avoid

Metal Fences

Description

Assessing Site Conditions

Acceptable Practices

Practices to Avoid

References

Chapter 14: Walls

Concrete Walls

Description

Assessing Site Conditions

Acceptable Practices

Practices to Avoid

Modular Gravity Wall Systems

Description

Assessing Site Conditions

Acceptable Practices

Practices to Avoid

Masonry Walls

Description

Assessing Site Conditions

Acceptable Practices

Practices to Avoid

Stone Walls

Description

Assessing Site Conditions

Acceptable Practices

Practices to Avoid

Gabion Walls

Description

Assessing Site Conditions

Acceptable Practices

Practices to Avoid

Wood Retaining Walls

Description

Assessing Site Conditions

Acceptable Practices

Practices to Avoid

References

Chapter 15: Wood Construction

Wood General

Description

Assessing Site Conditions

Acceptable Practices

Practices to Avoid

Overhead Wood Structures

Description

Assessing Site Conditions

Acceptable Practices

Practices to Avoid

Wood Decks

Description

Assessing Site Conditions

Acceptable Practices

Practices to Avoid

Pressure Treated Wood

Description

Assessing Site Conditions

Acceptable Practices

Fasteners

Practices to Avoid

Wood Alternatives

Description

Assessing Site Conditions

Acceptable Practices

Practices to Avoid

References

Index

Also available in the Graphic Standards Field Guide series:

Graphic Standards Field Guide to Commercial Interiors

Graphic Standards Field Guide to Softscape

Graphic Standards Field Guide to Hardscape

Graphic Standards Field Guide to Residential Architecture

Graphic Standards Field Guide to Home Inspections

Graphic Standards Field Guide to Residential Construction

Graphic Standards Field Guide to Building Construction

A special thank you to those who helped develop the Graphic Standards Field Guide series:

Corky Binggeli, ASID

Nina M. Giglio CSI,Assoc.AIA, SCIP

Dennis J. Hall, FCSI,FAIA, SCIP

Leonard J. Hopper, RLA, FASLA

This book is printed on acid-free paper.

Copyright © 2010 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey

Published simultaneously in Canada

No part of this publication may be reproduced,stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, [phone], fax [phone], or on the web at http://www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, [phone], fax [phone], or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Hopper, Leonard J.

Graphic standards field guide to hardscape / Leonard J. Hopper

p. cm.— Graphic standards field guide series ; 2)

Includes index.

ISBN 978-0-470-42965-5 (pbk.: acid-free paper); ISBN 978-0-470-90070-3 (ebk);

ISBN 978-0-470-90071-0 (ebk); ISBN 978-0-470-90072-7 (ebk)

1. Landscape construction—Designs and plans—Standards. 2. Garden structures—Designs and plans—Standards. I.Title.

TH4961.H67 2010

717—dc22

2010016941

Introduction

Welcome to Wiley's Graphic Standards Field Guide

We know that when you're on a jobsite or in a meeting, questions come up. Even the most seasoned professional may wish they could look up just that one piece of information that is just outside their instant recall or just beyond their current experience. There is a real need to make immediate on-site decisions—to access information on the spot, no matter where you are.

Graphic Standards Field Guide to Hardscape is designed to be a quick and portable reference for busy professionals like you. It focuses on just the information you need away from the design desk, no matter where you are.

Who This Book Is For

The connection between what happens in the design office and the project site (before, during, and after construction) is critical. Yet there is a trend toward creating a separation between office and site. This book attempts to bridge that gap and provide a hand field reference that will be a valuable resource on site visits.

If you're a landscape architect, designer, construction inspector or facilities manager involved in site work, this book is for you. This book contains the critical core information you'll need when working away from the office. It's like having the jobsite knowledge of your firm's most experienced professional in your pocket.

How This Book Is Organized

The content of this book is organized chronologically according to the sequence each of the topics would normally occur in a project. Each chapter covers a specific division, and includes topics appropriate to hardscape site design and construction. Use the chapter opening pages to find a specific topic within a division, or refer to the index to find exactly what you need.

Some of the material is geared toward preliminary site visits, assessing existing conditions, and factors to consider during design development. Some information will be valuable as the project moves into the preparation of contract documents. Other information on how the contractor executes the information provided on that contract drawings will be helpful during the construction phase.

Information on specific topics is presented in lists and tables, making it easy to find and reference quickly. Construction details and drawings, coupled with photographs, demonstrate standards and help you evaluate what you may encounter on-site.

Each topic contains the following sections:

Description: A brief overview of the topic, to provide some context.

Assessing Existing Conditions: Key things to look for when you're in the field that will help guide your decisions.

Acceptable Practices: Keys to what constitutes good quality work and references to industry standards.

Practices to Avoid: A quick list of what to look out for.

References: Look to this section for where to find more information about the topic within this book or in other sources.

This symbol indicates things you may see in the field that are good rules of thumb or acceptable practices.

How To Use This Book

The Field Guides are meant to go anywhere you go. Take them to meetings and site visits or keep one in the glove compartment just in case—the book is a handy reference to have on hand whenever you are away from the design desk and out of the office.

Use the Field Guides to:

Help a client evaluate a prospective property or site.Develop an existing conditions inventory and analysis.Define a project scope with site opportunities and constraints.Find information on unexpected on-site conditions.Remind yourself of possibilities and alternatives.Create a checklist to make sure you asked all the right questions during a site visit.Expand your expertise of construction practices.

Ultimately, a good design professional must have an understanding of the relationship that the existing conditions of the site and construction materials and practices have with every phase of the design process. Toward that end, this book attempts to strengthen that understanding.

About the Author

Leonard J. Hopper, FASLA, is a former project administrator for site improvements for the New York City Housing Authority. Currently, Hopper is a Senior Associate with Mark K. Morrison Landscape Architecture, PC in New York City. In the thirty years with NYCHA and the past four with Mark K. Morrison, Len has been responsible for all phases of design development, project management and construction administration across a broad spectrum of the profession. As a participant in the Sustainable Sites Initiative, Len served on a technical subcommittee that established guidelines and performance benchmarks that focus on documenting how sites can use natural elements in designs that provide human benefits as well as benefits to the environment and he continues to serve as a technical advisor to that group's ongoing efforts.

As a faculty member at The City College School of Architecture, Urban Design and Landscape Architecture, Masters in Landscape Architecture Program; at Columbia University, Masters of Science in Landscape Design Program; and at SUNY Farmingdale's Horticultural Technology Management Program, Len teaches the technology course sequence that includes site inventory and analysis, grading, soil science, storm water management, soil erosion and sediment control, construction materials and details.

Len served as Editor-in-Chief of Landscape Architectural Graphic Standards and Landscape Architectural Graphic Standards, Student Edition and author of Security and Site Design (all from Wiley).

Len Hopper is an active member of the American Society of Landscape Architects, serving as National President for 2000–2001. He served as President of the Landscape Architecture Foundation for 2005–2006. In recognition of his accomplishments and contributions, Len received an award for “Outstanding Leadership on Issues Affecting Urban Design, Rehabilitation and Policy” by the Landscape Architecture Foundation in 1993. He was elected to ASLA's Council of Fellows in 1994 and was recipient of the ASLA President's Medal in 2005.

About Graphic Standards

First Published in 1932, Architectural Graphic Standards (AGS) is a comprehensive source of architectural and building design data and construction details.

Now in its Eleventh Edition, AGS has sold more than one million copies and has become one of the most influential and indispensable tools of the trade for architects, builders, draftsmen, engineers and students, interior designers, real estate professionals and many others. The entire family of Graphic Standards resources is ready to help you in your work. In recent years the franchise has expanded to include Interior Graphic Standards, Planning and Urban Design Standards, and the most recent publication, Landscape Architectural Graphic Standards. Each of these major references follows in the tradition of Architectural Graphic Standards and is the first source of comprehensive design data for any design or construction project. Explore what these products have to offer, and see how quickly they become an essential part of your practice.

Visit www.graphicstandards.com for more information.

Acknowledgments

This book would never have been completed without the patience, support and gentle prodding of my Editor, Kathryn Malm Bourgoine and the help whenever I needed it from her assistant Lauren Poplowski. You could not ask for two better people to work with.

Many thanks to my family who had to share vacation time with me typing away on the computer to meet a deadline. And especially my wife Cindy, who kept the music playing and the beer cold in the most hectic of times. I could not have written this book without their generous sharing of my time and their constant support.

Part I

EXISTING CONDITIONS

Chapter 1

Site Survey

Site Inventory and ObservationsPhotographic Information

Site Inventory and Observations

Description

A site inventory and observations are integral to the design process. Some of the things they provide are:

Document and evaluate the condition of existing context and site features as part of the development of a base plan.Provide a basis for the development of the site's opportunities and constraints.Observe and document any social or cultural factors that should be considered during the design development phase.Provide up-to-date site information in order to prepare accurate contract documents.

Assessing Site Conditions

In order to accurately assess existing site conditions, several visits to the site may be necessary throughout the various phases of the project, often with a different focus, depending on what phase the project is currently in. Site visits at various times of the day, days of the week and seasons of the year, and in varying weather conditions, may be required to gain a comprehensive picture of how the site may be used. Take plenty of field notes and document existing conditions with photos (see Photographic Information topic).

Some observations of user behavior and analysis can help to understand a site. An observation should indicate adjacent buildings, their use, entries and views into and from the project area.

Observing a space for visible clues as to what users do—and don't do—which can be done even when no one is present. Clues such as:

Cigarette butts around a bench;A short-cut path worn across a lawn;Raised gardening beds full of weeds.

All tell a story. The location of these clues should be included on a site plan.

A systematic observation and recording of actual use should be scheduled at different hours of the day and different days of the week. Times and days might be determined in consultation with staff (at a staffed facility), or by casual observation at a more public facility, to ensure the major use periods are being covered. For each observation period, record all that is happening, as follows:

Locate on a site plan the exact location of each userNumber each of the located usersRecord against numbers in a field notebook the age, gender, and activity of each userAdd arrows to indicate movement. Circle designated users to indicate people in a group

It is important to use a new copy of the site plan for each visit, as these activity maps will be used like stop frames in a movie. When all the observations are completed, the data can be aggregated onto one comprehensive site plan (typical pattern of use), aggregated by different variables (e.g., dot map of male/female use, adult/child use), displayed as bar graphs (e.g., of different activities, overall use by adults/teens/children), or displayed as a line graph (e.g., use throughout day). All the data recorded by this method is quantitative and is much more accurate than asking people.

However, this form of observation provides no information as to what people feel—why they come to this place. Interviews with users are essential to learn why they come to the space, how often they come, what they like, what they'd like to change, whether they feel different after being there (if yes, what it is about the place that helps them feel different). There are two basic ways of wording questions in an interview: multiple choice or open-ended. It is good to use both types.

An example of a multiple-choice question is: “Do you come here more than once a day/once a day/once every few days/about once a week/less often?” You check the appropriate box corresponding to the response on the interview form; data is quantitative.An open-ended question might ask, “How do you feel after spending time in the garden?” Write down all that the respondent says. This provides richer, more qualitative answers.

Acceptable Practices

The physical site features should be inventoried and evaluated. Record quantity, condition (good, fair, poor), location, and any remarks for each of the site elements. Examples of site elements include but are not limited to: adjacent land use; public transportation; recreation equipment; curbs; walls; fence; etc.

Practices to Avoid

Avoid rushing through a site visit. Well spent time during a site visit is always better than having to make repeat visits to gather information that could be gathered in a single, comprehensive site visit.Avoid scheduling too little time for a site visit. Often, a good deal of information can be gathered about how a site is being used, by just spending some time there and observing what takes place during the course of a day.Avoid making quick judgments about how a site is used based on one limited visit.

Photographic Information

Description

Photo documentation of every phase of a project, from existing conditions through completion, can save time, money, help answer questions and provide a basis for resolving disputes. With digital photography and the ease of storing photos, it is always better to take more photos than less.

The hardest photo to take is the existing condition “before” shot, after the project has been completed.

A systematic approach to site photography will provide an organized catalogue of photos that will be easy to access, as the need arises. An organized library of photos can provide many advantages, some of which include:

A documentation of existing conditions prior to the start of construction.A good reference during the preparation of contract documents that can minimize additional site visits.Help respond to requests for information from contractors during the bidding process.Help respond to questions during the construction process.Confirm construction practices and document conformance or deviations with the contract documents.Resolve disputes and provide accountability, such as whether damage to existing site elements to remain occurred during the construction process.Documentation of how site elements have been constructed as well as underground utilities that will not be visible after the project has been completed.Provide before and after pictures of the project. After a project is completed, it is very easy to quickly forget how the site looked prior to the project being undertaken.

Do not limit your photos to just your site. Document existing conditions of adjacent sites, sidewalks and streets, in detail, as often issues are raised by other owners during the construction process.

Figure 1.1 Existing wall on adjacent property documenting condition before the start of construction.

A camera with 6 megapixels or more is sufficient for almost all project photo documentation. An image can be zoomed in on the computer screen to a fairly high level of quality before becoming too pixilated. The highest optical zoom will help with detailed photos and close-ups, more so than digital zoom, which provides less digital quality. Most all cameras have variable quality settings that can be adjusted.

Figure 1.2 Existing Sidewalk Adjacent to Site. Documenting the Existing Trees, Street Light and Utility Pole Provides Information that can Prove Helpful throughout all Phases of the Project.

With higher megapixel cameras, it is best to shoot most photos at a medium setting, to keep the digital file size manageable for attachments to e-mails, which is often necessary for quick sharing of photos.

Assessing Site Conditions

Photographs taken during an initial site visit, as part of preparing a proposal or starting a design project, should be comprehensive and detailed. Think ahead and take photos that can be used later to create a digital visualization of your proposed design. As the design is not yet developed during these early visits, all design opportunities of the existing site should be photographed.

There can be a tendency to take many overall photos but not many detailed photos. This can lead to trips back to the site to confirm information that could have been contained in the initial photo series. Particularly useful can be photos that document specific details like whether a fence is installed in a curb or individual footings, is a curb or pavement in good shape or poor shape, is the pavement sinking in a particular area, does the drain appear to be clogged, etc. These are all examples of the type of photos that can help inform decisions during the schematic, design development and construction documentation phases.

Detailed photos that document the condition of existing site elements to remain and be protected can be invaluable if a question arises as to whether something was damaged during construction.

Whenever possible or appropriate, notes should accompany photos to explain why a particular photo is being taken. In the field, being able to note important information quickly is key. For specifically taken photos, note the date, time, photo number, location, and description or reason the photo is being taken and why it is important. Develop a set of abbreviations to make this process go quickly in the field and expand those notes once back in the office.

Figure 1.3Photos of existing conditions and proposed design visualizations.

Source: Photos Courtesy of Mark K. Morrison Associates

Figure 1.3

Figure 1.4 Detailed Photos are Useful during the Design Development Phase. Here the Overview Photo Shows the Corner Condition in Context With a Detailed Close-Up of the Wall Condition.

Figure 1.4

Although identifying the location and direction a photo is being taken on a site plan is very helpful, this can be time consuming and not every photo needs that level of detail. Another approach is to take the site photos sequentially as you walk through the site, including enough context to relate the photo back to the plan and identify any close-up detail photos and their location. In this way, you can identify locations and elements on the site plan back at the office, just as if you were walking through the site with the plan in your hand.

Acceptable Practices

A project should be photo documented throughout all phases of a project, including but not limited to:

Community or scope meetingsExisting site prior to design or constructionExisting conditions at time of bidSite preparation, access, staging areas, safety and security measuresDemolition and removalsUnderground or unforeseen conditionsMaterials delivered to the siteExcavation, compaction, installation of new materialsFormwork and reinforcingProgress photos at regular intervals during the construction phaseCompleted project and any ribbon cutting or opening ceremonies

It is advisable to make sure the time and date stamp feature of your camera is set properly (but not to be displayed on the image). It is also a good idea to note weather-related factors that can be a factor during construction and provide important and comprehensive back-up for the photos. Saving the digital photos in computer folders labeled chronologically and by category can save time when needing to look back for specific photo documentation.

A set of existing site photos, progress photos during construction and completed project photos, all taken from the same vantage point, can be very valuable for comparison purposes. Be aware of where previous photos have been taken from and take subsequent photos from the same location and in the same direction.

Figure 1.5a

Figure 1.5b

Figure 1.5c Photos of existing conditions (Figure 1.5a), during construction (Figure 1.5b), and this photo after completion taken from relatively the same location and in the same direction.

Figure 1.6 Using a Ruler to Confirm Measurements in the Field can be Very Effective, Particularly when Coupled with the Ability to Zoom in Closer with a Digital Image.

For detailed photos and close-ups provide a ruler or object (like a pen) for scale and measurement. Photo documentation of specific measurements can provide valuable information and back-up during all phases of the project

Practices to Avoid

Do not delay downloading your photos, take care of this task as soon as possible.Do not just download photos without organizing them into specific folders.Do not set the camera to record the date and time on the image, this time stamp can cover important information that you may need to see.

References

Other Resources:

Landscape Architectural Graphic Standards, First Edition, Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2007.

Part II

TEMPORARY CONSTRUCTION INSTALLATIONS

Chapter 2

Temporary Access Roads and Parking

Temporary Access Roads and Parking AreasStaging Areas

Temporary Access Roads and Parking Areas

Description

All site construction projects require access to the site for equipment required to build the project. The need for temporary access roads and parking areas will vary based on the size and complexity of the scope of work.