Green Chemistry and Engineering E-Book

Anne E. Marteel-Parrish

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 601

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2013

Beschreibung

Promotes a green approach to chemistry and chemical engineering for a sustainable planet With this text as their guide, students will gain a new outlook on chemistry and engineering. The text fully covers introductory concepts in general, organic, inorganic, and analytical chemistry as well as biochemistry. At the same time, it integrates such concepts as greenhouse gas potential, alternative and renewable energy, solvent selection and recovery, and ecotoxicity. As a result, students learn how to design chemical products and processes that are sustainable and environmentally friendly. Green Chemistry and Engineering presents the green approach as an essential tool for tackling problems in chemistry. A novel feature of the text is its integration of introductory engineering concepts, making it easier for students to move from fundamental science to applications. Throughout this text, the authors integrate several features to help students understand and apply basic concepts in general chemistry as well as green chemistry, including: * Comparisons of the environmental impact of traditional chemistry approaches with green chemistry approaches * Analyses of chemical processes in the context of life-cycle principles, demonstrating how chemistry fits within the complex supply chain * Applications of green chemistry that are relevant to students' lives and professional aspirations * Examples of successful green chemistry endeavors, including Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge winners * Case studies that encourage students to use their critical thinking skills to devise green chemistry solutions Upon completing this text, students will come to understand that chemistry is not antithetical to sustainability, but rather, with the application of green principles, chemistry is the means to a sustainable planet.

Leseprobe

Contents

PREFACE

1 UNDERSTANDING THE ISSUES

1.1 A BRIEF HISTORY OF CHEMISTRY

1.2 TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY CHEMISTRY, aka GREEN CHEMISTRY

1.3 LAYOUT OF THE BOOK

REFERENCES

2 PRINCIPLES OF GREEN CHEMISTRY AND GREEN ENGINEERING

2.1 INTRODUCTION

2.2 GREEN CHEMISTRY

2.3 GREEN ENGINEERING

2.4 SUSTAINABILITY

REFERENCES

3 CHEMISTRY AS AN UNDERLYING FORCE IN ECOSYSTEM INTERACTIONS

3.1 NATURE AND THE ENVIRONMENT

3.2 POLLUTION PREVENTION (P2)

3.3 ECOTOXICOLOGY

3.4 ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT ANALYSIS

3.5 WHAT CAN YOU DO TO MAKE A DIFFERENCE?

REFERENCES

4 MATTER: THE HEART OF GREEN CHEMISTRY

4.1 MATTER: DEFINITION, CLASSIFICATION, AND THE PERIODIC TABLE

4.2 ATOMIC STRUCTURE

4.3 THREE STATES OF MATTER

4.4 MOLECULAR AND IONIC COMPOUNDS

4.5 CHEMICAL REACTIONS

4.6 MIXTURES, ACIDS, AND BASES

REFERENCES

5 CHEMICAL REACTIONS

5.1 DEFINITION OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND BALANCING OF CHEMICAL EQUATIONS

5.2 CHEMICAL REACTIONS AND QUANTITIES OF REACTANTS AND PRODUCTS

5.3 PATTERNS OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS

5.4 EFFECTIVENESS AND EFFICIENCY OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS: YIELD VERSUS ATOM ECONOMY

REFERENCE

6 KINETICS, CATALYSIS, AND REACTION ENGINEERING

6.1 BASIC CONCEPT OF RATE

6.2 ROLE OF INDUSTRIAL AND BIOLOGICAL CATALYSTS

6.3 REACTION ENGINEERING

6.4 SUMMARY

REFERENCES

7 THERMODYNAMICS, SEPARATIONS, AND EQUILIBRIUM

7.1 IDEAL GASES

7.2 THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

7.3 IDEAL GAS CALCULATIONS

7.4 ENTROPY AND THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS

7.5 REAL GAS PROPERTIES

7.6 THE PHASE DIAGRAM

7.7 EQUILIBRIUM

7.8 SOLUBILITY OF A GAS IN A LIQUID

7.9 SOLUBILITY OF A SOLID IN A LIQUID

7.10 SUMMARY

REFERENCES

8 RENEWABLE MATERIALS

8.1 INTRODUCTION

8.2 RENEWABLE FEEDSTOCKS

8.3 APPLICATIONS OF RENEWABLE MATERIALS

8.4 CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

9 CURRENT AND FUTURE STATE OF ENERGY PRODUCTION AND CONSUMPTION

9.1 INTRODUCTION

9.2 BASIC THERMODYNAMIC FUNCTIONS AND APPLICATIONS

9.3 OTHER CHEMICAL PROCESSES FOR ENERGY TRANSFER

9.4 RENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY IN THE 21st CENTURY AND BEYOND

9.5 CONCLUDING THOUGHTS ABOUT SOURCES OF ENERGY AND THEIR FUTURE

REFERENCES

10 THE ECONOMICS OF GREEN AND SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY

10.1 INTRODUCTION

10.2 CHEMICAL MANUFACTURING AND ECONOMIC THEORY

10.3 ECONOMIC IMPACT OF GREEN CHEMISTRY

10.4 BUSINESS STRATEGIES REGARDING APPLICATION OF GREEN CHEMISTRY

10.5 INCORPORATION OF GREEN CHEMISTRY IN PROCESS DESIGN FOR SUSTAINABILITY

10.6 CASE STUDIES DEMONSTRATING THE ECONOMIC BENEFITS OF GREEN CHEMISTRY AND DESIGN

10.7 SUMMARY

REFERENCES

11 GREEN CHEMISTRY AND TOXICOLOGY

11.1 INTRODUCTION

11.2 FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF TOXICOLOGY

11.3 IDENTIFYING CHEMICALS OF CONCERN

11.4 TOXICOLOGY DATA

11.5 COMPUTATIONAL TOXICOLOGY AND GREEN CHEMISTRY

11.6 APPLICATIONS OF TOXICOLOGY INTO GREEN CHEMISTRY INITIATIVES

11.7 FUTURE PERSPECTIVES

REFERENCES

INDEX

Cover design: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Cover images: © Martin A. Abraham and Elizabeth C. Abraham

Copyright © 2014 by the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Inc.

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey. All rights reserved

Published simultaneously in Canada

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

Marteel-Parrish, Anne E.    Green chemistry and engineering : a pathway to sustainability / Anne E. Marteel-Parrish, Department of Chemistry, Washington College; Martin A. Abraham, College of Science, Technology,Engineering, and Mathematics, Youngstown State University.         pages cm    Includes bibliographical references and index.

    ISBN 978-0-470-41326-5 (hardback)1. Environmental chemistry–Industrial applications. I. Martin A. Abraham. II. Title.    TP155.2.E58A27 2014    660.6′3–dc23

2013011104

Printed in the United States of America

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

I dedicate this book to Damon Parrish, Ph.D., my endlessly supportive and patient husband, and to Martin and Marie, my two children and best accomplishments in life. Without them I would not be the person I am today.

I thank Sara Martin, Washington College Chemistry major 2014, and Damon Parrish for their assistance with the figures.

Anne E. Marteel-Parrish, Chestertown, MD, January 2013

I dedicate this book to my parents, Sam and Barbara Abraham, who have always been supportive of my goals and aspirations. They have encouraged me to dream big and reassured me that I could achieve anything that I wanted. I further dedicate this book to my family, my wife Nancy, and my children Elizabeth and Josh, who have put up with my long hours in the lab and the office. Without their support, none of this would have been possible.

Martin A. Abraham, Youngstown, OH, January 2013

PREFACE

When green chemistry was first described in 1998 through the publication of Green Chemistry: Theory and Practice by Paul Anastas and John Warner, nobody could have predicted the role that it would play today in the world’s politics, economics, and education.

The success of green chemistry has been driven by academia, industry, and governmental agencies. It is a central theme within the American Chemical Society and the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, the professional societies for chemists and chemical engineers, and leading organizations that will determine the future of our professions.

The importance of education in driving the future of our profession cannot be understated. The future generations of scientists and engineers, our students of today, who learn chemistry from a green chemistry point of view, will be able to make connections between real-world issues and the challenges that chemistry presents to the environment, and to understand environmentally preferable solutions that overcome these challenges.

This book provides the springboard for students to be exposed to green chemistry and green engineering, the understanding of which will lead to greater sustainability. As Paul Anastas mentioned: “Green chemistry is one of the most fundamental and powerful tools to use on the path to sustainability. In fact, without green chemistry and green engineering, I don’t know of a path to sustainability.”

This book is aimed at students who want to learn about chemistry and engineering from an environmentally friendly point of view. This book can be used in the first undergraduate course in general chemistry and would be appropriate for a two-semester sequence to allow a more complete understanding of the role of chemistry in society. Portions of this text would be suitable as the basis for a one-semester introductory course on the principles of science and engineering for nontechnical majors, as well.

This book gives students a new outlook on chemistry and engineering in general. While covering the essential concepts offered in a typical introductory course for science and engineering majors, it also incorporates the more fascinating applications derived from green chemistry. This book spans the breadth of general, organic, inorganic, analytical, and biochemistry with applications to environmental and materials science. A novel component is the integration of introductory engineering concepts, allowing the reader to move from the fundamental science included in a typical course into the application areas. As much as the excitement of green chemistry and green engineering occurs at the interface between science and engineering, it is that interface at which we aimed our attention.

This book is divided in three main areas: the first three chapters introduce the birth of green chemistry (Chapter 1), fundamental principles of green chemistry and green engineering (Chapter 2), and the role of chemistry as an underlying force in ecosystem interactions (Chapter 3). After having been provided the foundation of green chemistry and engineering, readers will realize how applications of green chemistry and engineering are relevant while acquiring knowledge about matter, the atomic structure, different types of compounds, and an introduction to chemical reactions (Chapter 4). Readers will also discover the different types of reactions and the quantitative aspect of chemistry in reactions and processes (Chapter 5), while learning about the role of kinetics and catalysis in chemical processes (Chapter 6) and the role of thermodynamics and equilibrium in multiphase systems and processes (Chapter 7). The last four chapters look into novel applications of green chemistry and engineering through the use of renewable materials (Chapter 8) and through the current and future state of energy production and consumption (Chapter 9), while unveiling the relationship between green chemistry and economics (Chapter 10). The importance of toxicology to green chemistry, and the identification of hazards and risks from chemicals to ecological, wildlife, and human health targets conclude this book (Chapter 11).

We hope that this book will enlighten students’ perception about chemistry and engineering and will demonstrate the benefits of pursuing a career in the chemical sciences, while contributing to their knowledge of sustainability for our planet and its well-being for our future generations.

ANNE E. MARTEEL-PARRISHMARTIN A. ABRAHAM

1

UNDERSTANDING THE ISSUES

1.1 A BRIEF HISTORY OF CHEMISTRY

Chemistry (from Egyptian kēme (chem), meaning “earth”[1]) is the science concerned with the composition, structure, and properties of matter, as well as the changes it undergoes during chemical reactions.

Chemists and chemical engineers have the tools to design essential molecules, and impart particular properties to these molecules so they play their expected role in an efficient and standalone manner. Chemicals are used throughout industry, research laboratories, and also in our own homes. Discoveries and development of fundamental chemical transformations contribute to longer, healthier, and happier lives. We need chemistry and chemicals to live.

However, chemophobia and the unnatural perception that all chemicals are bad have origins in the remote past, but are still in people’s minds today. The following historical background sheds some light on the evolution of the environmental movement.

1.1.1 Fermentation: An Ancient Chemical Process

Fermentation, an original chemical process that was discovered in ancient times, led to the production of wine and beer. With relatively crude techniques, a simple enzyme contained in yeast was found to catalyze the conversion of sugar into alcohol. Control of the ingredients in the fermentation broth would impact the flavor of the alcohol, and the effectiveness of the conversion was controlled by the length of time the fermentation was allowed to proceed and the temperature of the reaction.

Today, ethyl alcohol, acetic acid, and penicillin are produced through fermentation processes. Separation of the product (which is usually a dilute species in an aqueous solvent) and recycle of the enzyme is required to make these processes operate economically.

1.1.2 The Advent of Modern Chemistry

In the 19th century chemistry was viewed as the “central discipline” around which physics and biology gravitated. The medical revolution with the synthesis of drugs and antibiotics coupled with the development of chemicals protecting crops and the expansion of organic chemistry in every aspect of life increased the life expectancy from 47 years in 1900 to 75 years in the 1990s and to over 80 years in 2007.

Chemistry has contributed greatly to improve the quality of human life. For many years, manufacturers took the approach that the world is big and chemical production is relatively small, so chemicals could be absorbed by the environment without effect. The high value of the chemicals produced created an atmosphere in which the manufacturers believed that successful production was the only concern, and control of their waste stream was irrelevant to success. Eventually, the public developed concerns about the impact of chemicals on health and the environment.

1.1.3 Chemistry in the 20th Century: The Growth of Modern Processes

In the 20th century the growth of chemical and allied industries was unprecedented and represented the major source of exports in the most powerful nations in the world. Among some of the major exports were chemicals derived from the petrochemical, agricultural, and pharmaceutical industries.

1.1.3.1 Petrochemical Processes

In the 19th century, oil was discovered. Originally extracted and refined to produce paraffin for lamps and heating, oil was rapidly adopted as a source of energy in motor cars. Eventually, techniques were developed that allowed oil to be converted to chemicals, and its availability and financial accessibility allowed the petrochemical industry to grow at a tremendous rate. Developments in the modern plastics, rubbers, and fibers industries led to significant demand growth for synthetic materials.

TABLE 1.1. End Products Made from Common Hydrocarbons

Hydrocarbons

Trade Names

Consumer Products

Ethylene (C

2

H

4

)

Polyethylene (Polythene)

Plastic bags, wire and cable, packaging containers, plastic kitchen items, toys

Propylene (C

3

H

6

)

Polypropylene (Vectra, Herculon)

Carpets, yogurt pots, household cleaners’ bottles, electrical appliances, rope

Butadiene (C

4

H

6

)

Copolymers with butadiene named Nipol, Kyrnac, Europrene

Synthetic rubber for automobile tires, footwear, golf balls

Benzene (C

6

H

6

)

Polystyrene

Insulation, cups, packaging for carry-out foods

Toluene (C

7

H

8

)

Polyurethanes

Furniture, bedding, footwear, varnishes, adhesives

Paraxylene (C

8

H

10

)

Polyesters

Clothes, tapes, water and soft drink bottles

Fossil resources, which include oil, natural gas, and coal, are the major sources of chemical products impacting our modern lives. Hydrocarbons, the principal components of fossil resources, can be transformed through a number of refining processes to more valuable products. One of these processes is called cracking, in which the long carbon chains are cracked (broken down) into smaller and more useful fractions. After these fractions are sorted out, they become the building blocks of the petrochemical industry such as olefins (ethylene, propylene, and butadiene) and aromatics (benzene, toluene, and xylenes). These new hydrocarbon products are then transformed into the final consumer products. gives examples of some end products made from hydrocarbons.