Green Energy to Sustainability: Strategies for Global Industries E-Book
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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
- Sprache: Englisch
Reviews the latest advances in biofuel manufacturing technologies and discusses the deployment of other renewable energy for transportation
Aimed at providing an interface useful to business and scientific managers, this book focuses on the key challenges that still impede the realization of the billion-ton renewable fuels vision. It places great emphasis on a global view of the topic, reviewing deployment and green energy technology in different countries across Africa, Asia, South America, the EU, and the USA. It also integrates scientific, technological, and business development perspectives to highlight the key developments that are necessary for the global replacement of fossil fuels with green energy solutions.
Green Energy to Sustainability: Strategies for Global Industries examines the most recent developments in biofuel manufacturing technologies in light of business, financial, value chain, and supply chain concerns. It also covers the use of other renewable energy sources like solar energy for transportation and proposes a view of the challenges over the next two to five decades, and how these will deeply modify the industrial world in the third millennium. The coming of age of electric vehicles is also looked at, as is the impact of their deployment on the biomass to biofuels value chain.
- Offers extensive updates on the field of green energy for global industries
- Covers the structure of the energy business; chemicals and diesel from biomass; ethanol and butanol; hydrogen and methane; and more
- Provides an expanded focus on the next generation of energy technologies
- Reviews the latest advances in biofuel manufacturing technologies
- Integrates scientific, technological and business perspectives
- Highlights important developments needed for replacing fossil fuels with green energy
Green Energy to Sustainability: Strategies for Global Industries will appeal to academic researchers working on the production of fuels from renewable feedstocks and those working in green and sustainable chemistry, and chemical/process engineering. It is also an excellent textbook for courses in bioprocessing technology, renewable resources, green energy, and sustainable chemistry.
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Seitenzahl: 1586
Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2020
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Table of Contents
Cover
Dedication
About the Editors
List of Contributors
Foreword
Preface
Part I: Structure of the Energy Business
1 Economic Growth and the Global Energy Demand
1.1 Historical Context and Relationship Between Energy and Development
1.2 Conceptual Framework for Pathways of Energy Use
1.3 World Population Trends and Prospects
1.4 Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and Economic Growth
1.5 Global Energy Development
1.6 Global Emissions of Greenhouse Gases
1.7 Linkages Between Kaya Factors
1.8 Development of Energy Investment
1.9 Conditions for Energy Transition and Decarbonization
1.10 Perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
2 The Energy Mix in Japan Post‐Fukushima
2.1 Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions by Japan
2.2 Energy Dependence
2.3 The Energy Policy of Japan
2.4 Paris Agreement
2.5 Prospective Energy Demand
2.6 Improvement in Energy Efficiency
2.7 Reduction of CO2 Emission in Electric Generation
2.8 Development of New Technologies for Decreasing GHG Emissions
2.9 Production and Use of Bioethanol in Japan
2.10 Production and Use of Hydrocarbons in Japan
2.11 Production and Use of Hydrogen in Japan
2.12 Contributions of the Japanese Government to Fundamental Research and Development
2.13 Perspectives
References
3 Green Energy in Africa, Asia, and South America
3.1 Introduction
3.2 South America
3.3 Africa
3.4 Southeast Asia
3.5 China
3.6 Global Perspectives
References
4 The Development of Solar Energy Generation Technologies and Global Production Capabilities
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Sunlight and Photosynthesis
4.3 Photovoltaic Devices
4.4 Overview of Solar Photovoltaic Applications
4.5 Perspectives
References
5 Recent Trends, Opportunities and Challenges of Sustainable Aviation Fuel
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Overview of the Jet Fuel Market
5.3 Assessment of Environmental Policy and Economic Factors Affecting the Aviation Industry
5.4 Current Activities Around Biojet in the Aviation Industry
5.5 Challenges of Future Biojet Fuel Development
5.6 Perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
6 The Environmental Impact of Pollution Prevention and Other Sustainable Development Strategies Implemented by the Automotive Manufacturing Industry
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Overview of the Automotive Manufacturing Industry
6.3 Chemicals and Chemical Waste in Automotive Manufacturing
6.4 Pollution Prevention in Automotive Manufacturing
6.5 Perspectives
Disclaimer
References
7 The Global Demand for Biofuels and Biotechnology‐Derived Commodity Chemicals: Technologies, Markets, and Challenges
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Overview of Global Energy Demand
7.3 Petroleum Demand and Petroleum Products for Potential Replacement by Bioproducts
7.4 Role of Biofuels and Biobased Chemicals in Renewable Energy Demand
7.5 Achieving Petroleum Replacement with Biobased Fuels and Chemicals
7.6 Projections of Global Demand for Biobased Fuels and Chemicals
7.7 Potential Impacts on Price of Transportation Fuels and Chemicals Assuming Various Scenarios of World Economic Growth
7.8 Projection of Energy‐Related CO2 Emissions With or Without Remediation Technology
7.9 Government Impact on Demand for Biofuels and Biobased Chemicals
7.10 Perspectives
References
Part II: Chemicals and Transportation Fuels from Biomass
8 Sustainable Platform Chemicals from Biomass
8.1 Introduction
8.2 2‐Carbon
8.3 3‐Carbon
8.4 4‐Carbon
8.5 5‐Carbon
8.6 6‐Carbon
8.7 Perspectives
References
9 Biofuels from Microalgae and Seaweeds: Potentials of Industrial Scale Production
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Biofuels
9.3 Biofuels from Microalgae and Seaweeds
9.4 Recent Developments in Algae Processing Technologies
9.5 Potential for Industrial Scale Production
9.6 Progresses in the Commercial Production of Alga‐Based Biofuels
9.7 Perspectives
References
10 Advanced Fermentation Technologies: Conversion of Biomass to Ethanol by Organisms Other than Yeasts, a Case for
Escherichia coli
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Zymomonas mobilis
10.3 Escherichia coli
10.4 Osmotic Stress of High Sugar Concentration
10.5 Inhibitor‐Tolerant Ethanologenic E. coli
10.6 Engineering Bacterial Biocatalysts Other than E. coli for the Production of Ethanol Using the PDC/ADH Pathway
10.7 Ethanol Production by Non‐PDC Pathways
10.8 Partition of Carbon at the Pyruvate Node
10.9 Other Metabolic Pathways that Contribute to Ethanol Production
10.10 Perspectives
Acknowledgements
References
11 Clostridia and Process Engineering for Energy Generation*
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Recent Technological Advances
11.3 Economic Modelling and Case Study
11.4 Perspectives
Acknowledgements
References
12 Fuel Ethanol Production from Lignocellulosic Materials Using Recombinant Yeasts
12.1 Review of Current Fuel Ethanol Production
12.2 Evolution of Cost of Cellulosic Ethanol Production
12.3 Technological Opportunities to Reduce Cellulosic Ethanol Production Costs
12.4 Perspectives: Approaches to Optimize the Use of Lignocellulosic and Waste Materials as Feedstocks
References
13 Enzymes for Cellulosic Biomass Hydrolysis and Saccharification
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Glycosyl Hydrolases: General Structure and Mechanism
13.3 The Cellulase Enzyme System
13.4 The Hemicellulase Enzyme System
13.5 Microorganisms for Biomass Hydrolysis
13.6 Perspectives
Acknowledgement
References
14 Life Cycle Assessment of Biofuels and Green Commodity Chemicals
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
14.3 The Origin and Principles of Life Cycle Assessment
14.4 Developing a Life Cycle Assessment
14.5 Scope of the Life Cycle Assessment: Attributional verses Consequential
14.6 Biofuels and Green Commodity Chemicals
14.7 Feedstocks for Biofuels
14.8 Conversion of Feedstock
14.9 Supply Chain and Logistics
14.10 Using LCA as a Tool to Assess GHG Emissions and Other Impacts Associated with Bioethanol Production and Supply
14.11 Discussion on the Suitability of LCA
14.12 Perspectives: Moving Forward with the LCA Concept
References
Part III: Hydrogen and Methane
15 Biotechnological Production of Fuel Hydrogen and Its Market Deployment
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Hydrogen Production Through Dark Fermentation
15.3 Hydrogen Production Through Photofermentation
15.4 Hydrogen Production by Combined Systems
15.5 Perspectives
Acknowledgements
References
16 Deployment of Biogas Production Technologies in Emerging Countries
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Types of Feedstock
16.3 Pretreatment Technologies of Anaerobic Digestion Feedstocks
16.4 Full‐scale Implementation Status of Anaerobic Digestion in Developing Countries
16.5 Perspectives
References
17 Hydrogen Production by Algae
17.1 Importance of Hydrogen Production
17.2 Hydrogen Producing Microorganisms
17.3 Hydrogen Producing Algae (Macro–Micro) Species
17.4 Production of Biohydrogen Through Fermentation
17.5 Technologies (Solar Algae Fuel Cell/Microbial Fuel Cell)
17.6 Possibility of Commercial Production of Hydrogen
17.7 Perspectives and Future Implications of Algae in Biotechnology
References
18 Production and Utilization of Methane Biogas as Renewable Fuel
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Anaerobic Digestion
18.3 Mechanism of Anaerobic Digestion
18.4 Significant Factors Influencing Anaerobic Digestion
18.5 Strategies Applied to Enhance Microalgae Methane Biogas Production
18.6 Utilization of Methane Biogas as a Renewable Fuel
18.7 Perspectives
References
Part IV: Perspectives
19 Integrated Biorefineries for the Production of Bioethanol, Biodiesel, and Other Commodity Chemicals
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Types of Biorefineries
19.3 Biorefinery Platforms
19.4 Integrated Biorefineries
19.5 Coproducts
19.6 Integrating Ethanol and Biodiesel Refineries
19.7 Economical Aspects
19.8 Perspectives
References
20 Lignocellulosic Crops as Sustainable Raw Materials for Bioenergy
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Major Lignocellulosic Industrial Crops
20.3 Social, Economic and Environmental Aspects in Sustainability Criteria
20.4 Processing Alternatives for Lignocellulosic Bioenergy Crops
20.5 Filling the Gap: From Farm to Industry
20.6 Perspectives
References
21 Industrial Waste Valorization: Applications to the Case of Liquid Biofuels
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Types of Industrial Waste for Biofuel Production
21.3 Ethanol Production
21.4 Butanol
21.5 Biodiesel
21.6 Perspectives
References
22 The Environmental Impact of Pollution Prevention, Sustainable Energy Generation, and Other Sustainable Development Strategies Implemented by the Food Manufacturing Sector
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Overview of the Food Manufacturing Industry
22.3 Chemicals and Chemical Wastes in the Food Manufacturing Industry
22.4 Pollution Prevention in Food Manufacturing
22.5 Perspectives
Disclaimer
References
23 Financing Strategies for Sustainable Bioenergy and the Commodity Chemicals Industry
23.1 The Current Financing Scenario at Global Level
23.2 Ethanol Biofuel Industry – An Overview
23.3 Bio‐Based Industry – Current Status and Future Potential
23.4 Financing and Investment Strategy for Bio‐Based Industries
23.5 Perspectives and Sustainable Financing Approach – Change in Wall Street Mindset in the Valuation of Bio‐Based Industries
Acknowledgements
References
24 Corporate Social Responsibility and Corporate Sustainability as Forces of Change
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)
24.3 From CSR to Corporate Sustainability
24.4 Perspectives
References
25 The Industrial World in the Twenty‐First Century
25.1 Introduction: Energy and Sustainability
25.2 Transportation in the Twenty‐First Century: A Carbon Tax Story
25.3 Cities of Change
25.4 The Chemical Industry Revisited
25.5 Paradigm Changes in Modes of Consumption
25.6 International Action for Curbing the Pollution of the Atmosphere Commons: The Case of CFCs and the Ozone Layer
25.7 Social Activism as an Engine of Change: Requiem for a Wonderful World
25.8 Perspectives: A Brave New World
References
Index
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
Chapter 1
Table 1.1 Real GDP growth by region (compound average annual growth rates for...
Table 1.2 World total primary energy consumption by region for selected past ...
Table 1.3 Relationship between energy consumption (EC) and economic growth fo...
Chapter 5
Table 5.1 Approved biojet fuels specifications (ASTM Committee 2017).
Table 5.2 Feedstock elemental composition (Baedecker et al. 1993; Bilba et al...
Table 5.3 Events in carbon emission reduction development.
Table 5.4 Comparison of characteristics of ethanol and biodiesel.
Table 5.5 Interests in biojet fuel by commercial airlines and oil refinery (B...
Table 5.6 Selected flight tests with biojet fuels through different commercia...
Table 5.7 Feedstock availability, pricing, and potential biojet production (L...
Chapter 6
Table 6.1 GHG emissions from automobile operation in the United States (MMT C...
Table 6.2 TRI reporting overview for automotive manufacturing, 2015.
Table 6.3 Examples of alternatives for vehicle components.
Table 6.4 Example descriptions of source reduction activities reported by aut...
Table 6.5 Example descriptions of barriers to source reduction reported to TR...
Table 6.6 Top 10 chemicals for which the largest quantities of waste managed ...
Chapter 7
Table 7.1 Global energy consumption (quadrillion Btu) by country grouping, 20...
Table 7.2 Global delivered energy consumption (quadrillion Btu) by fuel, 2011...
Table 7.3 Global delivered energy consumption (quadrillion Btu) by end‐use se...
Table 7.4 World petroleum and other liquids consumption (million barrels per ...
Table 7.5 US petroleum and other liquids consumption (million barrels per day...
Table 7.6 US renewable energy consumption (quadrillion Btu) by type.
Table 7.7 Top biobased chemicals in commercial production.
Table 7.8 US renewable fuel volume requirements for 2014–2018 (billion gallon...
Chapter 8
Table 8.1 Production of propionic acid from low cost renewable substrates.
Table 8.2 Pyruvic acid production performance of the most relevant microbial ...
Table 8.3 Calculated amount of additional sugar needed to meet the rising dem...
Chapter 9
Table 9.1 Comparison of some sources of biodiesel (Brennan and Owende 2010; V...
Table 9.2 Comparison of properties of biodiesel from microalgal oil and diese...
Table 9.3 Typical conversion technologies applied in the production of biodie...
Table 9.4 Progress of biofuels based on algae in the world.
Chapter 10
Table 10.1 Apparent
K
m values for pyruvate for various enzymes at the pyruvate...
Chapter 11
Table 11.1 Development or isolation of butanol tolerant strains.
Table 11.2 Examples of butanol production from agricultural residues and proc...
Table 11.3 Recent techno‐economic studies on ABE fermentation.
Table 11.4 Operating costs of eucalyptus‐based butanol and ethanol, 2000 bdmt...
Chapter 12
Table 12.1 Production costs (US dollars/gal) for starch and cellulosic ethano...
Table 12.2 Capital costs (US dollars) for starch and cellulosic ethanol proce...
Table 12.3 State of technology (SOT) analyses for cellulosic ethanol producti...
Table 12.4 Comparison of capital costs for cellulosic ethanol production from...
Chapter 13
Table 13.1 Important glycosyl hydrolase families for biomass hydrolysis.
Table 13.2 Primary plant polysaccharides and their side‐chain and auxiliary s...
Table 13.3 Lists of fungal species known for cellulose hydrolysis.
Table 13.4 List of bacterial strains known for cellulose hydrolysis.
Table 13.5 Known components of the cellulosome of
Clostridium thermocellum
a)
....
Chapter 14
Table 14.1 Application differences between aLCA and cLCA (Brander et al. 2009...
Table 14.2 First generation biofuel feedstocks.
Table 14.3 Second generation biofuel feedstocks.
Table 14.4 Summary of parameters and outcomes of Life Cycle Assessment studie...
Chapter 15
Table 15.1 Hydrogen production in different bioreactor configurations.
Table 15.2 Hydrogen production from complex wastes using different inoculum s...
Table 15.3 Hydrogen production by sequential two‐stage dark and photo‐ferment...
Chapter 16
Table 16.1 Basic characteristics of different feedstocks.
Table 16.2 Summary of typical studies of mechanical pretreatments on feedstoc...
Chapter 18
Table 18.1 Literature survey of several pretreatment studies for anaerobic di...
Chapter 21
Table 21.1 Global ethanol production (million litres/year) between 2011 and 2...
Table 21.2 Production of ethanol from food wastes from different sources.
Chapter 22
Table 22.1 Food manufacturing (NAICS
a)
311) subsectors.
Table 22.2 Examples of chemicals used as refrigerants.
Table 22.3 TRI reporting overview for food manufacturing, 2017.
Table 22.4 The three chemicals released in the largest quantities by food man...
Chapter 23
Table 23.1 Growth strategies of companies by size involved in bio‐based indus...
Chapter 24
Table 24.1 Some examples of CSR definitions from different institutions.
Table 24.2 Six differences between CSR and corporate sustainability.
Table 24.3 The similarities between Web 1.0 and CSR 1.0, and Web 2.0 and CSR ...
List of Illustrations
Chapter 1
Figure 1.1 Conceptual framework for integrated energy assessment.
Figure 1.2 World population trends and prospects 1750–2010.
Figure 1.3 Gross Domestic Product (GDP) based on Purchasing Power Parity (PP...
Figure 1.4 Growth rates in per cent of Gross Domestic Product from 1975 to 2...
Figure 1.5 Global energy consumption from 1990 until 2012 and correspondent ...
Figure 1.6 Global energy consumption by energy source from 1990 until 2012 a...
Figure 1.7 Total global carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel consumptio...
Figure 1.8 Global carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel consumption betw...
Figure 1.9 Per capita energy between 1990 and 2013.
Figure 1.10 Per capita wealth between 1990 and 2013.
Figure 1.11 Energy intensity between 1990 and 2013 (GDP unit in US Dollar)....
Figure 1.12 CO
2
emissions per capita between 1990 and 2013.
Figure 1.13 CO
2
emissions per energy unit consumed between 1990 and 2013....
Figure 1.14 CO
2
emissions per unit GDP 1990 and 2013.
Figure 1.15 Kaya decomposition of CO
2
emission development and drivers betwe...
Figure 1.16 Kaya decomposition of CO
2
emission development and drivers betwe...
Figure 1.17 Average annual investments in energy supply from 2000 until 2013...
Figure 1.18 Average annual investments in electrical power supply from 2000 ...
Figure 1.19 Global new investment in renewable power and fuels from 2004 unt...
Figure 1.20 Energy investments per capita between 2000 and 2013.
Figure 1.21 Energy investments per unit GDP between 2000 and 2013.
Figure 1.22 Energy generated per investment unit between 2000 and 2013.
Figure 1.23 Global greenhouse gas emissions under different scenarios and th...
Figure 1.24 Interconnections among multiple layers of GHG emissions, from in...
Chapter 2
Figure 2.1 Trends in the amounts of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission in Japan (...
Figure 2.2 Change of the mix of electricity production in Japan before and a...
Figure 2.3 Comparison of energy self‐sufficiency rates in different countrie...
Chapter 3
Figure 3.1 Major biofuel (ethanol and biodiesel) producing countries in Sout...
Figure 3.2 Projections of primary energy demand by fuel in the African conti...
Figure 3.3 Major biofuel (ethanol and biodiesel) producing countries in Afri...
Figure 3.4 Projections of primary energy demand by fuel in Southeast Asia....
Figure 3.5 Biofuel (ethanol and biodiesel) producing countries in Southeast ...
Figure 3.6 Market chain of ethanol (Vietnam and Myanmar not included) and bi...
Figure 3.7 Crude oil consumption in China and dependence on foreign oil.
Figure 3.8 China's electricity production breakdown by energy sources.
Chapter 4
Figure 4.1 Helio‐centric representation of the sunlight reaching the earth's...
Figure 4.2 Wavelengths of sunlight and their energy.
Figure 4.3 (a) Schematic cross section of a
p–n
junction solar cell. (...
Figure 4.4 From left to right, solar cell, solar module, solar array, solar ...
Figure 4.5 Grid tied solar PV has only two major components; the solar modul...
Figure 4.6 Grid tied solar PV with battery backup allows for backup power wh...
Figure 4.7 Off grid solar PV would be used for applications where electricit...
Chapter 5
Figure 5.1 Global and US Jet fuel consumption (U.S. Energy Information Admin...
Figure 5.2 Comparison of biojet fuel technologies.
Chapter 6
Figure 6.1 Automotive manufacturing production index – seasonally adjusted, ...
Figure 6.2 Direct GHG emissions from automotive manufacturing facilities, 20...
Figure 6.3 Automobile manufacturing process: material inputs and outputs....
Figure 6.4 Releases and waste managed quantities per motor vehicle produced,...
Figure 6.5 TRI chemicals released in the largest quantities from automotive ...
Figure 6.7 TRI releases from automotive manufacturing vs. all other manufact...
Figure 6.6 TRI waste managed by automotive manufacturing vs. all other manuf...
Figure 6.8 Waste management hierarchy.
Figure 6.9 Average fuel economy across vehicle models by vehicle type in 201...
Figure 6.10 Source reduction activities reported by automotive manufacturing...
Figure 6.11 Source reduction activities reported by automotive manufacturing...
Figure 6.12 Barriers to source reduction reported by automotive manufacturin...
Chapter 8
Figure 8.1 Platform chemicals that are shifting from petro‐based to bio‐base...
Figure 8.2 Global leaders in biochemical/biomaterial production.
Figure 8.3 Engineering of the glyoxylate cycle in
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
f...
Figure 8.4 The propionic acid metabolic pathway in
Propionibacterium
.
Figure 8.5 Pyruvate production pathway in engineered
Torulopsis glabrata
. We...
Figure 8.6 Metabolic pathways that produce putrescine from TCA cycle interme...
Figure 8.7 Biosynthetic pathway of itaconic acid in
A. terreus
.
Figure 8.8 Adipic acid production by reversal of adipic acid degradation pat...
Chapter 9
Figure 9.1 Average annual percent change of energy intensity, population, an...
Figure 9.2 (a) Number of articles based on different feedstock in year 2014,...
Figure 9.3 Comparisons of first, second, and third generation of biofuels.
Figure 9.4 (a) Microalgae Centrifuge Extraction (Wang et al. 2008); (b) harv...
Figure 9.5 Electromagnetic process in single‐step microalgal oil extraction ...
Figure 9.6 World energy consumption (quadrillion Btu) (Sieminski 2016; Wei e...
Figure 9.7 World energy‐related carbon dioxide emissions (Billion metric ton...
Figure 9.8 (a) Image of large‐scale microalgae culture ponds, Aurora Algae I...
Figure 9.9 Process flow diagram for a model algal lipid production system....
Chapter 10
Figure 10.1 Alternate fermentation pathways for production of ethanol from s...
Figure 10.2 Additional metabolic pathways that can support homoethanol produ...
Figure 10.3 Competing pathways at the pyruvate node in native and recombinan...
Figure 10.4 Fermentation profile of
E. coli
strain LY180 with glucose and xy...
Figure 10.5 Effect of high glucose flux in
E. coli
strain KO11 supporting co...
Figure 10.6 Fermentation of xylose (100 g/l) by
E. coli
strain KO11 limits c...
Chapter 11
Figure 11.1 Brazilian eucalyptus kraft pulp mill with mass and energy flows....
Figure 11.2 Energy and mass balance of an ABE plant integrated to a Brazilia...
Figure 11.3 Energy and mass balance of an ethanol plant integrated to a Braz...
Figure 11.4 Effect of fermentation inlet sugar concentration on investment c...
Figure 11.5 Effect of fermentation inlet sugar concentration on energy consu...
Figure 11.6 Effect of fermentation inlet sugar concentration and solids load...
Figure 11.7 Minimum butanol selling price (MBSP) as a function of (a) plant ...
Figure 11.8 Effect of lignin selling price on (a) minimum butanol selling pr...
Chapter 13
Figure 13.1 Nature diversity of CAZymes‐GH.
Figure 13.2 Processive catalytic action of CBH on crystalline cellulose. (a)...
Figure 13.3 Cellulases acting on the surface of cellulose (Kumar and Murthy ...
Figure 13.4 Schematic presentation of theoretical cellulosome from
Clostridi
...
Chapter 14
Figure 14.1 The general methodological framework for LCA (European Commissio...
Figure 14.2 Framework of impact categories assessed using Life Cycle Impact ...
Figure 14.3 System boundary for biofuel production and use, including indire...
Figure 14.4 Conversion routes for biomass feedstocks to biofuels and green c...
Chapter 15
Figure 15.1 Schema of pathways supporting hydrogen production in photosynthe...
Figure 15.2 Different operational processes using photosynthetic bacteria to...
Figure 15.3 Processes for producing hydrogen from cellulosic biomass. Common...
Chapter 16
Figure 16.1 Anaerobic biodegradation pathway of sewage sludge for methane pr...
Figure 16.2 (a) Waste activated sludge, (b) lignocellulosic biomass, (c) mic...
Figure 16.3 Acid pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass.
Figure 16.4 Alkali pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass.
Figure 16.5 (a) Development and collapse of the cavitation bubble; and (b) c...
Figure 16.6 Microwave heating.
Figure 16.7 Cell decomposition through ozone destruction.
Figure 16.8 Cross‐section of a high‐pressure homogenizer.
Chapter 17
Figure 17.1 Simplified version of H
2
use in (a) oil refineries for the produ...
Figure 17.2 The different uses of hydrogen in different industries.
Figure 17.3 A microalgae isolate grown in BG‐11 Medium (Catal Laboratory).
Figure 17.4 Electron transport pathways in green algae. P680, Reaction centr...
Figure 17.5 Cartoon showing the mechanism of biohydrogen production in indir...
Figure 17.6 A proposed model of a two chamber self‐sustainable microbial fue...
Figure 17.7 Current technologies used for hydrogen production.
Figure 17.8 Algae capture carbon dioxide and convert into biomass using phot...
Chapter 18
Figure 18.1 Integrated anaerobic conversion of microalgal biomass.
Figure 18.2 Mechanism involved in anaerobic digestion for biomethane product...
Figure 18.3 Effective parameters and pretreatment techniques for the enhance...
Chapter 19
Figure 19.1 Products from a biorefinery.
Figure 19.2 Products of a green biorefinery (Mandl 2010).
Figure 19.3 Biorefinery platforms and their processes.
Figure 19.4 Integrated biorefinery concept developed from a Kraft pulp mill ...
Figure 19.5 Examples of chemical building blocks from a biorefinery.
Figure 19.6 Integrated process flowsheet of the combined production of biodi...
Figure 19.7 Integration of byproducts from bioindustries and its impact on e...
Chapter 20
Figure 20.1 Napier grass in 7000 ha planted in Mexico.
Figure 20.2 Biotechnological routes to biomass conversion.
Figure 20.3 Biomass supply chains.
Figure 20.4 Milled grass and pellets examples.
Chapter 21
Figure 21.1 Schematic diagrams of ethanol production from food waste.
Figure 21.2 Experimental setup for food waste fermentation equipped with a v...
Figure 21.3 Simplified metabolic pathways for ABE synthesis by
C. acetobutyl
...
Figure 21.4 Transesterification of triglycerides with alcohols to produce bi...
Figure 21.5 Saponification reaction between free fatty acid and alkaline.
Figure 21.6 Esterification reaction between free fatty acid and methanol cat...
Chapter 22
Figure 22.1 Food manufacturing subsectors by TRI reporting status and number...
Figure 22.2 Annual value added by the food manufacturing industry, 2006–2016...
Figure 22.3 Food manufacturing production index – seasonally adjusted, 2007–...
Figure 22.4 Top 10 US and Canadian food manufacturers by food sales, 2007–20...
Figure 22.5 Food manufacturing facilities that reported to the TRI program f...
Figure 22.6 Food manufacturing waste managed by subsector, 2007–2017. Note: ...
Figure 22.7 Food manufacturing waste management methods, 2007–2017. Notes: (...
Figure 22.8 Waste management methods for top food manufacturing chemicals du...
Figure 22.9 Food manufacturing releases by subsector for 2007 through 2017....
Figure 22.10 Waste management hierarchy.
Figure 22.11 Food recovery hierarchy.
Figure 22.12 Chemicals manufactured, processed or otherwise used in food man...
Chapter 23
Figure 23.1 (a) Financing for single product bioprocessing. Moderate investm...
Figure 23.2 Financing avenues at sequential stages of company growth and dev...
Chapter 24
Figure 24.1 Carroll's pyramid of CSR.
Figure 24.2 The three‐domain model of CSR.
Figure 24.3 Four eras of the evolution of CSR in business, from late 1800s t...
Figure 24.4 Conceptual models of the TBL Corporate Sustainability framework....
Figure 24.5 Shifts from Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR 1.0) to Corpora...
Figure 24.6 A new conceptual model of corporate sustainability that includes...
Chapter 25
Figure 25.1 Evolution of wages relative to the cost of capital in major Euro...
Figure 25.2 The ‘energy’ and ‘economic growth’ couple. Upper panel: composit...
Figure 25.3 Energy use and energy intensity as a function of GDP per capita....
Figure 25.4 World carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel combustion and g...
Figure 25.5 Energy transitions take decades. Upper panel global primary ener...
Figure 25.6 Factors promoting (+) or detracting (−) the adoption of differen...
Figure 25.7 The deployment of e‐trucks. Trucks equipped with photovoltaic pa...
Figure 25.8 Smart cities of the future. Four axes of development are clearly...
Figure 25.9 Synthetic and systems biology flow chart for the production of c...
Figure 25.10 Hypermodern‐capitalism. Hypermodern‐capitalism is a neologism t...
Guide
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Green Energy to Sustainability
Strategies for Global Industries
Edited by
Alain A. Vertès
Sloan Fellow, London Business SchoolUK
and
Managing Director of NxR Biotechnologies, Basel Switzerland
Nasib Qureshi
United States Department of Agriculture National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research Peoria, USA
and
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
Hans P. Blaschek
Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign USA
Hideaki Yukawa
Utilization of Carbon Dioxide Institute CO. Ltd.Tokyo, Japan
Copyright
This edition first published 2020
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The right of Alain A. Vertès, Nasib Qureshi, Hans P. Blaschek, and Hideaki Yukawa to be identified as the authors of the editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with law.
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Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data applied for
HB ISBN: 9781119152026
Cover Design: Wiley
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We will meet these challenges because we can and we will meet these challenges because we must
About the Editors
Dr. Alain A. Vertès is Managing Director at NxR Biotechnologies, a boutique global consulting firm based in Basel, Switzerland, where he advises clients on strategy, business development, in/out‐licensing, entrepreneurship and investment. He brings to his role extensive experience in the pharmaceutical and industrial biotechnology sectors, in Europe, North America and Asia and in different functions including research, manufacturing, contract research, and strategic alliances. Dr. Vertès received his M.Sc. degree from the University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign, his Ph.D. from the University of Lille Flandres Artois while conducting research at the Institut Pasteur in Paris, he has completed his post‐doctoral training at Mitsubishi Petrochemical Company in Japan, and is a Sloan Fellow from London Business School (MBA/M.Sc.). Dr Vertès is a lead editor of several science and strategy books in the fields of regenerative medicine and sustainable chemistry.
Dr. Nasib Qureshi is a fellow in American Institute of Chemical Engineering (AIChE), the Society for Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology (SIMB), and American Institute of Chemists (AIC). He is a Chemical/Biochemical Engineer by training with dual PhD degrees [one in Biochemical/Biological Engineering (University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE, United States) and the other in Fermentation Technology (Institute of Chemical Technology, Bombay, India)]. He has a long association with the University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign (Illinois, USA, since 1987) and presently holds an Adjunct Professor's appointment. Currently, he is working for the United States Department of Agriculture (Agricultural Research Service) as a Research Chemical Engineer. His research focuses on developing novel bioprocess technologies for biofuels production. He has over 300 authoritative papers, chapters, review articles, patents, and conference presentations. He was President of American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE), Central Illinois Section, 2008 & 2009, and American Chemical Society (ACS), Illinois Heartland Section, 2008. He was also an Advisory Board Member for the Society for Biological Engineering (SBE, USA). Dr. Qureshi is “Editor in Chief” for the World J. Microbiology & Biotechnology. He has edited several books on biofuels and biorefineries and stem cells in regenerative medicine (John Wiley & Elsevier). Dr. Qureshi has received many awards including from the World J. Microbiology & Biotechnology, American Chemical Society, United States Department of Agriculture, and University of Nebraska (Lincoln, NE, USA). His expertise in bioprocess/biochemical engineering and biofuels arena is widely and internationally sought.
Dr. Hans P. Blaschek is Professor Emeritus at the University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign (UIUC). He served as Assistant Dean in the College of Agricultural Consumer and Environmental Sciences (ACES), Director of the Center for Advanced Bioenergy Research (CABER) and the Integrated Bioprocessing Research Laboratory (IBRL) at the University of Illinois. The IBRL is a $32M intermediate level pilot facility designed for the scale up of bench level processes and unit operations, with a particular focus on scaling biofuels and bioproducts technologies for commercialization. The mission of IBRL is to facilitate bioenergy‐related activities as it relates to research, teaching and outreach. CABER and IBRL instituted a successful professional science MS degree program focused on numerous disciplinary areas including biofuels and bioprocessing. Dr. Blaschek served as theme leader of the Molecular Bioengineering of Biomass Conversion Theme of the Institute for Genomic Biology at UIUC and was interim Department Head of the Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition. He was the Co‐Founder and CSO of TetraVitae Biosciences (TVB) focused on commercialization of the acetone ‐ butanol fermentation building on technologies developed in his laboratory at the University of Illinois. Dr. Blaschek's research interests involve the genetic manipulation of microorganisms for biotechnological applications, examination of biomass as substrates for fermentation to value‐added products, development of an integrated fermentation system for bioproducts production and recovery.
Dr. Hideaki Yukawa is Founder and CEO at Utilization of Carbon Dioxide Institute (UCDI), an R&D‐focused venture company out of the University of Tokyo. Specializing in molecular biology, microbial applications and enzyme chemistry, Dr. Yukawa earned his doctorate from the University of Tokyo and climbed the ranks at Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation to the level of Research Fellow. He oversaw the establishment of the Microbiology Research Group at the Research Institute of Innovative Technology for the Earth (RITE), out of which he founded the Green Earth Institute (GEI) Company to stamp the role of renewables in industry. His current responsibilities at UCDI are anchored upon the pursuit of a low‐carbon future society and advancement of biotechnology‐based solutions to global food security issues. Dr. Yukawa's contributions have been recognized through awards such as the Japan Bioindustry Award for a bioprocess for production of biochemicals using nonlytic bacterial cells, the Tsukuba Foundation for Chemical and Biotechnology Award for establishment of recombinant DNA technology for coryneform bacteria and development of bioprocesses thereof, the Japan Society for Bioscience, Biotechnology and Agrochemistry (JSBBA) Award for achievements in technological research, and the Grand Prize at the Nikkei Global Environmental Awards for bioethanol production from mixed sugars by genetically engineered Corynebacterium glutamicum. The first Japanese national to receive a Fellowship Award (for achievements in the field of applied microorganisms) from The Society of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology (SIMB), Dr. Yukawa has authored many scientific works, including papers, books and patents, and has mentored many scientists globally.
List of Contributors
Mairi J. Black
Department of Science, Technology Engineering & Public Policy (STEaPP)
University College London
London
UK
Aiduan Li Borrion
Department of Civil, Environmental and Geomatic Engineering
University College London
London
UK
Danilo S. Braz
University of Campinas (UNICAMP)
School of Chemical Engineering
Campinas
Brazil
Terri L. Butler
University of Washington
Buerk Center for Entrepreneurship
Seattle
USA
Daniel de Castro Assumpcao
University of Campinas (UNICAMP)
School of Chemical Engineering
Campinas
Brazil
Tunc Catal
Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics
Uskudar University
Istanbul
Turkey
Ziyu Dai
Chemical & Biological Process Development Group, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
Richland
USA
Jeyapraksh Damaraja
Division of Chemistry
Faculty of Science and Humanities
Sree Sowdambika College of Engineering
Aruppukottai,Tamil Nadu
India
Stephen DeVito
Toxics Release Inventory Program
United States Environmental Protection Agency
Washington
USA
Carlos Hernández Díaz‐Ambrona
Polytechnic University of Madrid
School of Agriculture
Spain
Miriam Felkers
Research Group Climate Change and Security
Institute of Geography
University of Hamburg
Germany
Rebecca Froese
Research Group Climate Change and Security
Institute of Geography
University of Hamburg
Germany
Sandra D. Gaona
Toxics Release Inventory Program
United States Environmental Protection Agency
Washington
USA
Patrick C. Hallenbeck
Département de Microbiologie
Infectiologie et Immunologie
Université de Montréal
Québec
Canada
Marcelo Hamaguchi
Life Sciences Research Center
Department of Biology
United States Air Force Academy
Valmet
Araucária
Brazil
John Hay
Department of Biological Systems Engineering
University of Nebraska–Lincoln
USA
Aurelia Karina Hillary
Centre for Environmental Policy
Imperial College London, Prince's Garden
South Kensington Campus
London
UK
Haibo Huang
Department of Food Science and Technology
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
Blacksburg
USA
Stephen Hughes
Applied DNA Sciences
Stony Brook
USA
N. J. Ianno
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Nebraska‐Lincoln
USA
Lonnie O. Ingram
Department of Microbiology and Cell Science
University of Florida
Gainesville
USA
Qing Jin
Department of Food Science and Technology
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
Blacksburg
USA
Marjorie A. Jones
Department of Chemistry
Illinois State University
Normal
USA
Ankita Juneja
Agricultural and Biological Engineering
University of Illinois Urbana‐Champaign
Urbana
USA
Halil Kavakli
Departments of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Molecular Biology and Genetics
Koc University
Istanbul
Turkey
Cheryl Keenan
Eastern Research Group Inc.
Lexington
USA
Takuro Kobayashi
Center for Material Cycles and Waste Management Research
National Institute for Environmental Studies
Tsukuba
Japan
Gopalakrishnan Kumar
Department of Environmental Engineering
Daegu University
Gyeongsan
Republic of Korea
Institute of Chemistry
Bioscience and Environmental Engineering
Faculty of Science and Technology
University of Stavanger Stavanger
Norway
C.Q. Lan
Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering
University of Ottawa
Ottawa
Canada
Freeman Lan
Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering
University of Ottawa
Ottawa
Canada
Carolina Zampol Lazaro
Département de Microbiologie
Infectiologie et Immunologie
Université de Montréal
Montréal
Canada
Xueqin Lu
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
Graduate School of Engineering
Tohoku University
Sendai
Japan
Yanpin Lu
Washington State University, Bioproducts, Sciences, and Engineering Laboratory
Department of Biological Systems Engineering
Richland
USA
Emiliano Maletta
Bioenergy Crops
United Kingdom
Polytechnic University of Madrid
School of Agriculture
Spain
Adriano P. Mariano
University of Campinas (UNICAMP)
School of Chemical Engineering
Campinas
Brazil
Onesmus Mwaboje
Centre for Environmental Policy
Imperial College London
London
UK
Seiji Nakagame
The Faculty of Applied Bioscience
Kanagawa Institute of Technology
Atsugi
Japan
Licheng Peng
Department of Environmental Science
Hainan University
Haikou
China
Sivagurunathan Periyasamy
Center for Materials Cycles and Waste Management Research
National Institute for Environmental Studies
Tsukuba
Japan
Nasib Qureshi
United States Department of Agriculture
Agricultural Research Service
National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research
Bioenergy Research Unit
Peoria
USA
Lawrence Reichle
Abt Associates Inc.
Cambridge
USA
Jose Dilcio Rocha
Embrapa Agroenergy – The Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (Embrapa)
Brasília
Brazil
Emrah Sagir
Département de Microbiologie
Infectiologie et Immunologie
Université de Montréal
Montréal
Canada
Ganesh Dattatraya Saratale
Department of Food Science and Biotechnology
Dongguk University‐Seoul
Goyang‐si
Republic of Korea
Rijuta Ganesh Saratale
Research Institute of Biotechnology and Medical Converged Science
Dongguk University‐Seoul
Goyang‐si
Republic of Korea
Jürgen Scheffran
Research Group Climate Change and Security
Institute of Geography
University of Hamburg
Germany
K. T. Shanmugan
Department of Microbiology and Cell Science
University of Florida
Gainesville
USA
Sutha Shobana
Department of Chemistry and Research Centre
Aditanar College of Arts and Science
Tiruchendur
India
Vijay Singh
Agricultural and biological Engineering
University of Illinois Urbana‐Champaign
USA
Pedro F Souza Filho
Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery
University of Borås
Borås
Sweden
Lianghu Su
Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences of the Ministry of Environmental Protection
Nanjing
PR China
Mohammed Taherzadeh
Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery
University of Borås
Borås
Sweden
Praveen Vadlani
Saivera Bio LLC
Puttaparthi
India
Cyril Vallet
Abt Associates Inc.
Cambridge
USA
Alain A. Vertès
Sloan Fellow
London Business School
UK
Henrique C. A. Venturelli
University of Campinas (UNICAMP)
School of Chemical Engineering
Campinas
Brazil
Elmar Mateo Villota
Washington State University, Bioproducts Sciences, and Engineering Laboratory
Department of Biological Systems Engineering
Richland
USA
Jianhui Wang
Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco‐Restoration
School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences
East China Normal University
Shanghai
PR China
Xiaohui Wang
Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco‐Restoration
School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences
East China Normal University
Shanghai
PR China
Kaiqin Xu
Center for Material Cycles and Waste Management Research
National Institute for Environmental Studies
Tsukuba
Japan
Asutosh T. Yagnik
AdSidera Ltd.
London, UK
Institute for Institute for Strategy
Resilience & Security
University College London
UK
Bin Yang
Washington State University, Bioproducts Sciences, and Engineering Laboratory
Department of Biological Systems Engineering
Richland
USA
Lorraine P. Yomano
Department of Microbiology and Cell Science
University of Florida
Gainesville
USA
Sean W. York
Department of Microbiology and Cell Science
University of Florida
Gainesville
USA
Libing Zhang
Washington State University, Bioproducts Sciences, and Engineering Laboratory
Department of Biological Systems Engineering
Richland
USA
Youcai Zhao
The State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse
Tongji University
Shanghai
PR China
Gunagyin Zhen
School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences
East China Normal University
Shanghai
PR China
Shaojuan Zheng
Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco‐Restoration
School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences
East China Normal University
Shanghai
PR China
Zhongxiang Zhi
Shanghai Key Lab for Urban Ecological Processes and Eco‐Restoration
School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences
East China Normal University
Shanghai
PR China
Foreword
Mahatma Gandhi is quoted as saying “The difference between what we do and what we are capable of doing is more than enough to solve the world's problems.” This perhaps has never been more true than when we consider Society's greatest existential challenge of changing to a sustainable manner of living.
“Green Energy to Sustainability” is a volume that should be read by every person that cares about the future whether they are business people, policy makers, consumers, parents, activists, students, or mere scientists and engineers. This book is an essential resource for designing tomorrow to be better than today. With all of the valuable contributions by the leading figures on the topic of green energy, one would think that this is the most compelling aspect of the book, but I believe that it's not.
The most powerful benefit of this book, is how clearly it articulates what is possible today. What this book presents is not some unrealistic theory, distant vision, or science fiction. In the pages there are solutions that are well‐demonstrated at various stages of developement and are available to be implemented at scale. It is the scale that will make the impact. It is the scale that is a matter of will. It is the scale that will determine how serious we are about taking the necessary actions with the urgency required in order to address the climate crisis and the related bio/geochemical cycle crises the planet is facing.
There is not a lack of scientific imagination that is a roadblock. It is not a lack of technical and engineering ingenuity that is an obstacle. It is not that we are waiting on new discoveries and new inventions. This book demonstrates that fact in page after page.
If the decision‐makers, thought‐leaders, capital investors, activists and influencers are set on mobilizing toward a sustainable future, this excellent volume has provided them with the information they need. In the war on unsustainability, the scientific and technical ammunition is there in abundance. But as has been said many times and in many ways, ‘the best battle plans do not withstand the first encounter with the enemy’ and so the dedicated metaphorical soldiers in the form of scientific innovators will be there to adapt and adjust to each unforeseen circumstance for every step forward until we achieve the world that our progeny deserve.
We will meet these challenges because we can and we will meet these challenges because we must.
Paul T. Anastas
New Haven, USA
Preface
Global warming (climate change) in the 2020's is marked by an inflexion point in biodiversity decline that is already translating into the premises of a mass extinction in numerous branches of the tree of life and notably in the extinction of a countless number of species of mammals, birds, insects, and fish as well as in dramatic global changes in plant and tree populations. All these consequences already require that ancestral agricultural practices and permanent vegetal cover adapt to changes in local climate given increased temperatures and more frequent severe heat waves, longer droughts, and very large scale fires. Ultimately the consequences of climate change will coalesce to significantly and durably impact the global food chain as illustrated by the impact that would result in a dramatic loss in the populations of crop‐pollinating insects, for example, thus requiring adaptation to the new conditions. The last massive global extinction occurred 66 million years ago during the Cretaceous–Paleogene era. All these changes, as well as the threat of a significant rise of sea levels and the threat of an increasing desertification of whole regions that now constitute fertile lands, will greatly impact not only human quality of life but also the current status quo of economic activities. This may further translate into disequilibria and the exacerbation of the need to access vital resources as basic, but as precious, as water or hospitable lands. The accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere that drives the global warming experienced by the system Earth in the current geological era is absolutely unambiguously anthropogenic by nature. The current episode of climate change was initiated as early as the nineteenth century with the Industrial Revolution. It was fuelled by the exponential rise in fossil energy use to power the fast increasing demand for the cheap energy required to sustain economic growth at a heretofore unparalleled rapid rate and to bring mankind, in only a few generations, from a predominantly rural and artisanal era to a predominantly city‐dwelling and industrial era accompanied by diminution of poverty and dramatic improvements in hygiene and healthcare; this was a period during which the quality of life of human populations in what constitutes currently developed countries, to take only this prism of analysis, dramatically rapidly improved as demonstrated by rises in life expectancies between 1850 and 2020 in various European countries. Changes in greenhouse gas concentrations that led to global climate change were long left unnoticed, thanks notably to the inertia of the Earth as a physical system. However, the wide‐reaching impacts of climate change are now beyond question and global mass actions as well as a deep change in the global economic model are urgently needed to mitigate the worst consequences of climate change; this is hard to do because the inertia of the system Earth will result in any action taking a long time at the human scale to translate into practical positive changes observable by the naked eye. What is more, the thawing of the permafrost and the consequent release of its immense quantities of methane that have been sequestered for immemorial times represent the threat of a ‘climatic event horizon’ when anthropogenic climate change in the present geological era will enter a positive reinforcement loop and become totally out of human control, assuming it is not so already.
Climate change first and foremost constitutes a complex but burning political issue. It is a political issue because its mitigation requires fundamental changes at many levels, and notably at societal and industrial levels, and particularly at the level of the national energy mix. Profound changes are invariably painful. Profound changes impact vested interests that slow down needed changes. As a result, appropriate political agendas need to be set to minimize the social impacts of the necessary changes in lifestyles and fossil fuel consumption. This extreme challenge in efficiently dealing with climate change cannot be better exemplified than by the example of coal‐fired power stations, which although they constitute a totally obsolete method of energy production remain in use in several jurisdictions given the need to recoup on their capital expenditures or to maintain mining industry gains, or to avoid the growing pain that inevitably accompanies a changing economy. Here, the political agenda is how to redirect the workforce and the various economic actors deeply dedicated to the coal‐to‐energy value chain and accompany them through the turmoil of change.
Climate change is a ‘tragedy of the atmospheric commons’. The current macroeconomic model has evolved to maximally leverage comparative advantages, with the underlying assumption that the cost of atmospheric carbon dioxide disposal is nil. While it is convenient, because it avoids political complications and facilitates global trade by subsidizing the transportation industry in the form of free atmospheric commons, thus enabling to maximize the synergies of comparative advantages in the path to economic globalization, this model has for two centuries neglected the social cost of carbon. It is this assumption that the acknowledgement of the reality of climate change challenges. It is this assumption that made possible to economically transport at the antipodes commodity goods and particularly agricultural ones in spite it being possible to efficiently produce the very same goods locally; integrating a variable to capture the social cost of carbon could very well tip the balance in the opposite direction of the comparative advantages of today. It is this assumption that now needs to be urgently fixed. The current imbalance in global carbon budgets accumulated over the course of two centuries and embodied by the adverse consequences of global climate change calls for a global correction on a par with the geological imperative posed by the challenge of mounting atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Permanent growth without recycling is not possible. The good news is that waste recycling has in a virtuous circle increasingly attracted attention in G20 countries, and the trend is bound to expand widely as the true costs of de novo production are increasingly integrated into the prices of goods. Here, CO2
