Hakes E-Book
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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Fachliteratur
- Serie: Fish and Aquatic Resources
- Sprache: Englisch
The species of hake, making up the genus Merluccius, are commercially important and currently largely over exploited, with many stocks badly depleted and showing only limited signs of recovery.
From the end of the 1990s, concepts such as sustainability, ecosystem-based approaches to fisheries management, a code for the responsible conduct for fisheries, governance and others have emerged or have been considered by politicians, stakeholders and society. Moreover, new tools for stock assessment have been developed. But many hake stocks of the genus Merluccius show no sign of restoration.
Hakes: Biology and Exploitation brings together a wealth of important information on the biology and exploitation of hake and hoki stocks around the world. Each chapter provides an overview of the fisheries of each species in an ecological and environmental context, looking at stock distribution, characteristics of the environment, life history, reproduction, diet, growth, mortality, pricing and markets of each geographical region and the hake species found there.
With chapters written by regional experts on hake species and included within Wiley-Blackwell’s prestigious Fish and Aquatic Resources Series, Hakes: Biology and Exploitation provides up-to-date and comparative information, including new approaches to fisheries management, for all those involved in fisheries management, aquatic ecology and biological sciences.
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Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2015
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Table of Contents
Cover
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
List of contributors
Series Editor's Preface
References
Acknowledgement
Chapter 1: European hake (Merluccius merluccius) in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean
1.1 Distribution
1.2 Physical environment and hydrography
1.3 Life history
1.4 Population dynamics
1.5 Ecosystem considerations
1.6 Fishery
1.7 Assessment
1.8 Management
1.9 Markets
1.10 Discussion
References
Chapter 2: Fisheries, ecology and markets of South African hake
2.1 Hydrography and physical environment
2.2 Species, distribution and stock structure
2.3 Biology and life history
2.4 The fishery
2.5 Markets and economics
2.6 Developments in assessment and management
2.7 Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 3: Biology and fisheries of the shallow-water hake (Merluccius capensis) and the deep-water hake (Merluccius paradoxus) in Namibia
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Biology and life history
3.3 Fisheries
3.4 Advances in ecosystem based-approach to fisheries management (EAF)
3.5 Discussion
3.6 Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 4: Southern hake (Merluccius australis) in New Zealand: biology, fisheries and stock assessment
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Biology
4.3 Fisheries
4.4 Discussion
4.5 Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 5: The biology, fishery and market of Chilean hake (Merluccius gayi gayi) in the Southeastern Pacific Ocean
5.1 Introduction
5.2 The fishery
5.3 Ecological interactions
5.4 Habitat conditions
5.5 Products and markets
5.6 Discussion
References
Chapter 6: Biology and fishery of common hake (Merluccius hubbsi) and southern hake (Merluccius australis) around the Falkland/Malvinas Islands on the Patagonian Shelf of the Southwest Atlantic Ocean
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Species taxonomy and stock distribution
6.3 Biology and life history
6.4 Fisheries
6.5 Products and markets
6.6 Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 7: The biology and fishery of hake (Merluccius hubbsi) in the Argentinean–Uruguayan Common Fishing Zone of the Southwest Atlantic Ocean
7.1 Background
7.2 Life history and ecological role
7.3 Distribution, population structure and migration patterns
7.4 Stock assessment and management
References
Chapter 8: Biology and fisheries of hake (Merluccius hubbsi) in Brazilian waters, Southwest Atlantic Ocean
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Biology and life history
8.3 Brief description of the fishery and indicators
8.4 Assessment and management
8.5 Products and markets
8.6 Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 9: Biology, fisheries, assessment and management of Pacific hake (Merluccius productus)
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Stocks
9.3 Biology, life history and ecology
9.4 Fisheries
9.5 Monitoring
9.6 Assessment and management strategy evaluation
9.7 Products and markets
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 10: Biology and fisheries of New Zealand hoki (Macruronus novaezelandiae)
10.1 Introduction
10.2 The commercial hoki fishery in New Zealand
10.3 Fishery indicators
10.4 Stock assessment and management
10.5 Ecological sustainability and fishery interactions with the environment
10.6 Discussion
Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 11: Biology, fishery and products of Chilean hoki (Macruronus novaezelandiae magellanicus)
11.1 Life history, taxonomy and distribution
11.2 Fishery
11.3 Stock assessment and management of hoki
11.4 Products and exports
11.5 Discussion
References
Chapter 12: An overview of hake and hoki fisheries: analysis of biological, fishery and economic indicators
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Biological indicators
12.3 Fishery indicators
12.4 Economic indicators
12.5 Discussion
References
Index
End User License Agreement
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Guide
Cover
Table of Contents
Preface
Begin Reading
List of Illustrations
Chapter 1: European hake (Merluccius merluccius) in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean
Figure 1.1 Preferential distribution of
M. merluccius
individuals of age 0, 4 and 5 years for the period 1987–2004 (adapted from Woillez et al., 2007).
Figure 1.2 Spatial distribution of individuals of age 0 years in
M. merluccius
in the two main nursery areas (Bay of Biscay and Celtic Sea) from 1997 to 2007 (ICES, 2008).
Figure 1.3 Spatial distribution of individuals of age 0 years in
M. merluccius
in the two main nursery areas (Bay of Biscay and Celtic Sea) from 2007 to 2012 (ICES, 2013).
Figure 1.4 Main physical features in the Celtic Sea and the Bay of Biscay (after Mason
et al.
, 2006).
Figure 1.5 Monthly spawning fraction and relative batch fecundity (adapted from Murua
et al
., 2006).
*
: where estimates of either batch fecundity or spawning fraction were missing, the values were taken from the previous month (July and October, respectively).
Figure 1.6 Larvae otolith of age 27 days showing daily and sub-daily rings (after CRAMER, 2012).
Figure 1.7 Northern and Southern hake stock landings by gear in 2010.
Figure 1.8 Time series of four abundance indices used to calibrate the assessment model of northern stock of European hake. The acronyms correspond to French surveys in the Bay of Biscay (FR-RESSGACQ) and in the Bay of Biscay and Celtic Sea (FR-EVHOE); Spanish survey in the Porcupine Bank (SP-PORC) and the Irish Groundfish Survey (IR-IGFS).
Figure 1.9 Time series of total landings (top panel, left), recruitment (top panel, right), fishing mortality (lower panel, left) and spawning stock biomass of
M. merluccius
(lower panel, right) in the northern hake stock since 1978–2012. With the exception of landings, other indicators are output in the assessment model.
Figure 1.10 Time series of total landings (top panel, left), recruitment (top panel, right), fishing mortality (lower panel, left) and spawning stock biomass of
M. merluccius
(lower panel, right) in the southern hake stock since 1981–2012. With the exception of landings, other indicators are output in the assessment model.
Chapter 2: Fisheries, ecology and markets of South African hake
Figure 2.1 The distribution and abundance of
M. capensis
and
M. paradoxus
in South African waters. Contour plots of the densities (tonnes per nautical mile
2
) of the two species are derived (interpolated using kriging) from pooled data collected during summer (west coast) and autumn (south coast) surveys conducted over the period 2009–2011. The data from each survey were normalised to the mean of all surveys to account for interannual differences in overall biomass. The 100-, 200- and 500-m isobaths are also shown.
Figure 2.2 Growth of
M. capensis
and
M. paradoxus
. The curves are von Bertalanffy growth models fitted to gender-disaggregated size-at-age data derived from otolith samples collected during swept-area surveys conducted around the South African coast between 1983 and 2008. Key:
M. capensis
males (solid line) and females (dots);
M. paradoxus
males (broken line) and females (broken bold line).
Figure 2.3 Diets of
M. capensis
and
M. paradoxus
, estimated from the stomach contents of demersal survey samples, 2010–2012. The proportions of each prey item in the total stomach mass of hake of various size groups are illustrated in the left panel and the composition of the hake component of the diet in the right panel. (a)
M. capensis
, west coast; (b)
M. paradoxus
, west coast; (c)
M. capensis
, south coast; (d)
M. paradoxus
, south coast.
Figure 2.4 Time-series of catches of hake in South African waters. (a) Total catches by species over the period 1917–2012 (histograms), with the TACs imposed subsequent to the declaration of South Africa's EFZ in 1977 (line). (b) Catches by sector over the period 1978–2012 (to improve clarity, the vertical axis starts at 80,000 t). Key panel up: grey =
Merluccius capensis
; white =
Merluccius paradoxus
; solid line = TAC. Key panel down: grey dark = handline; grey = longline; grey light = inshore trawl; white = deep-sea trawl.
Figure 2.5 The distribution of recent (year 2012) fishing effort of the hake longline, deepsea trawl and inshore trawl fishing sectors. In 2008, the hake trawl sectors voluntarily froze their ‘footprints’, and little if any fishing now takes place outside the areas demarcated. The longline fishing areas in the chart, however, illustrate the areas of greatest fishing effort; there is some longline fishing outside these areas, but most of the sets are within the demarcated areas. The 100-, 200-, 500-, 1000- and 2000-m isobaths are also shown. Note here that at a smaller scale than can be shown on this map, there are areas of rocky ground within the trawl areas where trawling is impossible but longlining is feasible.
Figure 2.6 Time-series of standardised stock–recruitment residuals for the baseline assessment.
Figure 2.7 Trajectories of female spawning biomass for the most recent assessments (RS1-2011 and RS1-2012), and the assessment conducted before the development of the most recent OMP (RS1-2009). The horizontal lines in plots (a) represent the spawning biomass that produces MSY, that is,
B
MSY
. The time series are shown in both (a) absolute terms and (b) relative to estimates of pre-exploitation spawning biomass K
sp
. Panel (c) focuses on the post-2000 period to clarify recent trends and current status.
Chapter 3: Biology and fisheries of the shallow-water hake (Merluccius capensis) and the deep-water hake (Merluccius paradoxus) in Namibia
Figure 3.1 Images of (a)
Merluccius capensis
and (b)
M. paradoxus
(Photographs by Rob Leslie).
Figure 3.2 Map outlining the Namibian coastline with depth contours. Circles indicate the spawning centres of
M. capensis
– derived from (i) high densities of females with high GSI (from Kainge
et al.
, 2007) and (ii) aggregations of spawning adults and juveniles (Wilhelm
et al.
, 2015).
Figure 3.3 Weight–length relationships (a) and maturity-length ogives (b) of Namibian
M. paradoxus
(dashed line) and
M. capensis
(solid line).
Figure 3.4 Namibian
M. capensis
proposed spawning centres and migration patterns from nursery (0 years old and 3 cm TL) to 4+ years old spawning fish (>50 cm TL). Ellipses indicate spawning and nursery areas. Arrows show inshore-offshore and alongshore migration. Temperatures refer to the range of the means of the coldest and warmest months at specific depths and areas (from Wilhelm
et al.
, 2015).
Figure 3.5 Diet composition (proportion wet mass) of stomach contents of fish collected during two surveys January/February 1999 of (a)
M. capensis
(
n
= 859) and (b)
M. paradoxus
(
n
= 297) (J.-P. Roux, MFMR, unpublished data).
Figure 3.6 Number of commercial trawls conducted by grid cell 1998 to 2007 (5 nmi × 0.1° resolution) (from Johnsen and Kathena, 2012).
Figure 3.7 Annual total catch (×10
3
t) from 1999 to 2011 of (a) Namibian hake caught in the different fisheries (hake trawl and longline fisheries are hake-directed, mid-water trawl fishery targets horse mackerel) and (b) the main by-catch of the hake-directed trawl fishery.
Figure 3.8 Annual total catch of the Namibian hake fishery (×10
3
t) from 1964 to 2011 (white bars), and total allowable catch (TAC) limits set in Namibia from 1976 to 2012 (black dashes).
Figure 3.9 Swept-area biomass survey abundance indices (biomass in 10
3
t) and associated standard deviations for
M. capensis
(solid diamonds) and
M. paradoxus
(open squares) since the start of the Namibian Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources (MFMR) surveys in 1990. ‘W’ indicates that that particular survey is used in the ‘winter survey’ time series within the stock assessment model, while ‘N’ indicates it is not used. All other surveys are used in the ‘summer survey’ time series. The combined biomass estimate for both species is currently used in the assessment.
Figure 3.10 GLM standardised (solid line) and unstandardised (dashed line) catch per unit effort (CPUE) series for the Namibian hake fleet (both
M. capensis
and
M. paradoxus
combined) from 1992 to 2011. Annual total catch in (10
3
tonnes, 1990 to 2011) is super-imposed as black squares.
Chapter 4: Southern hake (Merluccius australis) in New Zealand: biology, fisheries and stock assessment
Figure 4.1 The location of 7464 bottom trawl research stations (crosses) that have caught southern hake (as at April 2012) around New Zealand. Approximate isobaths at 200 m (dashed line) and 1000 m (dotted line) are also shown.
Figure 4.2 Map of the New Zealand EEZ, showing the four southern hake Quota Management Areas (Fishstocks HAK 1, HAK 4, HAK 7 and HAK 10), the approximate areas of the three hypothesised biological stocks (west coast South Island, light blue; Chatham Rise, mauve; Sub-Antarctic, pink), the main hake spawning grounds (*) and locations mentioned in the text. Isobaths at 500 m (green line) and 1000 m (blue line) are also shown.
Figure 4.3 Estimated Bayesian posterior distributions of year-class strengths, from stock assessment models of the three southern hake biological stocks. The dashed horizontal line indicates the average year-class strength, that is, the long-term median year class strength as indicated from assessment modelling of each stock, standardised to equal 1. Individual distributions estimated for each year are the marginal posteriors, with horizontal lines indicating the median.
Figure 4.4 Maturity ogives fitted as logistic curves to raw proportion mature at age data (circles) for the three southern hake biological stocks.
Figure 4.5 Estimated instantaneous natural mortality (
M
) ogives (solid lines, with 95% credible intervals shown as dashed lines) for the Sub-Antarctic and WCSI biological stocks. The horizontal dotted lines show the constant value of
M
(0.19) used in other assessment models when
M
is not estimated.
Figure 4.6 Biomass estimates of southern hake from bottom trawl swept area surveys by R.V.
Tangaroa
on the Chatham Rise in January, and the Sub-Antarctic in November–December and April–May, with approximate 95% confidence intervals.
Figure 4.7 Estimated catch-at-age distributions (sexes combined) for southern hake caught in trawl fisheries during the 2008–2009 fishing year in the three biological stock areas, and during research trawl surveys of the Sub-Antarctic (December 2008) and Chatham Rise (January 2009). The last bar in each distribution represents a ‘plus group’ – ages 21 and older for the Sub-Antarctic stock, and ages 19 and over for the Chatham Rise and WCSI stocks.
Figure 4.8 Standardised CPUE (catch per unit of effort) series estimated for trawl fisheries, and used in stock assessment modelling, for each of the three southern hake biological stocks. Key: solid line = Sub-Antarctic; broken line = Chatham Rise; dots = WCSI.
Figure 4.9 Estimated median trajectories (solid lines, with 95% credible intervals shown as dashed lines) for absolute spawning biomass (
t
) and relative biomass (as a percentage of unfished spawning biomass,
B
0
) from the base case stock assessment models for the Sub-Antarctic, Chatham Rise, and west coast South Island southern hake biological stocks. Horizontal dotted lines at 40%
B
0
in the right hand panels show the minimum management target level.
Chapter 5: The biology, fishery and market of Chilean hake (Merluccius gayi gayi) in the Southeastern Pacific Ocean
Figure 5.1 Distribution of the stock of
M. gayi gayi
and fishery distribution off central Chile.
Figure 5.2 Landings of
M. gayi gayi
(Total, Industrial and Artisanal) and total allowable catch.
Figure 5.3 Catch per unit effort (kg/trip) in the artisanal long-line fleet targeting
M. gayi gayi
(after Subpesca, 2012).
Figure 5.4 Mean length (cm) of
M. gayi gayi
landed by year in the artisanal fleet according to fishing gear (after Subpesca, 2012).
Figure 5.5 Percentage of juvenile of
M. gayi gayi
by year in the artisanal landings according to fishing gear (after Subpesca, 2012).
Figure 5.6 Catch per unit effort rate (t/hour) in the industrial fleet by year (after Subpesca, 2012).
Figure 5.7 Percentage of juvenile of
M. gayi gayi
in landings of the industrial fleet by year (after Subpesca, 2012).
Figure 5.8 Mean of total length of
M. gayi gayi
in the industrial trawl fishery by year (after Subpesca, 2012).
Figure 5.9 Catch-at-age composition of
M. gayi gayi
from 1968 to 2011 (after Arancibia, 2010).
Figure 5.10 Stock indicators for
M. gayi gayi
: (a) total biomass, (b) adult biomass, (c) spawning biomass and (d) recruitment. In recruitment plot, solid line is average recruitment. Model 1 () = model without
D. gigas
mortality; Model 2 () = model with
D. gigas
mortality. Population indicators for Chilean hake (a) total biomass, (b) adult biomass, (c) spawning biomass, and (d) recruitment. In recruitment plot, solid line is average recruitment. Model 1 () = Model without jumbo squid mortality; Model 2 () = Model with jumbo squid mortality.
Figure 5.11 Fishing mortality (
F
) and jumbo squid (
D. gigas
) predation mortality (
J
) for
M. gayi gayi
. Model 1 = model without
D. gigas
mortality; Model 2 = model with
D. gigas
mortality.
Figure 5.12 Mortality coefficients in Chilean hake estimated using the Ecopath with Ecosim model (see Neira and Arancibia, 2004).
Figure 5.13 Time series of vertical distribution of
M. gayi gayi
schools during the main spawning period (August).
Figure 5.14 Spatial and temporal distribution of temperature (a), salinity (b) and oxygen (c) in south central zone.
Figure 5.15 Number of plants (top panel) and production of manufacture products (lower panel) derived from Chilean hake 2007–2011 (after Subpesca, 2012).
Figure 5.16 Exports of Chilean hake according to production line in year 2011, considering price (top panel) and volume (low panel). Primary
y
-axis: frozen and others; secondary
y
-axis: fresh frozen (after Subpesca, 2012).
Figure 5.17 Main markets for
M. gayi gayi
in year 2011 in terms of exports (in tonnes; after Subpesca, 2012).
Figure 5.18 Number of jobs in the industrial (plant and fleet) and artisanal sectors in the fishery of
M. gayi gayi
by year from 2007 to 2011 (after Subpesca, 2012).
Chapter 6: Biology and fishery of common hake (Merluccius hubbsi) and southern hake (Merluccius australis) around the Falkland/Malvinas Islands on the Patagonian Shelf of the Southwest Atlantic Ocean
Figure 6.1 Combined annual catch of
Merluccius hubbsi
(grey) and
M. australis
(dark grey) in the Falkland/Malvinas Islands.
Figure 6.2 Distribution of
Merluccius hubbsi
(a) and
M. australis
(b) in the Falkland/Malvinas Islands.
Figure 6.3 Mean depth of capture by month (a) of
Merluccius hubbsi
(white rectangles) and
M. australis
(grey circles), distribution of catch by depth (b) of
Merluccius hubbsi
(black) and
M. australis
(grey) in the Falkland/Malvinas Islands.
Figure 6.4 Seasonal distribution of
Merluccius hubbsi
in the Falkland/Malvinas Islands.
Figure 6.5 Seasonal distribution of
Merluccius australis
in the Falkland/Malvinas Islands.
Figure 6.6 Length-weight relationships in females BM = 0.00702*TL
2.9966
(
n
= 32,623) and males (
n
= 6190) BM = 0.00696*TL
2.9988
of
M. hubbsi
around the Falkland/Malvinas Islands, where BM is body mass (g) and TL is total length (cm).
Figure 6.7 Size distribution in females (
n
= 98,339) and males (
n
= 15,399) of
M. hubbsi
around the Falkland/Malvinas Islands.
Figure 6.8 Mean size of females and males of
M. hubbsi
at different longitude ranges and seasons around the Falkland/Malvinas Islands.
Figure 6.9 Pooled length frequencies of females (white,
n
= 13,156) and males (grey,
n
= 1584) of
M. hubbsi
in periods of low abundance in 2000–2006 and high abundance (
n
= 41,635 and
n
= 7024, respectively) in 2007–2012 around the Falkland/Malvinas Islands.
Figure 6.11 Age structure of
M. hubbsi
and
M. australis
in periods of low abundance in 2000–2006 and high abundance in 2007–2012 around the Falkland/Malvinas Islands.
Figure 6.12 Length at age of
M. hubbsi
and
M. australis
in periods of low abundance in 2000–2006 and high abundance in 2007–2012 around the Falkland/Malvinas Islands.
Figure 6.13 Scheme of possible seasonal migrations by
M. hubbsi
(a) and
M. australis
(b) in Falkland/Malvinas waters. Supposed spawning grounds of
M. australis
(after Aguayo-Hernández, 1995) and
M. hubbsi
(after Aubone
et al
., 2000). Key: 1 = spring; 2 = summer; 3 = autumn; 4 = winter; 5 = migrations on the feeding grounds; 6 = supposed migrations to and from the spawning grounds.
Figure 6.14 Length–weight relationship in females (top panel) BM = 0.00303*TL
3.1969
(
n
= 5,110;
R
2
= 0.91) and males (low panel) BM = 0.00491*TL
3.0748
(n = 1130;
R
2
= 0.90) of
M. australis
around the Falkland/Malvinas Islands, where BM is body mass (g) and TL is total length (cm).
Figure 6.15 Size distribution in females (top panel) (
n
= 11,241) and males (bottom panel) (
n
= 3464) of
M. australis
around the Falkland/Malvinas Islands.
Figure 6.16 Pooled mean size of
M. hubbsi
at different latitude ranges and seasons around the Falkland/Malvinas Islands.
Figure 6.17 Pooled length frequencies of females (
n
= 2,340) and males (
n
= 394) of
M. australis
in 2000–2006 and 2007–2012 (
n
= 2259 and
n
= 491, respectively) around the Falkland/Malvinas Islands.
Figure 6.18 Monthly proportions of maturity stages in females and males of
M. australis
around the Falkland/Malvinas Islands.
Figure 6.19 Number of vessels by nation fishing in specialized hake fishery (A-licence) (a) and in restricted finfish fishery having hake as bycatch (b) in different years around the Falkland/Malvinas Islands.
Chapter 7: The biology and fishery of hake (Merluccius hubbsi) in the Argentinean–Uruguayan Common Fishing Zone of the Southwest Atlantic Ocean
Figure 7.1 Distribution of
M. hubbsi
in the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean and delimitation of the AUCFZ. Redrawn from DINARA (2012).
Figure 7.2 Merluccius hubbsi.
Figure 7.3 Spatial distribution (left column) and corresponding length frequencies (right column) of juveniles in
M. hubbsi
estimated from spring surveys conducted by the Uruguayan RV ‘Aldebarán’ in the AUCZF in 1991, 2000 and 2011.
Figure 7.4 Otolith of
Merluccius hubbsi
.
Figure 7.5 Length frequency distributions (%) of
M. hubbsi
estimated from autumn surveys conducted by the Uruguayan RV ‘Aldebarán’ in the AUCZF in 1994, 1995, 1998, 2008 and 2009. The red line (35 cm) separates juveniles from adults.
Figure 7.6 Percentage of adults and juveniles of
M. hubbsi
by sex estimated from autumn surveys conducted by the Uruguayan RV ‘Aldebarán’ in the AUCZF in 1994, 1995, 1998, 2008 and 2009.
Figure 7.7 Age–frequency distributions (%) of
M. hubbsi
estimated from autumn surveys conducted by the Uruguayan RV ‘Aldebarán’ in the AUCZF in 1994, 1995, 1998, 2008 and 2009.
Figure 7.8 Length–frequency distributions of
M. hubbsi
discriminated by age group (A1-A8, in years) estimated from autumn surveys conducted by the Uruguayan RV ‘Aldebarán’ in the AUCZF in 1994, 1995, 1998, 2008 and 2009.
Figure 7.9 (a) Long-term trends (1950–2010) in landings (Uruguay, AUCFZ and for the entire
M. hubbsi
distribution in the SAO); (b) CPUE (mean ± 95% confidence interval, dashed lines) estimated only for the Uruguayan fleet. Landings for the entire hake distribution were extracted from FAO (2013).
Figure 7.10 Fishing effort estimated for the Uruguayan hake fleet between 1975 and 2010: (a) HP and GRT; (b) fishing hours and number of vessels.
Figure 7.11 Uruguayan fishing fleet targeting Argentine hake: (a) main areas of operation (shades of grey refer to different catch levels detailed in b); (b) Uruguayan hake catch discriminated by statistical rectangle for the period 1977–2010.
Figure 7.12 (a) Export volume (tonnes × 10
3
) and export values (US$ × 10
3
) of hake recorded by Uruguayan statistics; (b) Scatter diagram and monotonic exponential decreasing function fitted for mean annual values of unit price (US$ per tonne) and hake catch (tonnes) by the Uruguayan fleet.
Chapter 8: Biology and fisheries of hake (Merluccius hubbsi) in Brazilian waters, Southwest Atlantic Ocean
Figure 8.1 Southeastern area of South American Shelf Large Marine Ecosystem (SASSLME), showing the Southeastern and Southern Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina, area of distribution of
Merluccius hubbsi
(21° and 55°S).
Figure 8.2 Diagram showing the oceanographic structure of the Southeastern Brazil.
Figure 8.3 Diagram showing the seasonal variation of waters masses distribution in the Southeastern Brazil.
Figure 8.4 Diagram showing the oceanographic structure of the Southern Brazil.
Figure 8.5 Fishing sites with catches of
Merluccius hubbsi
of double rig trawlers from 1970 to 1972 (a) and 2001 to 2002 (b).
Figure 8.6 Relative frequency of young of unidentified sex in
M. hubbsi
, males and females by depth in Brazilian waters (
n
= 8408).
Figure 8.7 Age structure of commercial landings from Southeastern stock of
M. hubbsi
.
Figure 8.8 Total catch of
M. hubbsi
from 1986 to 2012 in Brazilian waters, including the production of four states (RJ, Rio de Janeiro; SP, São Paulo; SC, Santa Catarina; RS, Rio Grande do Sul).
Figure 8.9 Average catch of
M. hubbsi
from 2001 to 2012 in Brazilian waters, with production in different states (RJ, Rio de Janeiro; SP, São Paulo; SC, Santa Catarina; RS, Rio Grande do Sul).
Figure 8.10 Capture per unit of effort (cpue) of
M. hubbsi
and number of landings by double rig trawlers in Santa Catarina State (Brazil) from the year 2001 to 2012.
Figure 8.11 Catches of
M. hubbsi
from 2001 to 2012 by double rig trawlers and single trawlers in Santa Catarina State (Brazil).
Figure 8.12 Monthly variation in the catches and CPUEs of species caught by double ring trawlers in Santa Catarina State (Brazil) from 2001 to 2012.
Chapter 9: Biology, fisheries, assessment and management of Pacific hake (Merluccius productus)
Figure 9.1 Map of West Coast of North America from Baja California to Southeast Alaska, with labels indicating center of California Current LME and important geographic locations, including those where smaller stocks of Pacific hake reside. In the summer, the Strait of Georgia stock extends into Queen Charlotte Sound, while the Puget Sound stock may extend through the Strait of Juan de Fuca. The large coastal stock occurs along the entire coast depicted here, depending on the year (and time of year).
Figure 9.2 Circulation in the CCLME. Conceptual drawing of seasonal evolution (top) by Strub and James (2000) based on the literature and analysis of satellite altimetry data. Note prevailing poleward flow on shelf and slope in winter (a), and prevailing equatorward flow between spring and fall transition (b–d.) Seaward of the shelf and slope, equatorward flow exists all year. Meanders and eddies are superimposed upon broad patterns, particularly during summer and fall. At bottom (Figure 9.2B), coast-wide average velocity section showing equatorward flow (negative) near the surface and the poleward (positive, shaded) undercurrent beneath during summer 1995. This velocity section is based on acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) data collected during the 1995 acoustics-trawl survey for Pacific hake (7 July–28 August, 1995) and analyzed by Pierce
et al
. (2000). The depth range for this average section is from 22 to 125–325 m, depending on bottom depth. This Figure reprinted from review by Ressler
et al
. (2007), originally based on Strub and James (2000; top panel) and Pierce
et al
. (2000; bottom panel) with permission of Elsevier.
Figure 9.3 Observations of the presence of Pacific hake in the acoustic survey in two contrasting years demonstrating the variability in distribution between warm (1998) and cold (2001) years.
Figure 9.4 Left, shaded area represents summer distribution of adults on shelf and slope in recent years. Right, oblong areas represent variable, patchy offshore spawning locations, inferred from recent collections of larvae and young juveniles and reports of a northward shift of spawning location in the literature. Arrows indicate the general direction of movement and migration in both panels. The 200-m isobath is shown in grey. This Figure reprinted from review by Ressler
et al
. (2007).
Figure 9.5 Median estimated recruitment of Pacific hake (billions of age 0 hake) from the 2013 assessment. The grey lines indicate 95% posterior credibility estimates.
Figure 9.6 Total Pacific hake catch (tonnes) used in the 2013 assessment by sector. The U.S. Tribal catches from 1966 to 2012 are included in the appropriate U.S. sectors.
Figure 9.7 Median estimated female spawning biomass through 2013 with 95% posterior credibility intervals (a). Median relative spawning biomass (spawning biomass/estimated ‘equilibrium’ unfished biomass) through 2013 with 95% posterior credibility intervals (b).
Figure 9.8 Retrospective across assessments from 1991 to 2013 of yearly spawning biomass estimates. The early assessments (1991–2002) are shown as thin dashed lines. The years from 2004 to 2007 fixed the acoustic survey catchability (
q
) at 0.6 or 1.0 and are shown as solid thin line with dots indicating
q
= 0.6. The recent assessments are shown as thick gray lines with 2008–2011 being a period of separate U.S. and Canadian models with quotas determined by the Pacific Fishery Management Council, and 2012–2013 representing recent management of hake using a single cooperative model managed under an agreement between the United States and Canada.
Chapter 10: Biology and fisheries of New Zealand hoki (Macruronus novaezelandiae)
Figure 10.1 Bathymetry of undersea New Zealand (Courtesy of James Sturman, NIWA). Dotted white line shows the Exclusive Economic Zone. (
Source
: Reproduced with permission of James Sturman, NIWA.).
Figure 10.2 Sea WIFS image showing elevated chorophyll
a
(green) near New Zealand (a). Ocean colour in the New Zealand region from satellite imagery. Red shows the highest intensity of ocean colour typically associated with higher primary productivity. (
Source
: MODIS data used courtesy of NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. Image generated by M. Pinkerton, NIWA.) (b). (Images courtesy of NOAA & NIWA.) (
Source
: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center.)
Figure 10.3 Hoki (
Macruronus novaezelandiae
).
Figure 10.4 Total hoki catch distribution in 0.25 degree squares estimated from TCEPR (Trawl Catch Effort Processing Returns completed by all commercial vessels over 27 m length), from fishing years 1989/1990 to 2010/2011. For each 0.25 degree rectangle, the catch over all years has been summed. (Data source: Ministry for Primary Industries catch effort database.)
Figure 10.5 Clean catch of hoki with a small amount of bycatch in a research trawl.
Figure 10.6 The median total length distributions of hoki in fishing years 1987/1988 to 2010/2011, as measured by fishery observers and summed for 0.1 degree squares. (
Source
: Reproduced with permission of MPI.).
Figure 10.7 Western and eastern hoki stock areas used for catch splits agreements and stock assessment modelling.
Figure 10.8 Conceptual view of the life cycle of hoki.
Figure 10.9 Estimated year-class strengths for the eastern and western stocks. Plotted values are medians of marginal posterior distributions, with average year-class strength of one (dashed line). Years are fishing years (1990 = 1989/1990). (Data source: Ministry for Primary Industries, 2012a. Reproduced with permission of MPI.)
Figure 10.10 Abundance indices used in the stock assessment. Years are fishing years (1990 = 1989/1990). The abundance indices are: Chatham Rise trawl survey in January (CRsumbio), Sub-Antarctic trawl survey in December (SAsumbio), Sub-Antarctic trawl survey in April (SAautbio), Cook Strait acoustic survey in winter (CSacous), and West Coast South Island acoustic survey in winter (WCacous). (Data source: Ministry for primary Industries, 2012a. Reproduced with permission of MPI.)
Figure 10.11 Estimated spawning biomass trajectories from the base case assessment model. Plotted values are medians of marginal posterior distributions (solid lines) with 95% credible intervals (dashed lines). Years are fishing years (1990 = 1989/1990). (Data source: Ministry for Primary Industries, 2012a. Reproduced with permission of MPI.)
Figure 10.12 Trajectory over time of fishing intensity (
U
) and spawning biomass (%
B
0
), for the western hoki stock from the start of the assessment period in 1972 (represented by a square), to 2012. The vertical line at 10%
B
0
represents the hard limit, that at 20%
B
0
is the soft limit, and the shaded area represents the interim management target ranges in biomass and fishing intensity. Biomass estimates are based on MCMC results, while fishing intensity is based on corresponding MPD results.
Figure 10.13 Trajectory over time of fishing intensity (
U
) and spawning biomass (%
B
0
), for the eastern hoki stock from the start of the assessment period in 1972 (represented by a square), to 2012. The vertical line at 10%
B
0
represents the hard limit, that at 20%
B
0
is the soft limit, and the shaded area represents the interim management target ranges in biomass and fishing intensity. Biomass estimates are based on MCMC results, while fishing intensity is based on corresponding MPD results.
Chapter 11: Biology, fishery and products of Chilean hoki (Macruronus novaezelandiae magellanicus)
Figure 11.1 Illustration of hoki (
Macruronus novaezelandiae magellanicus
). From Ojeda and Santelices (1982).
Figure 11.2 Distribution of
Macruronus novaezelandiae magellanicus
along South America.
Figure 11.3 Distribution of hoki
Macruronus novaezelandiae magellanicus
in central-south (35°–41°28'S) and austral-south (41°28'–57°S) Chile from commercial fishing data.
Figure 11.4 Location of
Macruronus nevazelandiae magellanicus
samples used by Machado-Schiaffino and Garcia-Vazquez (2011). Nomenclature: Pac-1: South East Pacific Ocean; Atl-1, Atl-2, Atl-3: South West South Atlantic Ocean.
Figure 11.5 Suggested distribution of migration patterns for hoki in the South Pacific Ocean based on information of the south-austral fishery. Key: solid arrows: migration towards spawning areas; segmented arrows: migration towards feeding areas.
Figure 11.6 Distribution and relative density of hoki eggs and larvae in the Chilean Patagonia area: (a) October 1997 and October 1998 (from Ernst
et al
., 2005); (b) November 2010 (from Neira
et al
., 2012).
Figure 11.7 Number of ships operating in the hoki fishery from 1997 to 2010. Source: National Fisheries Service of Chile (Servicio Nacional de Pesca de Chile, SernaPesca).
Figure 11.8 Landings of
M. novaezelandiae magellanicus
by the purse seine fleet and the freezer trawlers (FTcs) of central-south Chile.
Sources
: Fishery Statistics Yearbooks of the National Fisheries Service (1982 to 1996, purse seine fleet) and Secretary of Fisheries (1997 to 2010, purse seine and trawling fleets).
Figure 11.9 Size composition of
M. novaezelandiae magellanicus
in landings of the industrial purse seine fleet of central-south Chile, from 1989 until 2005. Nomenclature: dark grey bars = juveniles (<54 cm); white bars = adults (≥55 cm).
Figure 11.10 Mean total length of
M. novaezelandiae magellanicus
in landings from the industrial purse seine fleet of central-south Chile, 1989–2005. Vertical lines represent one unit of standard deviation.
Figure 11.11 Size composition of
M. novaezelandiae magellanicus
in landings of the industrial trawling fleet of southern-austral Chile, 1982 until 2011. Nomenclature: dark grey bars = juveniles (< 54 cm); white bars = adults (≥ 55 cm).
Figure 11.12 Mean total length of
M. novaezelandiae magellanicus
in landings from the industrial trawling fleet of southern Chile, 1989–2011. Vertical lines represent one unit of standard deviation.
Figure 11.13 Nominal (solid line) and standardized (segmented line) trawling catch per unit of effort (CPUE) for
M. novaezelandiae magellanicus
in central-south Chile (CSTFU, top left), ATF-1 (top right), ATF-2 (bottom left) and ATF-3 (bottom right).
Figure 11.14 Total, vulnerable and spawning biomass (in thousand t) of Chilean hoki (
M. novaezelandiae magellanicus
) from 1978 to 2011.
Source
: From Alarcón and Zuleta (2013).
Figure 11.15 Production (1000 t) of hoki frozen products, fishmeal and surimi in Chile. Period: 1978–2011.
Source
: Fishery Statistics Yearbooks of the National Fisheries Service.
Figure 11.16 Nominal (solid line) and standardized (segmented line) trawling catch per unit of effort (CPUE) for
M. novaezelandiae magellanicus
in central-south Chile (CSTFU, top left), ATF-1 (top right), ATF-2 (bottom left) and ATF-3 (bottom right).
Chapter 12: An overview of hake and hoki fisheries: analysis of biological, fishery and economic indicators
Figure 12.1 Relationship between K and L∞ in species of
Merluccius
(see Table 12.1).
Figure 12.2 Annual landings of hakes (genus
Merluccius
; solid line), hoki (genus
Macruronus
; dots) and total (
Merluccius
+
Macruronus
; solid line with dots) (see Tables 2, Annexes 1 and 2).
Figure 12.3 Ratio (
ρ
) of catches in hake stocks, where
ρ
= catch in the last year/maximum annual catch by country and Falkland/Malvinas Islands, and species.
Figure 12.4 Mean FOB prices for frozen hake fillets in blocks (
Merluccius
spp.) in different countries and Falkland/Malvinas Islands. For details see legend of Table 12.4.
Figure 12.5 Mean FOB prices for HGT of hakes (
Merluccius
spp.) in different countries and Falkland/Malvinas Islands. For details see legend of Table 12.4.
List of Tables
Chapter 1: European hake (Merluccius merluccius) in the Northeast Atlantic Ocean
Table 1.1 Northern and Southern hake stocks average landings in ICES areas between 1972 and 2012
Table 1.2
Merluccius
first-sale prices, wholesale, retail prices and gross margins
Chapter 2: Fisheries, ecology and markets of South African hake
Table 2.1 Recent biomass (× 10
3
t) indices (1 s.e.) of
M. paradoxus
and
M. capensis
on the west coast (WC) and south coast (SC) of South Africa, derived from swept-area demersal surveys conducted in summer (west) and autumn (south) each year
Table 2.2 Total length at 50% maturity (
L
50
,cm) estimates of both hake species, shown for all data as well as separated by coast
Table 2.3 Status of the South African hake fishery in 2012
Table 2.4 TAC recommendations and basis for advice from 1991 to 2012
Chapter 3: Biology and fisheries of the shallow-water hake (Merluccius capensis) and the deep-water hake (Merluccius paradoxus) in Namibia
Table 3.1 Length and weight for the beginning and middle of the year and the proportion mature (Prop. mature) at each age for (A)
M. paradoxus
, (B)
M. capensis
assuming slow growth rates used in the current Namibian hake assessment and (C)
M. capensis
assuming fast growth rates using new age information available (Wilhelm, 2012). Also shown in the Table are the parameters used to calculate each of the values for each age (years)
a
Table 3.2 Summary of spawning areas and spawning season of
M. capensis
in the northern Benguela reported by different authors
Chapter 4: Southern hake (Merluccius australis) in New Zealand: biology, fisheries and stock assessment
Table 4.1 Estimates of biological parameters for the three southern hake biological stocks
Table 4.2 Hake stomach contents from the Chatham Rise, showing point estimates of the percentage frequency of occurrence (%
F
), percentage weight (%
W
), and percentage number (%
N
), for prey grouped at the taxonomic levels used in the multivariate analysis by Dunn
et al.
(2010)
Table 4.3 Reported landings (
t
) of hake by Fishstock from 1983–1984 to 2011–2012 and actual Total Allowable Commercial Catches (TACCs,
t
) for 1986–1987 to 2011–2012
Table 4.4 Estimated landings (
t
) from fishing years 1974–1975 to 2010–2011 for the Sub-Antarctic, Chatham Rise, and west coast South Island (WCSI) biological stocks, and total
Table 4.5 Bayesian median and 95% credible intervals of unfished spawning biomass (
B
0
,
t
), current spawning biomass (
B
cur
,
t
), and
B
cur
as a percentage of
B
0
for the base model runs for all stocks
Chapter 6: Biology and fishery of common hake (Merluccius hubbsi) and southern hake (Merluccius australis) around the Falkland/Malvinas Islands on the Patagonian Shelf of the Southwest Atlantic Ocean
Table 6.1 Seasonal and latitudinal changes in the sex ratio of
M. hubbsi
around the Falkland/Malvinas Islands
Table 6.2 Parameters of von Bertalanffy growth function (both sexes pooled) in
M. hubbsi
and
M. australis
during the periods of low abundance (2000–2006) and high abundance (2007–2012) around the Falkland/Malvinas Islands
Table 6.3 Feeding spectrum of
M. hubbsi
around the Falkland/Malvinas Islands in austral summer and winter. Key: %
n
= percentage by number of prey items; %
O
= frequency of occurrence of prey items
Table 6.4 Feeding spectrum of
M. australis
around the Falkland/Malvinas Islands. Key: %
n
= percentage by number of prey items; %
O
= frequency of occurrence of prey items
Chapter 7: The biology and fishery of hake (Merluccius hubbsi) in the Argentinean–Uruguayan Common Fishing Zone of the Southwest Atlantic Ocean
Table 7.1 Growth parameters of
M. hubbsi
Chapter 8: Biology and fisheries of hake (Merluccius hubbsi) in Brazilian waters, Southwest Atlantic Ocean
Table 8.1 Biomass estimations (tonnes) of
M. hubbsi
, by depth, for the Southeastern stock and the Southern stock in Brazilian waters
Table 8.2
Merluccius hubbsi
: items found during stomach content analysis and percentage of weight (
W
%) for Southeastern stock
Table 8.3 Areas, depths and months recommended to close to the fishery on
M. hubbsi
in Brazilian waters (dark squares)
Table 8.4 Main estimated coefficients of regression for General Linear Model fitted to the log of the catch per unit of effort (ln kilogram per hour, dependent on the variable) obtained for trawlers from year 2001 to 2008
Chapter 10: Biology and fisheries of New Zealand hoki (Macruronus novaezelandiae)
Table 10.1 Reported trawl catches (
t
) from 1969 to 1987/1988, 1969 to 1983 by calendar year, 1983/1984 to 1987/1988 by fishing year (October–September) prior to full implementation of the QMS
Table 10.2 Estimated total catch (
t
) of hoki by area, 1988/1989 to 2010/2011
Table 10.3 Estimates of biological parameters New Zealand hoki stocks
Table 10.4 Biomass indices ('000 t) used in the assessment, with observation and overall c.v.s (respectively) in parentheses
Table 10.5 Summary of number of hoki target trawl tows (TCEPR only) in the hoki fishery from fishing years (FY) 1989/90 to 2010/11
Chapter 11: Biology, fishery and products of Chilean hoki (Macruronus novaezelandiae magellanicus)
Table 11.1 Individual length growth parameters of
M. novazelandiae magellanicus
in Chile. (
Source
: Adapted from Chong
et al.
2007.)
Table 11.2 Natural mortality estimates of
M. novazelandiae magellanicus
by sex using different methods
Table 11.3 Landings (tonnes) of
M. novaezelandiae magellanicus
by fishery unit and total in Chile from 1978 to 2011
Table 11.4 Parameters of the length–weight relationship (
a
,
b
) for
M. novaezelandiae magellanicus
and sample size (
n
) in the south-austral fishery unit (Alarcón, 2013a)
Table 11.5 Acoustic biomass of
M. novaezelandiae magellanicus
(in 1000 t) from 2000 to 2011
Table 11.6 Maximum likelihood estimates of total biomass of
M. novaezelandiae magellanicus
(TB, 1000 t), spawning stock biomass (SSB, 1000 t), vulnerable biomass (Bvuln, 1000 t), total abundance (
N
, million individuals) and recruits (
R
, million individuals)
Chapter 12: An overview of hake and hoki fisheries: analysis of biological, fishery and economic indicators
Table 12.1 Growth parameters (
L
∞
and
K
) of
Merluccius
species and growth performance index (
φ
′)
Table 2 Species of hakes (
Merluccius
spp.) and hoki (
Macruronus
spp.) included in landings of Table Annex 1 and Annex 2 (this chapter)
Table 3
Merluccius
spp. and
Macruronus
spp. maximum annual catch, catch of the last year and ratio of catches by country and Falkland/Malvinas Islands, and its ratio
ρ
(see text for explanation, and Table Annex 1 and Annex 2 for annual catches)
Table Annex 1 Annual atches (t × 10
3
) of hakes per country and Falkland/Malvinas Islands.Period: 1960–2012
Table Annex 2 Annual catches (t × 10
3
) of hoki in New Zealand and Chile. Period: 1969–2011
Table 12.4 Biological reference points and other stock indicators of hakes (
Merluccius
spp.) and hoki (
Macruronus
spp.)
Table 12.5 Mean FOB prices of hake products (in American dollars per kilo; US$/kg). Data were obtained from official reports and/or websites of fisheries research institutes, national fisheries services, customs-house services, fishing companies, fishing associations, universities and/or former commercial managers. Prices given here are references, not official export prices
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Hakes
Biology and Exploitation
Edited by
Hugo Arancibia
Fisheries Technology Unit,Department of Oceanography,Faculty of Nature Sciences and Oceanography,University of Concepción, Chile
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List of contributors
Rubén Alarcón
Ph.D. in Aquatic Living Resource Management, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Oceanography, Universidad de Concepción, Chile. Programa COPAS Sur Austral, Universidad de Concepción, Chile.
Paula Álvarez
AZTI Fundazioa, Herrera Kaia Portu-aldea z/g, 20110 Pasaia, Basque Country, Spain
Eider Andonegi
AZTI Fundazioa, Txatxarramendi Ugartea z7g, 48395 Sukarrieta, Basque Country, Spain
Hugo Arancibia
Director, Ph.D. in Aquatic Living Resource Management, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Oceanography, Universidad de Concepción, P.O. Box 160-C, Concepción, Chile
A.I. Arkhipkin
Department of Natural Resources, P.O. Box 598, Stanley, Falkland/Malvinas Islands
Sira L. Ballara
National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Private Bag 14901, Wellington 6241, New Zealand
A.J. Barton
Department of Natural Resources, P.O. Box 598, Stanley, Falkland/Malvinas Islands
C. A. R. Bross
South African Deep Sea Trawling Industry Association, P.O. Box 2066, Cape Town 8000, South Africa
D. S. Butterworth
Marine Resource Assessment and Management Group, Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
José Castro
Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Subida Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, Galicia, Spain
Santiago Cerviño
Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Subida Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, Galicia, Spain
Omar Defeo
DINARA, Constituyente 1497, 11200 Montevideo, Uruguay
UNDECIMAR, Facultad de Ciencias, Iguá 4225, 11400 Montevideo, Uruguay
M. D. Durholtz
Fisheries Management, Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Private Bag X2, Rogge Bay 8012, Cape Town, South Africa
MA-RE Institute, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa
T. P. Fairweather
Fisheries Management, Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Private Bag X2, Rogge Bay 8012, Cape Town, South Africa
Guy W. Fleischer
Alaska Fisheries Science Center, NOAA, 7600 Sand Point Way Northeast, Seattle, Washington, 98115, USA
Dorleta García
AZTI Fundazioa, Txatxarramendi Ugartea z7g, 48395 Sukarrieta, Basque Country, Spain
Claudio Gatica
Instituto de Investigación Pesquera (INPESCA), Av. Colón 2780, Talcahuano, Chile
Nerea Goikoetxea
AZTI Fundazioa, Txatxarramendi Ugartea z7g, 48395 Sukarrieta, Basque Country, Spain
Owen S. Hamel
Northwest Fisheries Science Center, NOAA, 2725 Montlake Boulevard East, Seattle, Washington, 98112, USA
Allan C. Hicks
Northwest Fisheries Science Center, NOAA, 2725 Montlake Boulevard East, Seattle, Washington, 98112, USA
John A. Holmes
Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Pacific Biological Station, Nanaimo, British Columbia V9T 6N7, Canada
Peter L. Horn
National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA) Ltd., Private Bag 14–901, Kilbirnie, Wellington, New Zealand
Rosemary J. Hurst
National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research Private Bag 14901, Wellington 6241, New Zealand
L. Hutchings
MA-RE Institute, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa
J. A. Iitembu
National Marine Information and Research Centre (NatMIRC), Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources, Swakopmund, Namibia
Department of Zoology and Entomology, Rhodes University, Grahamstown 6140, South Africa
A. Jarre
MA-RE Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
P. Kainge
National Marine Information and Research Centre (NatMIRC), Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources, Swakopmund, Namibia
J. N. Kathena
National Marine Information and Research Centre (NatMIRC), Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources, Swakopmund, Namibia
C. H. Kirchner
National Marine Information and Research Centre (NatMIRC), Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources, Swakopmund, Namibia
Secretariat of the Pacific Community, BPD5, 98848, Noumea, New Caledonia
Maria Korta
AZTI Fundazioa, Herrera Kaia Portu-aldea z/g, 20110 Pasaia, Basque Country, Spain
V.V. Laptikhovsky
Department of Natural Resources, P.O. Box 598, Stanley, Falkland/Malvinas Islands
R. W. Leslie
Fisheries Management, Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Private Bag X2, Rogge Bay 8012, Cape Town, South Africa
MA-RE Institute, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa
C. D. van der Lingen
Fisheries Management, Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Private Bag X2, Rogge Bay 8012, Cape Town, South Africa
MA-RE Institute, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch 7701, Cape Town, South Africa
Mary E. Livingston
Ministry for Primary Industries, PO Box 2526, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
María Inés Lorenzo
DINARA, Constituyente 1497, 11200 Montevideo, Uruguay
Andy McKenzie
National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Private Bag 14901, Wellington 6241, New Zealand
Arantza Murillas
AZTI Fundazioa, Txatxarramendi Ugartea z7g, 48395 Sukarrieta, Basque Country, Spain
Hilario Murua
AZTI Fundazioa, Herrera Kaia Portu-aldea z/g, 20110 Pasaia, Basque Country, Spain
Sergio Neira
Ph.D. in Aquatic Living Resource Management, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Oceanography, Universidad de Concepción. Programa COPAS Sur Austral, Universidad de Concepción, P.O. Box 160-C, Concepción, Chile
Richard L. O'Driscoll
National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, Private Bag 14901, Wellington 6241, New Zealand
A. I. L. Payne
Cefas, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft NR 33 0HT, United Kingdom
Tony Pitcher
Fisheries Centre, University of British Columbia, Canada
R. A. Rademeyer
Marine Resource Assessment and Management Group, Department of Mathematics and Applied Mathematics, University of Cape Town, Private Bag X3, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
Patrick H. Ressler
Alaska Fisheries Science Center, NOAA, 7600 Sand Point Way Northeast, Seattle, Washington, 98115, USA
J. P. Roux
Lüderitz Marine Research, Ministry of Fisheries and Marine Resources, Lüderitz, Namibia
Animal Demography Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
Marina Santurtún
AZTI Fundazioa, Txatxarramendi Ugartea z7g, 48395 Sukarrieta, Basque Country, Spain
Paulo Ricardo Schwingel
Universidade do Vale do Itajaí (UNIVALI), Centro de Ciências Tecnológicas da Terra e do Mar (CTTMar), Rua Uruguai, 457 CEP 88302–202 Itajaí, SC, Brazil
L. Singh
Fisheries Management, Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Private Bag X2, Rogge Bay 8012, Cape Town, South Africa
Rebecca E. Thomas
Northwest Fisheries Science Center, NOAA, 2725 Montlake Boulevard East, Seattle, Washington, 98112, USA
Sebastián Vásquez
Instituto de Investigación Pesquera (INPESCA), Av. Colón 2780, Talcahuano, Chile
André Martins Vaz-dos-Santos
Universidade Federal do Paraná – UFPR. Laboratório de Esclerocronologia. Rua Pioneiro, 2153 CEP 85950–000 Palotina – PR – Brazil
Daniel A. Waldeck
Pacific Whiting Conservation Cooperative, 2505 SE 11th Avenue, Suite 358, Portland, Oregon, 97202, USA
M. R. Wilhelm
MA-RE Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7701, South Africa
