Handbook of Composites from Renewable Materials, Volume 4, Functionalization E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1172

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2017

Beschreibung

This unique multidisciplinary 8-volume set focuses on the emerging issues concerning synthesis, characterization, design, manufacturing and various other aspects of composite materials from renewable materials and provides a shared platform for both researcher and industry. The Handbook of Composites from Renewable Materials comprises a set of 8 individual volumes that brings an interdisciplinary perspective to accomplish a more detailed understanding of the interplay between the synthesis, structure, characterization, processing, applications and performance of these advanced materials. The Handbook comprises 169 chapters from world renowned experts covering a multitude of natural polymers/ reinforcement/ fillers and biodegradable materials. Volume 4 is solely focused on the Functionalization of renewable materials. Some of the important topics include but not limited to: Chitosan-based bio sorbents; oil spill clean-up by textiles; pyridine and bipyridine end-functionalized polylactide; functional separation membranes from chitin and chitosan derivatives; acrylated epoxidized flaxseed oil bio-resin and its biocomposites; encapsulation of inorganic renewable nanofiller; chitosan coating on textile fibers for functional properties; surface functionalization of cellulose whiskers for nonpolar composites; impact of chemical treatment and the manufacturing process on mechanical, thermal and rheological properties of natural fibers based composites; bio-polymers modification; review on fibers from natural resources; strategies to improve the functionality of starch based films; the effect of gamma-radiation on biodegradability of natural fibers; surface functionalization through vapor-phase assisted surface polymerization (VASP) on natural materials from agricultural by-products; okra bast fiber as potential reinforcement element of biocomposites; silane coupling agent used in natural fiber/plastic composites; composites of olefin polymer /natural fibers: the surface modifications on natural fibers; surface functionalization of biomaterials; thermal and mechanical behaviors of bio-renewable fibres based polymer composites; natural and artificial diversification of starch; role of radiation and surface modification on bio-fiber for reinforced polymer composites.

Leseprobe

Contents

Cover

Title page

Copyright page

Dedication

Preface

Chapter 1: Chitosan-Based Biosorbents: Modifications and Application for Sequestration of PPCPs and Metals for Water Remediation

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Modification of Chitosan

1.3 Interactions of Chitosan-Based MIP Sorbents with Pollutants (Organic & Inorganic)

1.4 Applications of Chitosan

1.5 Conclusion

References

Chapter 2: Oil Spill Cleanup by Textiles

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Causes of Oil Spilling

2.3 Problems Faced Due to Oil Spilling

2.4 Oil Sorption Phenomenon

2.5 Removal of Oil Spill

2.6 Recent Developments for Effective Water Cleaning

2.7 Test Methods for Evaluation of Oil Sorbents

2.8 Conclusions

References

Chapter 3: Pyridine and Bipyridine End-Functionalized Polylactide: Synthesis and Catalytic Applications

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Macroligand Synthesis

3.3 Macroligand Coordination to Palladium

3.4 Pd-Nanoparticles Supported onto End-Functionalized Stereocomplexes

3.5 Catalytic Applications

3.6 Outlook

References

Chapter 4: Functional Separation Membranes from Chitin and Chitosan Derivatives

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Preparation of Separation Membrane from Chitin, Chitosan, and Their Derivatives

4.3 Functional Separation Membranes from Chitin, Chitosan, and Their Derivatives

4.4 Conclusions

References

Chapter 5: Acrylated Epoxidized Flaxseed Oil Bio-Resin and Its Biocomposites

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Experimental

5.3 Results and Discussion

5.4 Conclusions

Acknowledgment

References

Chapter 6: Encapsulation of Inorganic Renewable Nanofiller

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Synthesis of Polymer-Encapsulated Silica Nanoparticles

6.3 Concluding Remarks

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 7: Chitosan Coating on Textile Fibers for Functional Properties

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Antimicrobial Coating of Textiles by Chitosan UV Curing

7.3 Chitosan Coating of Wool for Antifelting Properties

7.4 Chitosan Coating on Textile Fibers to Increasing Uptake of Ionic Dyes in Dyeing

7.5 Chitosan Coating on Cotton Filter for Removal of Dyes and Metal Ions from Wastewaters

7.6 Conclusions

References

Chapter 8: Surface Functionalization of Cellulose Whiskers for Nonpolar Composites Applications

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Experimental

8.3 Results and Discussion

8.4 Conclusion

References

Chapter 9: Impact of Chemical Treatment and the Manufacturing Process on Mechanical, Thermal, and Rheological Properties of Natural Fibers-Based Composites

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Physicochemical Characteristics of Natural Fibers

9.3 Problematic

9.4 Natural Fibers Treatments

9.5 Composites Manufacturing

9.6 Composites Properties

9.7 Conclusion

References

Chapter 10: Biopolymers Modification and Their Utilization in Biomimetic Composites for Osteochondral Tissue Engineering

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Failure, Defect, and Design: Role of Composites

10.3 Cell-ECM Composite Hierarchy in Bone-Cartilage Interface

10.4 Polymers for Osteochondral Tissue Engineering

10.5 Polymer Modification for Osteochondral Tissue Engineering

10.6 Composite Scaffolds for Osteochondral Tissue Engineering

10.7 Osteochondral Composite Scaffolds: Clinical Status

10.8 Current Challenges and Future Direction

References

Chapter 11: Fibers from Natural Resources

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Materials and Methods

11.3 Fiber Characteristics

11.4 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 12: Strategies to Improve the Functionality of Starch-Based Films

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Starch: Sources and Main Uses

12.3 Strategies to Improve the Functionality of Biopolymer-Based Films

12.4 Bioactive Compounds with Antimicrobial Activity

12.5 Conclusion

References

Chapter 13: The Effect of Gamma Radiation on Biodegradability of Natural Fiber/PP-HMSPP Foams: A Study of Thermal Stability and Biodegradability

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Materials and Methods

13.3 Results and Discussion

13.4 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 14: Surface Functionalization Through Vapor-Phase-Assisted Surface Polymerization (VASP) on Natural Materials from Agricultural By-Products

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Surface Modification by Steam Treatment

14.3 Surface Modification by Compatibilizer

14.4 Vapor-Phase-Assisted Surface Polymerization

14.5 Vapor-Phase-Assisted Surface Modification of Biomass Fillers

14.6 Vapor-Phase Chemical Modification of Biomass Fillers

14.7 Green Composites Through VASP Process

14.8 Conclusions and Outlook

References

Chapter 15: Okra Bast Fiber as Potential Reinforcement Element of Biocomposites: Can It Be the Flax of the Future?

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Cultivation and Harvesting of Okra Plant

15.3 Extraction of Bast Fibers from Okra Plant

15.4 Composition, Morphology, and Properties of Okra Bast Fiber

15.5 Modification Methods of Okra Bast fiber

15.6 Potential Application Areas of Okra Bast Fiber-Reinforced Biocomposites

15.7 Conclusions and Future Work

References

Chapter 16: Silane Coupling Agents Used in Natural Fiber/Plastic Composites

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Hydrolysis of Silanes

16.3 Interaction with Natural Fibers

16.4 Interaction with Plastics

16.5 Summary

Acknowledgments

Abbreviations

References

Chapter 17: Composites of Olefin Polymer/Natural Fibers: The Surface Modifications on Natural Fibers

17.1 Introduction

17.2 Vegetable Fiber

17.3 Chemical Treatments

17.4 Mercerization

17.5 Acetylation Process: Way to Insert Fibers on Hydrophilic Polymers

17.6 Acetylation Treatment

17.7 Catalyst for Acetylation Process

17.7 Methods for Determination Acetylation

17.8 Weight Percentage Gain

17.9 Fourier Transformer Infrared Spectroscopy

17.10 Chemical Modification of Fiber through the Reaction with Polymer-Modified Olefin

17.11 Other Treatments

17.12 Maximum Stress in Tension

17.13 Elongation at Break

17.14 Elastic Modulus

17.15 Impact Resistance

References

Chapter 18: Surface Functionalization of Biomaterials

18.1 Introduction

18.2 Biomaterials

18.3 Surface Modification Technologies

18.4 Surface Functionalization of Metallic Biomaterials: Selected Examples

18.5 Surface Functionalization of Polymeric Biomaterials: Selected Examples

18.6 Conclusions and Future Directions

References

Chapter 19: Thermal and Mechanical Behaviors of Biorenewable Fibers-Based Polymer Composites

19.1 Introduction

19.2 Classification of Natural Fibers

19.3 Structure of Biofiber

19.4 Surface Treatment of Natural Fibers

19.5 Hemp Fiber Composites

19.6 Bamboo Fiber Composites

19.7 Banana Fiber Composites

19.8 Kenaf Fiber Composites

19.9 Coir Fiber Composites

19.10 Jute Fiber Composites

19.11 Flax Fiber Composites

19.12 Date Palm Fibers Composites

19.13 Rice Straw Fiber Composites

19.14 Agava Fibers Composites

19.15 Sisal Fibers Composites

19.16 Pineapple Leaf Fiber Composites

19.17 Basalt Fiber Composites

19.18

Grewia optiva

Fiber Composites

19.19 Luffa Fiber Composites

19.20 Some Other Natural Fibers Composites

19.21 Conclusion

References

Chapter 20: Natural and Artificial Diversification of Starch

20.1 Introduction

20.2 Natural Diversification of Starches

20.3 Artificial Diversification of Starches

References

Chapter 21: Role of Radiation and Surface Modification on Biofiber for Reinforced Polymer Composites: A Review

21.1 Introduction

21.2 Natural Fibers

21.3 Chemistry of Cellulose in NF

21.4 Drawback of NFs

21.5 Surface Modification of NFs

21.6 Radiation Effect on the Surface of Biofiber

21.7 Biocomposites

21.8 Hybrid Biocomposites

21.9 Nanofillers and Nanocomposites

21.10 Initiative in Product Development of NF Composite

21.11 Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Index

End User License Agreement

Guide

Cover

Copyright

Contents

Begin Reading

List of Tables

Chapter 1

Table 1.1 Physically modified chitosan derivative.

Table 1.2 Gibbs free energy for the various derivatives of chitosan.

Table 1.3 Chemically modified ions imprinted chitosan derivatives.

Table 1.4 Chitosan based MIP for adsorption of organic compounds.

Table 1.5 Molecularly imprinted Chitosan based adsorbents for simultaneous removal of organic and inorganic compounds.

Chapter 2

Table 2.1 Methods for oil spill cleanup (Zahed

et al.,

2005; Zhu

et al.,

2001).

Table 2.2 Oil sorption capacities of some typical sorbents (Ross, 1991).

Chapter 3

Table 3.1 Catalytic aerobic oxidation of alcohols by Pd(II)-based macrocomplexes.

Table 3.2 Partial hydrogenation of selected alkynes by Pd-NPs onto end-functionalized stereocomplexes.

Table 3.3 Selective cinnamaldehyde hydrogenation by Pd-NPs onto end-functionalized stereocomplexes.

Chapter 4

Table 4.1 Solubility of chitin in DMA-NMP-LiCl mixture

a)

.

Table 4.2 Membrane preparation method.

Table 4.3 Characteristics of permeation and separation for aqueous alcohol solution through the chitosan membrane in pervapration.

Table 4.4 Characteristics of permeation and separation for aqueous ethanol solution in pervaporation and evapomeation.

Table 4.5 Transport direction of uracil (Ura), cytosine (Cyt), adenine (Ade), guanine (Gua) and K

+

ion in the transport against the concentration gradient through the quaternized chitosan membrane.

Table 4.6 Kinetic date in urea hydrolysis by the urease-immobilized membrane and native urease.

Chapter 5

Table 5.1 Measured densities of polymer samples.

Table 5.2 Measured and ideal densities of different biocomposites.

Table 5.3 Measured thermal properties of polymer samples.

Chapter 6

Table 6.2 TGA data for the neat-plasticized PVC and plasticized PVC nanocomposites (Chauyjuljit

et al.,

2014).

Chapter 7

Table 7.1 Applications of chitosan in the textile field onto fibrous materials.

Table 7.2 Yield and antimicrobial activity against

E. coli,

before and after washing with two detergents, evaluated on chitosan-treated samples (formulation diluted with 2% acetic acid) (reprinted with permission of Elsevier from Periolatto

et al.,

2012).

Table 7.3 Antibacterial activity of chitosan-treated cotton samples as prepared and after 10 and 30 washing cycles (reprinted with permission of Elsevier from Ferrero

et al.,

2015).

Table 7.4 Microorganism reduction of chitosan-treated wool fabrics: influence of impregnation, chitosan add-on and oxidative pretreatment (reprinted with permission of Elsevier from Periolatto

et al.,

2013).

Chapter 8

Table 8.1 Cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin contents of different species of plants.

Table 8.2 Characteristics sizes found to whiskers obtained by different ways.

Table 8.3 Values of dimensions, zeta potential, and Ci of cellulose whiskers unmodified (CW) and modified (CWMA).

Table 8.4 Thermal degradation temperatures (T

onset

and Td

max

), weight loss at 100 °C and relative humidity of cotton fibers, CW, and CWMA.

Table 8.5 Thermal characteristics of LDPE and LDPE/CW and LDPE/CWMA nanocomposites.

Chapter 9

Table 9.1 Chemical and physical properties of coir fibers and glass fibers.

Table 9.2 Composition and properties of some natural fibers from literature (Arrakhiz

et al.

2012a-c, 2013a-c).

Table 9.3 Summary of the process parameters used for compounding of PP/coir fiber.

Table 9.4 Sample labels of the composites prepared.

Chapter 10

Table 10.1 Polymers in osteochondral TE.

Table 10.2 List of osteochondral implants with clinical status.

Chapter 11

Table 11.1 Overview of reported fibers.

Table 11.2 Content of chemical elements on the fiber surfaces determined by EDS methods.

Chapter 12

Table 12.1 Classification of biopolymers (Adapted from Avérous & Pollet, 2002; John & Thomas, 2008).

Table 12.2 Physical properties of Starch-PVA blends films obtained by csting technique.

Chapter 13

Table 13.1 Temperature profile for samples homogenizing.

Table 13.2 Thermal behavior of PP/HMSPP SCB foams.

Table 13.3 Thermal behavior of 10% SCB in PP/HMSPP foam, subjected to gamma radiation: 0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 kGy.

Table 13.4 Mass loss variation (%) for non-irradiated 10, 15, 30, and 50%SCB in PP/HMSPP foams after 1 (one) year of soil burial.

Chapter 14

Table 14.1 The estimated world-wide production of fibrous raw materials from agricultural crops.

1

Table 14.2 VASP of MMA on substrates.

Table 14.3 VASP of MMA on pulverized rice straw surface.

Table 14.4 VASP of MMA on MAAh-modified and unmodified celluloses.

Chapter 15

Table 15.1 Chemical composition of okra bast and other plant fibers.

Table 15.2 Physical properties of okra bast fibers and other plant fibers (Satyanarayana, Guimarães, & Wypych, 2007; Rai, Hosssain, & Hossain, 2012; M. Tahir, Ahmed, SaifulAzry, & Ahmed, 2011).

Table 15.3 Infrared band assignment of okra bast fiber.

Table 15.4 Comparative properties of some plant fibers.

Table 15.5 List of characterization methods applied on okra bast fibers.

Table 15.6 List of surface modification treatments applied on okra bast fibers.

Table 15.7 Water absorption of surface-treated okra bast fibers.

Chapter 16

Table 16.1 Silanes used for the NFPCs: chemical structures, organofunctionalities, and target plastic matrices.

Table 16.2 Improvement (%) in tensile properties of natural fiber/thermoplastic composites coupled with different functionalities of silanes in the absent of initiators.

Table 16.3 Mechanical properties of natural fiber/PE composites coupled with the representative vinylsilanes in the presence of peroxide initiator.

Chapter 17

Table 17.1 Properties of PP coconut fiber composite and coconut treated with different concentrations of NaOH (Huang, 2009).

Table 17.2 Data Stretch at break, elastic modulus, and maximum stress for composite HDPE + banana fibers (Fint – fiber interne; Finterm – Fiber intermediary; and Fext – Fiber extern) and coconut fibers, pure and impregnated, with the interfacial agents with LA, SA, polyethyleneglycol stearate (PEGEst), polyethylene glycol laurate (PEGLau), and glyceryl stearate (GFYEst).

Table 17.3 Impact properties for the HDPE composites with coconut and banana fibers (Fint, Finterm, and Fext), pure and impregnated, with the interfacial agents.

Chapter 18

Table 18.1 Surface modification techniques.

Chapter 19

Table 19.1 Mechanical properties of natural fibres as reinforcing fibres (Thakur & Thakur, 2014a,b; Dittenber

et al.,

2012; Kabir

et al.,

2012; Alireza Dehghani, 2013; Xue Li, 2007).

Table 19.2 Chemical composition of some natural fibres (Thakur & Thakur, 2014a,b; Dittenber

et al.,

2012; Kabir

et al.

,

2012; Alireza Dehghani

et al.,

2013; Xue Li

et al.,

2007).

Chapter 20

Table 20.1 Size of starch globules and amylose content in starches of various plant species (Alcazar-Alay & Meireles, 2009; Zhang

et al.,

2005; Mirmoghtadaie

et al.,

2009; Choi

et al.,

2004; Singh

et al.,

2003; Ao & Jane, 2007; Hoover & Ratnayake, 2002; Radosta

et al.,

1992).

Table 20.2 Content of non-saccharide components in grains of starches of various plant species (Be Miller, 1999; Hover, 2001; Alkazar-Alay & Meireles, 2015; Radosta

et al.,

1992; Caballero, 2003).

Table 20.3 Range of pasting temperatures of starch of various botanical origin (Be Miller, 1999; BeMiller & Vhistler, 2009; Callero, 2003; Tegge, 2004; Alcazar-Alay & Meireles, 2015; Singh

et al.,

2003).

Table 20.4 Properties of starch pastes (Lewandowicz & Fornal, 2008).

Chapter 21

Table 21.1 Properties of natural fibers in relationtothoseofE-glass (Beukers, A. 2005).

Table 21.2 Chemical treatments used for modification of NFs.

Table 21.3 Reported work on hybrid composites.

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Scrivener Publishing100 Cummings Center, Suite 541JBeverly, MA 01915-6106www.scrivenerpublishing.com

Publishers at ScrivenerMartin Scrivener ([email protected])Phillip Carmical ([email protected])

Handbook of Composites from Renewable Materials

Edited by Vijay Kumar Thakur, Manju Kumari Thakur and Michael R. Kessler

Volume 1: Structure and ChemistryISBN: 978-1-119-22362-7

Volume 2: Design and ManufacturingISBN: 978-1-119-22365-8

Volume 3: Physico-Chemical and Mechanical CharacterizationISBN: 978-1-119-22366-5

Volume 4: FunctionalizationISBN: 978-1-119-22367-2

Volume 5: Biodegradable MaterialsISBN: 978-1-119-22379-5

Volume 6: Polymeric CompositesISBN: 978-1-119-22380-1

Volume 7: Nanocomposites: Science and FundamentalsISBN: 978-1-119-22381-8

Volume 8: Nanocomposites: Advanced ApplicationsISBN: 978-1-119-22383-2

8-volume setISBN 978-1-119-22436-5

Handbook of Composites from Renewable Materials

Volume 4

Functionalization

Edited by

Vijay Kumar Thakur

Manju Kumari Thakur

Michael R. Kessler

This edition first published 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA and ScrivenerPublishing LLC, 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J, Beverly, MA 01915, USA© 2017 Scrivener Publishing LLC

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataISBN 978-1-119-22367-2

Names: Thakur, Vijay Kumar, 1981- editor. | Thakur, Manju Kumari, editor. | Kessler, Michael R., editor.

Title: Handbook of composites from renewable materials / edited by Vijay Kumar Thakur, Manju Kumari Thakur and Michael R. Kessler.

Description: Hoboken, New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons, Inc., [2017] | Includes bibliographical references and index.

Identifiers: LCCN 2016043632 (print) | LCCN 2016056611 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119223627 (cloth : set) | ISBN 9781119224235 (pdf) | ISBN 9781119224259 (epub)

Subjects: LCSH: Composite materials–Handbooks, manuals, etc. | Biodegradable plastics–Handbooks, manuals, etc. | Green products–Handbooks, manuals, etc.

Classification: LCC TA418.9.C6 H335 2017 (print) | LCC TA418.9.C6 (ebook) | DDC 620.1/18–dc23

LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016043632

To my parents and teachers who helped me become what I am today.

Vijay Kumar Thakur

Preface

The concept of green chemistry and sustainable development policy impose on industry and technology to switch raw material base from the petroleum to renewable resources. Remarkable attention has been paid to the environmental-friendly, green, and sustainable materials for a number of applications during the past few years. Indeed, the rapidly diminishing global petroleum resources, along with awareness of global environmental problems, have promoted the way to switch toward renewable resources-based materials. In this regard, biobased renewable materials can form the basis for a variety of eco-efficient, sustainable products that can capture and compete markets presently dominated by products based solely on petroleum-based raw materials. The nature provides a wide range of the raw materials that can be converted into a polymeric matrix/adhesive/reinforcement applicable in composites formulation. Different kinds of polymers (renewable/nonrenewable) and polymer composite materials have been emerging rapidly as the prospective substitute to the ceramic or metal materials, due to their advantages over conventional materials. In brief, polymers are macromolecular groups collectively recognized as polymers due to the presence of repeating blocks of covalently linked atomic arrangement in the formation of these molecules. The repetitive atomic arrangements forming the macromolecules by forming covalent links are the building blocks or constituent monomers. As the covalent bond formation between monomer units is the essence of polymer formation, polymers are organic or carbon compounds of either biological or synthetic origin. The phenomenon or process of polymerization enables to create diverse forms of macromolecules with varied structural and functional properties and applications. On the other hand, composite materials, or composites, are one of the main improvements in material technology in recent years. In the materials science field, a composite is a multiphase material consisting of two or more physically distinct components, a matrix (or a continuous phase) and at least one dispersed (filler or reinforcement) phase. The dispersed phase, responsible for enhancing one or more properties of matrix, can be categorized according to particle dimensions that comprise platelet, ellipsoids, spheres, and fibers. These particles can be inorganic or organic origin and possess rigid or flexible properties. The most important resources for renewable raw materials originate from nature such as wood, starch, proteins, and oils from plants. Therefore, renewable raw materials lead to the benefit of processing in industries owing to the short period of replenishment cycle resulting in the continuous-flow production. Moreover, the production cost can be reduced by using natural raw materials instead of chemical raw materials. The waste and residues from agriculture and industry have also been used as alternative renewable resources for producing energy and raw materials such as chemicals, cellulose, carbon, and silica. For polymer composites applications, an intensifying focus has been directed toward the use of renewable materials. Biobased polymers are one of the most attractive candidates in renewable raw materials for use as organic reinforcing fillers such as flex, hemp, pine needles, coir, jute, kenaf, sisal, rice husk, ramie, palm, and banana fibres, which exhibited excellent enhancement in mechanical and thermal properties. For green polymer composites composed of inorganic reinforcing fillers, renewable resources-based polymers have been used as matrix materials.

Significant research efforts all around the globe are continuing to explore and improve the properties of renewable polymers-based materials. Researchers are collectively focusing their efforts to use the inherent advantages of renewable polymers for miscellaneous applications. To ensure a sustainable future, the use of biobased materials containing a high content of derivatives from renewable biomass is the best solution.

This volume of the book series “Handbook of Composites from Renewable Materials” is solely focused on the “Functionalization”