Handbook of Composites from Renewable Materials, Volume 6, Polymeric Composites E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1473

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2017

Beschreibung

This unique multidisciplinary 8-volume set focuses on the emerging issues concerning synthesis, characterization, design, manufacturing and various other aspects of composite materials from renewable materials and provides a shared platform for both researcher and industry. The Handbook of Composites from Renewable Materials comprises a set of 8 individual volumes that brings an interdisciplinary perspective to accomplish a more detailed understanding of the interplay between the synthesis, structure, characterization, processing, applications and performance of these advanced materials. The Handbook comprises 169 chapters from world renowned experts covering a multitude of natural polymers/ reinforcement/ fillers and biodegradable materials. Volume 6 is solely focused on the "Polymeric Composites". Some of the important topics include but not limited to: Keratin as renewable material for developing polymer composites; natural and synthetic matrices; hydrogels in tissue engineering; smart hydrogels: application in bioethanol production; principle renewable biopolymers; application of hydrogel biocomposites for multiple drug delivery; nontoxic holographic materials; bioplasticizer-epoxidized vegetable oils-based poly (lactic acid) blends and nanocomposites; preparation, characterization and adsorption properties of poly (DMAEA) - cross-linked starch gel copolymer in wastewater treatments; study of chitosan cross-linking hydrogels for absorption of antifungal drugs using molecular modelling; pharmaceutical delivery systems composed of chitosan; eco-friendly polymers for food packaging; influence of surface modification on the thermal stability and percentage of crystallinity of natural abaca fiber; influence of the use of natural fibers in composite materials assessed on a life cycle perspective; plant polysaccharides-blended ionotropically-gelled alginate multiple-unit systems for sustained drug release; vegetable oil based polymer composites; applications of chitosan derivatives in wastewater treatment; novel lignin-based materials as a products for various applications; biopolymers from renewable resources and thermoplastic starch matrix as polymer units of multi-component polymer systems for advanced applications; chitosan composites: preparation and applications in removing water pollutants and recent advancements in biopolymer composites for addressing environmental issues.

Leseprobe

Contents

Cover

Title page

Copyright page

Dedication

Preface

Chapter 1: Keratin as Renewable Material to Develop Polymer Composites: Natural and Synthetic Matrices

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Keratin

1.3 Natural Fibers to Reinforce Composite Materials

1.4 Keratin, an Environmental Friendly Reinforcement for Composite Materials

1.5 Conclusions

References

Chapter 2: Determination of Properties in Composites of Agave Fiber with LDPE and PP Applied Molecular Simulation

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Materials and Methods

2.3 Results and Discussions

2.4 Conclusions

References

Chapter 3: Hydrogels in Tissue Engineering

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Classification of Hydrogels

3.3 Methods of Hydrogels Preparation

3.4 Hydrogels Characterization

3.5 Hydrogels Applications in Biology and Medicine

3.6 Concluding Remarks

References

Chapter 4: Smart Hydrogels: Application in Bioethanol Production

4.1 Hydrogels

4.2 History of Hydrogels

4.3 The Water in Hydrogels

4.4 Classifications of Hydrogels

4.5 Synthesis

4.6 Hydrogels Synthesized by Free Radical Polymerization

4.7 Monomers

4.8 Initiators

4.9 Cross-Linkers

4.10 Hydrogel Properties

4.11 Mechanical Properties

4.12 Biocompatible Properties

4.13 Hydrogels: Biomedical Applications

4.14 Techniques and Supports for Immobilization

4.15 Entrapment

4.16 Covalent Binding

4.17 Cross-Linking

4.18 Adsorption

4.19 Hydrogel Applications in Bioethanol Production

4.20 Classification of Biofuels

4.21 Ethanol Properties

4.22 Ethanol Production

4.23 Feedstock Pretreatment

4.24 Liquefaction and Saccharification Reactions

4.25 Fermentation Process

4.26 Continuous or Discontinuous Process?

4.27 Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF) Processes

4.28 Yeast and Enzymes Immobilized

References

Chapter 5: Principle Renewable Biopolymers and Their Biomedical Applications

5.1 Collagen

5.2 Elastin

5.3 Silk Fibroin

5.4 Chitosan

5.5 Chondroitin Sulfate

5.6 Cellulose

5.7 Hyaluronic Acid

5.8 Poly(L-lysine)

References

Chapter 6: Application of Hydrogel Biocomposites for Multiple Drug Delivery

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Sustained Drug Release Systems

6.3 Controlled Release Systems

6.4 Polymeric Drug Delivery Devices

6.5 Multiple Drug Delivery Systems

6.6 Tissue Engineering

6.7 Conclusion

References

Chapter 7: Non-Toxic Holographic Materials (Holograms in Sweeteners)

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Sugars as Holographic Recording Medium

7.3 Photosensitizers

7.4 Sucrose Preparation and Film Generation

7.5 Corn Syrup

7.6 Hydrophobic Materials

7.7 PSV with Dyes

7.8 Pineapple Juice as Holographic Recording Material

7.9 Holograms Made with Milk

7.10 Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 8: Bioplasitcizer Epoxidized Vegetable Oils–Based Poly(Lactic Acid) Blends and Nanocomposites

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Vegetable Oils

8.3 Expoxidation of Vegetable Oils

8.4 Poly(lactic acid)

8.5 Poly(lactic acid)/Epoxidized Vegetable Oil Blends

8.6 Polymer/Epoxidized Vegetable Oil Nanocomposites

8.7 Summary

References

Chapter 9: Preparation, Characterization, and Adsorption Properties of Poly(DMAEA) – Cross-Linked Starch Gel Copolymer in Wastewater

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Experimental Procedure

9.3 Results and Discussion

9.4 Conclusions

Acknowledgement

References

Chapter 10: Study of Chitosan Cross-Linking Genipin Hydrogels for Absorption of Antifungal Drugs Using Molecular Modeling

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Methodology

10.3 Results and Discussions

References

Chapter 11: Pharmaceutical Delivery Systems Composed of Chitosan

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Chitosan Micro- and Nanoparticles

11.3 Bioadhesive Chitosan Hydrogels

11.4 Chitosan Topical/Transdermal Films

11.5 Chitosan as Coating Material to Produce Lipid Capsules, Liposomes, Metallic and Magnetic Nanoparticles

11.6 Oral Beads Based on Chitosan for Controlled Delivery of Drugs

11.7 Conclusion

Acknowledgement

References

Chapter 12: Eco-Friendly Polymers for Food Packaging

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Sources of Biopolymers

12.3 Properties of Biopolymer Packaging Films

12.4 Composite Films

12.5 Bionanocomposites

12.6 Methods for Film Processing

12.7 Applications of Biopolymers in Food Packaging

12.8 Conclusion and Future Prospects

References

Chapter 13: Influence of Surface Modification on the Thermal Stability and Percentage of Crystallinity of Natural Abaca Fiber

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Materials and Methods

13.3 Results and Discussion

13.4 Conclusions

References

Chapter 14: Influence of the Use of Natural Fibers in Composite Materials Assessed on a Life Cycle Perspective

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Composite Materials: An Overview

14.3 Methodology

14.4 Case Study: Bonnet Component

14.5 Life Cycle Stages

14.6 Results

14.7 Conclusion

References

Chapter 15: Plant Polysaccharides Blended Ionotropically Gelled Alginate Multiple Unit Systems for Sustained Drug Release

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Plant Polysaccharide in Sustained Release Drug Delivery

15.3 Alginates and Their Ionotropic Gelation

15.4 Various Plant Polysaccharides-Blended Ionotropically-Gelled Alginate Microparticles/Beads

15.5 Conclusion

References

Chapter 16: Vegetable Oil-Based Polymer Composites: Synthesis, Properties and Their Applications

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Vegetable Oils

16.3 Vegetable Oils Used for Polymers and Composites

16.4 Free Radical Polymerization of Vegetable Oils and Their Composites

16.5 Application Possibilities and Future Directions

References

Chapter 17: Applications of Chitosan Derivatives in Wastewater Treatment

17.1 Introduction

17.2 Chitin and Chitosan

17.3 Chitosan Derivatives in Wastewater Treatment

17.4 Adsorption of Heavy Metals on Chitosan Composites from Wastewater

17.5 Adsorption of Dyes on Chitosan Composites from Wastewater

17.6 Conclusion

References

Chapter 18: Novel Lignin-Based Materials as Products for Various Applications

18.1 Lignin – A General Overview

18.2 Lignin/Silica-Based Hybrid Materials

18.3 Combining of Lignin and Chitin

18.4 Lignin-Based Products as Functional Materials

References

Chapter 19: Biopolymers from Renewable Resources and Thermoplastic Starch Matrix as Polymer Units of Multi–Component Polymer Systems for Advanced Applications

19.1 Introduction

19.2 Thermoplastic Starch Matrix and its Application for Advanced Composite Materials

19.3 Biopolymers from Sustainable Renewable Sources

19.4 Thermoplastic Starch as Polymer Matrix and Biopolymers from Renewable Resources for Composite Materials

19.5 Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 20: Chitosan Composites: Preparation and Applications in Removing Water Pollutants

20.1 Introduction to Chitosan

20.2 Chitosan Composites

20.3 Palm Oil Ash-Chitosan Composites

20.4 Perlite-Chitosan Composites

20.5 Polymer-Chitosan Composites

20.6 Sand-Chitosan Composites

20.7 Magnetic Nano-Adsorbents or Micro-Adsorbent

References

Chapter 21: Recent Advances in Biopolymer Composites for Environmental Issues

21.1 Introduction

21.2 Historical Background

21.3 Some Important Biopolymers

21.4 Biopolymer Composites

21.5 Biodegradability of Biopolymers: An Important Feature for Addressing Environmental Concerns

21.6 Environmental Aspects of Biopolymers and Biopolymer Composites

21.7 Future Prospects

Acknowledgement

References

Index

End User License Agreement

Guide

Cover

Copyright

Contents

Begin Reading

List of Tables

Chapter 1

Table 1.1

Properties of some natural fibers commonly used in polymeric composite materials. (Adapted from Netravali & Chaba, 2003)

Table 1.2

Mechanical properties in PMMA-keratin biofiber composites.

Table 1.3

Composition by weight of the investigated materials and tensile data for polypropylene composites. (Adapted from Bertini

et al

., 2013)

Chapter 2

Table 2.1

Principal chemical composition of various lignocellulosic materials.

Table 2.2

Fiber composition and agave bagasse.

Table 2.3

Clasification of polymers.

Table 2.4

LDPE properties.

Table 2.5

PP properties.

Table 2.6

Structural parameters of acetic acid, LDPE, PP and agave fiber.

Table 2.7

FTIR experimental values of acetic acid.

Table 2.8

FTIR experimental values of PP.

Table 2.9

FTIR experimental values of LDPE.

Table 2.10

FTIR experimental values of agave fiber.

Table 2.11

Structural properties of different materials.

Table 2.12

Acetic acid effects in structural parameters of agave fiber.

Table 2.13

Structural parameters of agave fiber (acetic acid)/LDPE/PP.

Table 2.14

FTIR of agave fiber/composite.

Chapter 4

Table 4.1

Biofuels, their feedstock and technological process.

Chapter 5

Table 5.1

Collagen groups and types, molecular structure and their functions. (Hulmes 2008; Ramshaw, Werkmeister, and Dumsday 2014)

Chapter 7

Table 7.1

Carbohydrates classification according to the chemical structure.

Table 7.2

Maximum solubility of sucrose.

Chapter 8

Table 8.1

Properties of some commonly used plasticizers (Rahman & Brazel, 2004).

Table 8.2

Common fatty acids present in vegetable oils.

Table 8.3

Fatty acid compositions of the most common vegetable oils.

Chapter 9

Table 9.1

Different characteristics of salts of heavy metals.

Table 9.2

Preparation of poly (DMAEA)-cross-linked starch gel graft copolymer having different graft yields (expressed as N %) as well as their main characteristics.

Table 9.3

Thermodynamic parameters for the adsorption of metal ions on prepared PDMAEACSG adsorbent.

Table 9.4

Isotherm model constants and correlation coefficients for adsorption of metal ions from aqueous solution using PDMAEACSG adsorbents.

Chapter 10

Table 10.1

Solubility of several solvents.

Table 10.2

Chitin and chitosan properties.

Table 10.3

Antifungals according to the site of antifungal action.

Table 10.4

Antifungals according to the structure.

Table 10.5

Fluconazole properties.

Table 10.6

Infrared regions.

Table 10.7

ΔG of antifungals.

Table 10.8

Structural parameters of fluconazole.

Table 10.9

Structural parameters of voriconazole.

Table 10.10

Structural parameters of ketoconazole.

Table 10.11

FTIR results about hydrogel (chitosan cross-linking with genipin).

Table 10.12

Thermodynamics parameters of hydrogels with 3 different antifungals.

Table 10.13

Structural parameters of fluconazole.

Table 10.14

Structural parameters of voriconazole.

Table 10.15

Structural parameters of ketoconazole.

Table 10.16

FTIR results of hydrogel/fluconazole.

Table 10.17

FTIR results of hydrogel/voriconazole.

Table 10.18

FTIR results of hydrogel/ketoconazole.

Table 10.19

Molecular orbitals about fluconazole.

Table 10.20

Molecular orbitals about ketoconazole.

Table 10.21

Molecular orbitals about voriconazole.

Chapter 12

Table 12.1

Commercially used synthetic packaging films.

Table 12.2

Transmission rates of various biopolymer packaging films (adapted from Niaounakis, 2014).

Table 12.3

Tensile strength and percent elongation of some biopolymers (Adapted from Van de Velde & Kiekens, 2001).

Table 12.4

Compostability of biobased and composite materials.

Table 12.5

General properties of biopolymer films.

Chapter 13

Table 13.1

FTIR peaks position of abaca fibers.

Table 13.2

Decomposition temperatures of untreated and chemically treated fibers abaca fibers.

Table 13.3

Decomposition temperatures of some natural fibers.

Table 13.4

The observed and calculated parameters from the X-ray diffracto grams.

Chapter 14

Table 14.1

Resin properties.

Table 14.2

Buggy hood, fiber-reinforced properties.

Table 14.3

Buggy hood, mechanical properties per fiber used in FEA pre-processing.

Table 14.4

Laminate GF properties on global coordinate system (X, Y).

Table 14.5

Composite comparative per constituent (type of fiber).

Table 14.6

Comparative study of deformation and FoS per constituent (type of fiber).

Table 14.7

Weight of bonnet per constituent (type of fiber).

Table 14.8

Raw materials.

Table 14.9

Quantity of fabric.

Table 14.10

Material supplier.

Table 14.11

RTM cycle times.

Table 14.12

Fuel consumption per material.

Table 14.13

Total costs for each material (600 units/year).

Table 14.14

Total environmental impacts (600 units/year).

Table 14.15

Bonnet component, LCE.

Table 14.16

Bonnet component, dimensionless values.

Chapter 15

Table 15.1

Various plant polysaccharides utilized in the formulation of different sustained release dosage forms for oral use.

Table 15.2

Some examples of ionotropically-gelled alginate-based microparticles/beads for sustained drug release composed of alginate and conventional natural polymer-blends.

Chapter 16

Table 16.1

Physico-chemical properties of commonly used vegetable oils (Rescoria

et al

., 1936; Magne & Skau, 1945; Karleskind & Wolff, 1992; Lang

et al

., 1992; Wang, 2014; Samarth & Mahanwar, 2015; Thomas

et al

., 2015).

Table 16.2

Dynamic mechanical properties (DMA) of vegetable oil triglyceride-based nanocomposites (% of improvement within parentheses) [reproduced with permission from Lu

et al

., 2004].

Chapter 17

Table 17.1

Adsorption capacities of chitosan composites for the removal of heavy metals from waste water.

Table 17.2

Adsorption capacities of chitosan composites for the removal of dyes from waste water.

Chapter 18

Table 18.1

Content of biopolymers constituting the cell wall of wood (Dey & Harborne, 1997; Dinwoodie, 1989; Heitner

et al.,

2010).

Table 18.2

Percentage contents of lignin precursors depending on type of plant material, based on (Ek

et al.,

2009; Lucia & Rojas, 2009).

Chapter 19

Table 19.1

Code names for thermoplastic starch based composite formulations.

Table 19.2

Assignment of the FTIR absorption bands for composites comprising starch matrix and different fillers (Liu

et al.,

2005; Pandey, 1999; Van Soest

et al.,

1995).

Chapter 21

Table 21.1

Historical development of various biodegradable and non-degradable polymers. (Reproduced with permission from Wiley)

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Scrivener Publishing100 Cummings Center, Suite 541JBeverly, MA 01915-6106www.scrivenerpublishing.com

Publishers at ScrivenerMartin Scrivener ([email protected])Phillip Carmical ([email protected])

Handbook of Composites from Renewable Materials

Edited by Vijay Kumar Thakur, Manju Kumari Thakur and Michael R. Kessler

Volume 1: Structure and ChemistryISBN: 978-1-119-22362-7

Volume 2: Design and ManufacturingISBN: 978-1-119-22365-8

Volume 3: Physico-Chemical and Mechanical CharacterizationISBN: 978-1-119-22366-5

Volume 4: FunctionalizationISBN: 978-1-119-22367-2

Volume 5: Biodegradable MaterialsISBN: 978-1-119-22379-5

Volume 6: Polymeric CompositesISBN: 978-1-119-22380-1

Volume 7: Nanocomposites: Science and FundamentalsISBN: 978-1-119-22381-8

Volume 8: Nanocomposites: Advanced ApplicationsISBN: 978-1-119-22383-2

8-volume setISBN 978-1-119-22436-5

Handbook of Composites from Renewable Materials

Volume 6

Polymeric Composites

Edited by

Vijay Kumar Thakur

Manju Kumari Thakur

Michael R. Kessler

This edition first published 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA and Scrivener Publishing LLC, 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J, Beverly, MA 01915, USA © 2017 Scrivener Publishing LLC For more information about Scrivener publications please visit www.scrivenerpublishing.com.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data ISBN 978-1-119-22380-1

Names: Thakur, Vijay Kumar, 1981- editor. | Thakur, Manju Kumari, editor. | Kessler, Michael R., editor. Title: Handbook of composites from renewable materials / edited by Vijay Kumar Thakur, Manju Kumari Thakur and Michael R. Kessler. Description: Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., [2017] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2016043632 (print) | LCCN 2016056611 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119223627 (cloth: set) | ISBN 9781119224235 (pdf) | ISBN 9781119224259 (epub) Subjects: LCSH: Composite materials–Handbooks, manuals, etc. | Biodegradable plastics–Handbooks, manuals, etc. | Green products–Handbooks, manuals, etc. Classification: LCC TA418.9.C6 H335 2017 (print) | LCC TA418.9.C6 (ebook) | DDC 620.1/18–dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016043632

To my parents and teachers who helped me become what I am today.

Vijay Kumar Thakur

Preface

The concept of green chemistry and sustainable development policy impose on industry and technology to switch raw material base from the petroleum to renewable resources. Remarkable attention has been paid to the environmental friendly, green and sustainable materials for a number of applications during the last few years. Indeed the rapidly diminishing global petroleum resources, along with awareness of global environmental problems, have promoted the way to switch towards renewable resources based materials. In this regards, bio-based renewable materials can form the basis for variety of eco-efficient, sustainable products that can capture and compete markets presently dominated by products based solely on petroleum based raw materials. The nature provides a wide range of the raw materials that can be converted into a polymeric matrix/adhesive/reinforcement applicable in composites formulation. Different kinds of polymers (renewable/nonrenewable) and polymer composite materials have been emerging rapidly as the prospective substitute to the ceramic or metal materials, due to their advantages over conventional materials. In brief, polymers are macromolecular groups collectively recognized as polymers due to the presence of repeating blocks of covalently linked atomic arrangement in the formation of these molecules. The repetitive atomic arrangements forming the macromolecules by forming covalent links are the building block or constituent monomers. As the covalent bond formation between monomer units is the essence of polymer formation, polymers are organic or carbon compounds of either biological or synthetic origin. The phenomenon or process of polymerization enables to create diverse forms of macromolecules with varied structural and functional properties and applications. On the other hand, composite materials, or composites, are one of the main improvements in material technology in recent years. In the materials science field, a composite is a multi-phase material consisting of two or more physically distinct components, a matrix (or a continuous phase) and at least one dispersed (filler or reinforcement) phase. The dispersed phase, responsible for enhancing one or more properties of matrix, can be categorized according to particle dimensions that comprise platelet, ellipsoids, spheres and fibers. These particles can be inorganic or organic origin and possess rigid or flexible properties.

The most important resources for renewable raw materials originate from nature such as wood, starch, proteins and oils from plants. Therefore, renewable raw materials lead to the benefit of processing in industries owing to the short period of replenishment cycle resulting in the continuous flow production. Moreover, the production cost can be reduced by using natural raw materials instead of chemical raw materials. The waste and residues from agriculture and industry have been also used as an alternative renewable resources for producing energy and raw materials such as chemicals, cellulose, carbon and silica. For polymer composites applications, an intensifying focus has been directed toward the use of renewable materials. Bio-based polymers are one of the most attractive candidates in renewable raw materials for use as organic reinforcing fillers such as flex, hemp, pine needles, coir, jute, kenaf, sisal, rice husk, ramie, palm and banana fibres which exhibited excellence enhancement in mechanical and thermal properties. For green polymer composites composed of inorganic reinforcing fillers, renewable resources based polymers have been used as matrix materials.

Significant research efforts all around the globe are continuing to explore and improve the properties of renewable polymers based materials. Researchers are collectively focusing their efforts to use the inherent advantages of renewable polymers for miscellaneous applications. To ensure a sustainable future, the use of bio-based materials containing a high content of derivatives from renewable biomass is the best solution.

This volume of the book series “Handbook of Composites from Renewable Materials” is solely focused on the “Polymeric Composites”. Some of the important topics include but not limited to: Keratin as renewable material for developing polymer composites; natural and synthetic matrices; hydrogels in tissue engineering; smart hydrogels: application in bioethanol production; principle renewable biopolymers; application of hydrogel biocomposites for multiple drug delivery; nontoxic holographic materials; bioplasticizer - epoxidized vegetable oils-based poly (lactic acid) blends and nanocomposites; preparation, characterization and adsorption properties of poly (DMAEA) – cross-linked starch gel copolymer in waste water treatments; study of chitosan cross-linking hydrogels for absorption of antifungal drugs using molecular modelling; pharmaceutical delivery systems composed of chitosan; eco-friendly polymers for food packaging; influence of surface modification on the thermal stability and percentage of crystallinity of natural abaca fiber; influence of the use of natural fibers in composite materials assessed on a life cycle perspective; plant polysaccharides-blended ionotropically-gelled alginate multiple-unit systems for sustained drug release; vegetable oil based polymer composites; applications of chitosan derivatives in wastewater treatment; novel lignin-based materials as a products for various applications; biopolymers from renewable resources and thermoplastic starch matrix as polymer units of multi-component polymer systems for advanced applications; chitosan composites: preparation and applications in removing water pollutants and recent advancements in biopolymer composites for addressing environmental issues.

Several critical issues and suggestions for future work are comprehensively discussed in this volume with the hope that the book will provide a deep insight into the state-of-art of “Polymeric Composites” of the renewable materials. We would like to thank the Publisher and Martin Scrivener for the invaluable help in the organisation of the editing process. Finally, we would like to thank our parents for their continuous encouragement and support.

Vijay Kumar Thakur, Ph.D.Washington State University - U.S.A

Manju Kumari Thakur, M.Sc., M.Phil., Ph.D.Himachal Pradesh University, Shimla, India

Michael R. Kessler, Ph.D., P.E.Washington State University - U.S.A