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The third volume in a series of handbooks on graphene research and applications Graphene is a valuable nanomaterial used in technology. This handbook is focused on Graphene-Like 2D Materials. The Handbook of Graphene, Volume 3 covers topics that include planar graphene superlattices; magnetic and optical properties of graphene materials with porous defects; and nanoelectronic application of graphyne and its structural derivatives.

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Contents

Cover

Preface

Chapter 1: Proximity-Induced Topological Transition and Strain-Induced Charge Transfer in Graphene/MoS

2

Bilayer Heterostructures

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Results from the DFT Calculations

1.3 Model Hamiltonian and Topological Phase Transitions

1.4 Berry Curvature and Chern Number

1.5 Conclusions

1.6 Future Directions

Acknowledgments

1.7 Computational Details

References

Chapter 2: Planar Graphene Superlattices

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Superlattice Based on Graphene with Modulation of the Bandgap

2.3 Gapless Graphene Superlattice with Alternating Fermi Velocity

2.4 Polytype Superlattice

2.5 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 3: Magnetic and Optical Properties of Graphene Materials with Porous Defects

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Electronic States of Porous Graphenes

3.3 Extended Porous Graphenes

3.4 Magnetism in the Oxidized or Reduced States

3.5 Negatively Curved Graphitic Materials

3.6 Optical Activities of [7]Circulene

3.7 Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 4: Graphynes: Advanced Carbon Materials with Layered Structure

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Classification System for Graphyne Compounds

4.3 Model Calculation Techniques

4.4 Calculations of L

6

-Graphyne Layers by Semiempirical Quantum–Mechanical Methods

4.5 Calculations of

L

6

-Graphyne Layers by the Method of the Density Functional Theory (DFT-GGA)

4.6 Calculations of

L

4-8

-Graphyne Layers by the Method of the Density Functional Theory (DFT-GGA)

4.7 Results and Discussion

4.8 Conclusion

References

Chapter 5: Nanoelectronic Application of Graphyne and Its Structural Derivatives

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Computational Details

5.3 Results and Discussion

5.4 Conclusions and Perspectives

Acknowledgment

References

Chapter 6: Twisted Bilayer Graphene: Low-Energy Physics, Electronic and Optical Properties

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Basics of Monolayer and Bilayer Graphene

6.3 Twisted Bilayer Graphene

6.4 Optical Response

6.5 Conclusions and Future Work

Acknowledgment

References

Chapter 7: Effects of Charged Coulomb Impurities on Low-Lying Energy Spectra in Graphene Magnetic Dot and Ring

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Formalism for Our Theoretical Studies

7.3 Results for Magnetic Dot/Ring Using the DW Model

7.4. Summary for the Present Study

Acknowledgment

References

Chapter 8: Graphene in Bioelectronics

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Unique Properties of Graphene

8.3 Applications of Graphene

8.4 Graphene in Bioelectronics

8.5 Conclusions and Outlook

References

Chapter 9: Graphene Metamaterial Electron Optics: Excitation Processes and Electro-Optical Modulation

9.1 Linear 2D Electron Waves in Nonuniform Graphene Metamaterials: Solid-State Graphene Metamaterial Electron Optics

9.2. Excitation Processes in Bilayer Graphene

9.3 Graphene Electro-Optical Modulators Operating from Near-Infrared to Visible Spectrum Range

References

Chapter 10: Linear Carbon: From 1D Carbyne to 2D Hybrid

sp-sp

2

Nanostructures Beyond Graphene

10.1 Introduction

10.2 From 1D Carbyne to 2D Hybrid

sp-sp

2

Carbon Nanostructures Beyond Graphene: An Historical Perspective

10.3 Carbyne: Structure and Properties

10.4 From Carbyne to Nanostructures: Carbon Atomic Wires

10.5 Toward 2D Hybrid

sp-sp

2

Carbon Systems

10.6 Synthesis of CAWs and

sp-sp

2

Carbon Systems

10.7 Raman Spectroscopy of sp-Carbon

10.8 Potential Applications

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 11: Band Structure Modifications in Beyond Graphene Materials

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Materials Beyond Graphene

11.3 Transition Metal Dichalcogenides

11.4 Hall Effect in TMDs

11.5 Concluding Remarks

References

Chapter 12: Chemically Modified 2D Materials: Production and Applications

12.1 Introduction

12.2 2D Materials Production

12.3 Chemical Modification of 2D

12.4 Relevant Applications of 2D Materials

12.5 Outlook and Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 13: Black Phosphorus Saturable Absorber for Passive Mode-Locking Pulses Generation

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Saturable Absorber Mechanism

13.3 Black Phosphorus (BP)

13.4 Fabrication of BP Thin Flakes

13.5 BP Thin Flakes Characterization

13.6 Measurement of Pulsed Laser Performances

13.7 Mode-Locked Erbium-Doped Fiber Laser (EDFL) at 1.55-Micron Region

13.8 Mode-Locked Ytterbium-Doped Fiber Laser (YDFL) at 1-Micron Region

13.9 Mode-Locked Thulium-Doped Fiber Laser (TDFL) at 2-Micron Region

13.10 Mode-Locked Thulium Holmium Co-Doped Fiber Laser (THDFL) at 2-Micron Region

13.11 Conclusion

References

Chapter 14: Search for Fundamental Physics on Table Top Experiments with Dirac–Weyl Materials

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Low Energy Dirac–Weyl Semi-Metals

14.3 Lagrangian of Quantum Electrodynamics

14.4 Dirac Lagrangian

14.5 Maxwell Lagrangian

14.6 QED

3

Lagrangian

14.7 Dirac Lagrangian

14.8 Maxwell Lagrangian

14.9 Chern–Simons Lagrangian

14.10 QED

3

Lagrangian

14.11 Reduced QED

14.12 Generation of Masses

14.13 SDE Framework

14.14 Gap Equation in QED

3

14.15 Mass Generation in QED

3

Plus Chern–Simons

14.16 Mass Generation in RQED

14.17 Including Vacuum Polarization Effects

14.18 Conserved Currents in Weyl Materials

14.19 The Chiral Anomaly

14.20 The Chiral Magnetic Effect

14.21 The Pseudo-Chiral Magnetic Effect

14.22 Concluding Remarks

Acknowledgments

References

Index

End User License Agreement

Guide

Cover

Table of Contents

Begin Reading

List of Tables

Chapter 3

Table 3.1

Summary of spin gaps for 16

2+

, 16

2–

, 17

2+

Table 3.2

Summary of spin gaps for 18

3+

, 18

3

,…

Chapter 4

Table 4.1

Values of the Wells ring parameters (Rng), characterizing the atoms positions in…

Table 4.2

Lengths of C–C interatomic bonds

L

i

(Å) in the…

Table 4.3

Parameters of graphynes with C atoms in the two- and three-coordinated states…

Table 4.4

Sublimation energy (kcal/mole) of carbon layers, consisting of carbon atoms in the…

Table 4.5

Numerical values of the graphyne structural parameters (Hex — hexagonal,…

Table 4.6

Lengths of C-C interatomic bonds and the angles between interatomic bonds in the…

Table 4.7

Lengths of C–C interatomic bonds L

ij

and their orders χ in…

Table 4.8

The structural parameters of the graphene and graphynes of the basic polymorphs,…

Chapter 5

Table 5.1

Calculated lattice constant, bond length of

C

ring

–…

Table 5.2

Obtained lattice constant; interlayer distance, binding energy, and energy band…

Table 5.3

Calculated lattice vectors, magnetic moment and cohesive energy of boron and…

Chapter 7

Table 7.1

Comparison between Schrodinger model and DW model in the presence of uniform…

Chapter 9

Table 9.1

Normalizing, scales, and orders of magnitudes for the electron waves in graphene…

Chapter 10

Table 10.1

sp

/

sp

2

ratio, carbon atoms per unit cell and layer…

Table 10.2

Properties of carbyne or carbon atom wires resulting either from theoretical…

Chapter 13

Table 13.1

Pulse characterization.

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Scrivener Publishing100 Cummings Center, Suite 541JBeverly, MA 01915-6106

Publishers at ScrivenerMartin Scrivener ([email protected])Phillip Carmical ([email protected])

Handbook of Graphene comprises 8 volumes:

Volume 1: Growth, Synthesis, and FunctionalizationEdited by Edvige Celasco and Alexander ChaikaISBN 978-1-119-46855-4

Volume 2: Physics, Chemistry, and BiologyEdited by Tobias StauberISBN 978-1-119-46959-9

Volume 3: Graphene-Like 2D MaterialsEdited by Mei ZhangISBN 978-1-119-46965-0

Volume 4: CompositesEdited by Cengiz OzkanISBN 978-1-119-46968-1

Volume 5: Energy, Healthcare, and Environmental ApplicationsEdited by Cengiz Ozkan and Umit OzkanISBN 978-1-119-46971-1

Volume 6: Biosensors and Advanced SensorsEdited by Barbara PalysISBN 978-1-119-46974-2

Volume 7: BiomaterialsEdited by Sulaiman Wadi HarunISBN 978-1-119-46977-3

Volume 8: Technology and InnovationEdited by Sulaiman Wadi HarunISBN 978-1-119-46980-3

Handbook of Graphene

 

Volume 3: Graphene-Like 2D Materials

 

 

 

 

Edited by Mei Zhang

High-Performance Materials Institute,Florida State University,Tallahassee, Florida, USA

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

This edition first published 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA and Scrivener Publishing LLC, 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J, Beverly, MA 01915, USA © 2019 Scrivener Publishing LLC For more information about Scrivener publications please visit www.scrivenerpublishing.com.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.

Wiley Global Headquarters111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA

For details of our global editorial offices, customer services, and more information about Wiley products visit us at www.wiley.com.

Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of WarrantyWhile the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this work, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives, written sales materials, or promotional statements for this work. The fact that an organization, website, or product is referred to in this work as a citation and/or potential source of further information does not mean that the publisher and authors endorse the information or services the organization, website, or product may provide or recommendations it may make. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a specialist where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor authors shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. Further, readers should be aware that websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

ISBN 978-1-119-46965-0

Preface

Despite being just a one-atom-thick sheet of carbon, graphene is one of the most valuable nanomaterials. Initially discovered through scotch-tape-based mechanical exfoliation, graphene can now be synthesized in bulk using various chemical techniques. Counted among the contrasting properties of this remarkable material are its lightweight, thinness, flexibility, transparency, strength, and resistance, along with superior electrical, thermal, mechanical, and optical properties. Due to these novel traits, graphene has attracted attention for use in cutting-edge applications in almost every area of technology, which are projected to change the world.

The Handbook of Graphene is presented in a unique eight-volume format covering all aspects relating to graphene—its development, synthesis, application techniques, and integration methods; its modification and functionalization; its characterization tools and related 2D materials; physical, chemical, and biological studies of graphene and related 2D materials; graphene composites; use of graphene in energy, healthcare, and environmental applications (electronics, photonics, spintronics, bioelectronics and optoelectronics, photovoltaics, energy storage, fuel cells and hydrogen storage, and graphene-based devices); its large-scale production and characterization; as well as graphene-related 2D material innovations and their commercialization.

This third volume of the handbook is solely focused on Graphene-Like 2D Materials. Some of the important topics include but are not limited to proximity-induced topological transition and strain-induced charge transfer in graphene/MoS2 bilayer heterostructures; planar graphene superlattices; magnetic and optical properties of graphene materials with porous defects; graphynes: advanced carbon materials with layered structure; nanoelectronic application of graphyne and its structural derivatives; twisted bilayer graphene: low-energy physics, electronic, and optical properties; effects of charged coulomb impurities on low-lying energy spectra in graphene magnetic dot and ring; graphene in bioelectronics; graphene metamaterial electron optics: excitation processes and electro-optical modulation; linear carbon: from 1D carbyne to 2D hybrid sp–sp2 nanostructures beyond graphene; band structure modifications in beyond graphene materials; chemically modified 2D materials: production and applications; black phosphorus saturable absorber for passive mode-locking pulses generation; and search for fundamental physics on table-top experiments with Dirac–Weyl materials.

In conclusion, thank you to all the authors whose expertise in their respective fields have contributed to this book as well as a sincere appreciation to the International Association of Advanced Materials.

February 15, 2019