Handbook of International Electrical Safety Practices E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Serie: Wiley-Scrivener
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 827

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2011

Beschreibung

A valuable and comprehensive safety reference for any organization working with or around electricity. This comprehensive guide informs working professionals in multiple industries, such as manufacturing, processing, or energy, about safety procedures that should be used on the job. It informs the reader about the hazards in the work place and what to do to make sure he/she is protected. The Handbook of International Electrical Safety Practices presents readers with the proper organizational skills needed to avoid hazardous injuries, details environmental monitoring techniques, and discusses how to ensure that proper protection is used on the job. The authors cover not only obvious electrical safety considerations, such as exposed wires and evacuation plans, but everything related to electrical safety, such as air quality, sound level, and radiation. This reference provides the most comprehensive coverage for any company to keep employees informed and to keep their work environment safe. The Handbook of International Electrical Safety Practices: * Contains working plans and templates for evaluating safety proceduresand conditions in the plant * Covers common hazards and how to avoid them, such as radiation, noise, air quality, fire, and electric shock * Gives a comprehensive view of workers' rights and international regulations * Goes beyond regulations and laws to provide a workable blueprint for creating a safe industrial environment

Leseprobe

Contents

Cover

Half Title Page

Title Page

Copyright

Acknowledgements

List of Contributors

Abbreviations

Preface

1 How to Evaluate Safety Programs

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Creating a Culture of Safety

1.3 Good Housekeeping

1.4 New Employee Orientation

1.5 Worker Rights

2 Meters and Monitors

2.1 Air Quality Testing and Monitoring

2.2 Noise Testing and Monitoring

2.3 Radiation Monitors and Meters

2.4 Electrical/Electronics Testing Meters

3 General Safety Practices

3.1 Safe Chemical Handling

3.2 Job Hazards Analysis Assessment

3.3 Personal Protective Equipment

3.4 First Aid and Resuscitation

3.5 Fire Protection, Evacuation, First Responder and Emergency Planning

3.6 Excavations and Trenching

3.7 Confined Spaces

4 Safe Use of Equipment

4.1 Hand Tools and Workshop Machines

4.2 Ladder Safety

4.3 Forklift Safety

4.4 Crane Operation Safety

4.5 Scaffolds and Other Work Platforms

4.6 Compressed Gas Cylinder Safety

4.7 Drum Handling Safety

4.8 Safe Welding Practices

5 Electrical Safety

5.1 Electric Shock and Lockout/Tagout

5.2 Linemen General Safety Practices

5.3 Electrical Safe Work Practices Plan

5.4 Electrical Equipment

5.5 Safe Work Practices Near Power Lines

5.6 Functional Safety for Electric Power Transmission

6 Worker Safety Rules

6.1 Critical Incident Stress

6.2 Toxic Industrial Chemicals

6.3 Electrical Protective Devices

6.4 Hand Protection

6.5 Hazard Assessment and Personal Protective Equipment Selection

6.6 Sanitation

6.7 Safety Color Code for Marking Physical Hazards

6.8 Specifications for Accident Prevention Signs and Tags

6.9 Permits for Confined Spaces

6.10 Control of Hazardous Energy (Lockout/Tagout)

6.11 Medical Services and First Aid

6.12 Fire Protection

6.13 Handling Materials

6.14 Slings

6.15 Bibliography

7 Recordkeeping, Training and Inspections, Accident Investigation and Reporting

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Safety Recordkeeping Practices and Protocols

7.3 Safety Training and Recordkeeping

7.4 OHSAS 18001 (Occupation Health and Safety Assessment Series)

7.5 Bibliography

8 Risk and Vulnerability Assessments

8.1 Risk Management

8.2 Crisis Management

8.3 Vulnerability Assessments

Appendix A Chemical Exposure Tables

Appendix B Forms

Index

Handbook of International Electrical Safety Practices

Scrivener Publishing3 Winter Street, Suite 3Salem, MA 01970

Scrivener Publishing Collections Editors

James E. R. Couper        Richard ErdlacRafiq IslamPradip KhaladkarVitthal KulkarniNorman LiebermanPeter MartinW. Kent MuhlbauerAndrew Y. C. NeeS. A. SherifJames G. Speight 

Publishers at ScrivenerMartin Scrivener ([email protected])Phillip Carmical ([email protected])

Copyright © 2010 by Scrivener Publishing LLC. All rights reserved.

Co-published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, New Jersey, and Scrivener Publishing LLC, Salem, Massachusetts.Published simultaneously in Canada.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, [phone], fax [phone], or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, [phone], fax [phone], or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permission.

Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.

For general information on our other products and services or for technical support, please contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at [phone], outside the United States at [phone] or fax [phone].

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic formats. For more information about Wiley products, visit our web site at www.wiley.com.

For more information about Scrivener products please visit www.scrivenerpublishing.com.

Cover design by Russell Richardson.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

ISBN 978-0-470-62589-7

Acknowledgements

A large number of organizations and individuals have contributed time and information that went into the creation of the standards. The following organizations are expressly thanked for their contribution of materials, reviews, critiques and guidance:

The U.S. Trade and Development Agency

The World Bank Organization

The U.S. Department of Energy

The U.S. Department of Defense

The U.S. Department of Homeland Security

The World Health Organization

The U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Organization

The National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health

The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists

SciTech Technical Services

Tennessee Valley Authority

The U.S. Department of Agriculture, Rural Utilities Service

List of Contributors

David Phillippi

Adolfo Menéndez

Andrea Duffy

José Menéndez

Nicholas P. Cheremisinoff, Ph.D.

Daniel Ancona

Stacy Herrick

Viola New

Abbreviations

ACAlternating Current (electricity; physics)ACGIHAmerican Conference of Governmental Industrial HygienistsAEDAutomated Eternal DefibrillatorAFFFAqueous Film Forming FoamAFSAmerican Foundry SocietyAIHIAmerican Industrial Hygiene AssociationANSIAmerican National Standards InstituteASTDRAgency for Toxic Substances and Disease RegistryASTMAmerican Society for Testing and MaterialsATBAnti-Two-BlockAUAbsorption UnitsCCelsiusCaFCalcium FluorideCDCCenter for Disease ControlCERCLAComprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability ActCGACompressed Gas AssociationCGICombustible Gas IndicatorsCISDCritical Incident Stress DebriefingCmCentimetersCNCCondensation Nucleus CounterCOCarbon monoxideCO2Carbon DioxideCPRCardiopulmonary ResuscitationCSAConstruction Safety AssociationCSHOCompliance Safety and Health OfficerdBDecibelsDCDirect Current (electricity)DUTsDevices Under TestEARExpired Air ResuscitationEHSSEnvironmental Health and Safety ServicesEHVExtremely High VoltageEMSEmergency Medical ServicesEPAEnvironmental Protection AgencyEPSElectric Power SystemsESCBAEscape Self-Contained Breathing ApparatusESLIEnd of Service Life IndicatorFIDFlame Ionization DetectorFMISFacilities Management Information SystemGFCIGround Fault Circuit InterrupterGHzGigahertz (thousands of MHz)GMGeiger-MullerH2SHydrogen SulfideHASPsHealth and Safety PlansHAZWOPERHazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response StandardHEPAHigh Efficiency Particulate AirHgMercuryHRHuman ResourceHRTHealth Response TeamHSCHealth and Safety CoordinatorHSOHealth and Safety OfficerHVHigh VoltageHzHertzIDLHImmediately Dangerous to Life and HealthKgKilogramskHzKilohertz (1000 Hertz)kPaKilo PascalLELLower Explosive LimitLFLLower Flammable LimitLiFLithium FluorideLMILoad moment IndicatorsmMetersMeVMega Electron VoltMHzMegahertz (million Hertz)mR/hrMilliroentgen Per HourMRLSMinimal Risk LevelsMSDSMaterial Safety Data SheetsMUCMaximum Use ConcentrationMWMolecular WeightNFPANational Fire Protection AgencyNAELCNorth American Electric Liability CorporationNHCANational Hearing Conservation AssociationNIOSHNational Institute of Occupational Safety and HealthNONitric oxideNRRNoise Reduction RatingNRTLNationally Recognized Testing LaboratoriesNTOFNational Traumatic Occupational FacilitiesO3OzoneOH&SOccupational Health and SafetyOSHAOffice of Safety and Health AdministrationPaPascalPAPRPowered Air Purifying RespiratorPELPermissible Exposure LimitsPIDPhoto Ionization DetectorsPMParticulate MatterPPEPersonal Protective EquipmentppmParts Per MillionPVCpolyvinyl chlorideQLFTQualitative Fit TestQNFTQuantitative Fit TestRCRAResource Conservation and Recovery ActsRELRecommended Exposure LimitsRFRadiated FrequencyRFCReference ConcentrationRFDReference DoseR/hrRoentgens per HourRHRelative HumiditySASpectrum AnalyzerSARSupplied Air RespiratorSARASuperfund Amendments and Reauthorization ActSCBASelf-Contained Breathing ApparatusSHELSSignificant Human Exposure LevelsSLTCSalt Lake Technical CenterSO2Sulfur dioxideSPLSound Pressure LevelSTELShort-term Exposure LimitsSVOCsSemi-Volatile Organic CompoundsTDThermal DesorptionTICsToxicity Identified CompoundsTLDThermoluminescent dosimetersTLVThreshold Limit ValueTWATime Weighted AverageUELUpper Explosive LimitsU.K.United KingdomU.S.United StatesUVUltravioletVOCsVolatile Organic CompoundVOMColt-Ohm-MilliameterVSAVector Signal AnalyzerWHOWorld Health Organization

Preface

The Handbook of International Electrical Safety Practices is intended for the electricity generating, power transmission and distribution sectors. Electricity is an essential ingredient of our lives and has vast social implications to all nations. It is perhaps among the greatest and most important developments of the 20th century that continues to touch our lives daily. The economic and social developments of nations have been intrinsically coupled to electricity use. The lack of electricity, or insufficient electricity, is a concern of virtually all governments. Electricity is in fact one of the prime measures of a nation’s wealth and it defines the quality of life. Electricity generation does come with a cost to the environment and there are long term impacts to the health and well-being of communities. These however, are topics for examining in other publications.

This volume has been prepared by the staff of Princeton Energy Resources International (PERI). PERI has a long history of working in the power sector with staff and principals’ experiences stretching back decades. PERI has assembled its own decades of knowledge and surveyed the international literature to assemble this reference for practitioners in the electricity sector. The handbook is an assemblage of best international management practices for the safe handling operations of personnel working in generation, transmission and dealing with power distribution issues. It is intended as a practical desk reference to which technicians, engineers, supervisors, line personnel and business managers with worker safety responsibility can refer. The handbook covers a broad spectrum of subjects related to physical, chemical, thermal, energizing, and other hazards that may be encountered while working with energizing sources and transmission systems. The handbook may also serve as a basis for developing site specific health and safety programs, industrial hygiene programs, worker safety training and recertification programs, in establishing safety and worker training recordkeeping and monitoring programs, and much more.

There are eight chapters to the handbook. Chapter one addresses procedures and provides guidance on how companies can effectively evaluate their safety programs. Good safety records can only be achieved when there is a cultural basis for working safely and applying best management practices within the corporate environment. This chapter covers the topics of creation of a safety culture within the organization, adoption of good housekeeping practices and employee orientation.

Chapter two covers instrumentation, specifically, meters and various types of monitors and sensors that are relied upon by industry for air quality testing, noise level testing, electronics testing, and others.

Chapter three covers general best safety practices in the areas of chemicals, performing job hazards assessments, the types and use of personal protective equipment, first aid and resuscitation, fire prevention and protection, and safely working in excavations and other confined spaces and other areas.

Chapter four addresses the safe use of various field equipment, including hand tools and workshop tools and machinery, ladder and scaffolding safety, forklift safety, crane operation, work platforms, safely working with compressed gas cylinders, drum handling safety, and safe welding practices.

Chapter five covers electrical safety. This chapter includes detailed discussions and best practices for electrical shock and lockout and tagout procedures along with sample forms to use in the field, lineman general safe work practices, electrical safe work practices planning, safe use of electrical equipment, working near power lines, and functional safety practices for electrical power transmission.

Chapter six covers the subject of worker safety rules. Topics covered include critical incident stress, working with toxic chemicals, working with electrical protective devices, hand protection, performing hazard assessments and additional guidance on personal protective equipment selection, sanitation and industrial hygiene. This section covers additional guidance and topical discussions on marking and labeling physical hazards, the use of accident prevention signs and posters, fire protection and other topics.

Chapter seven covers recommended protocols and practices for recordkeeping, worker training, performing safety inspections and accident investigation and reporting.

Chapter eight covers risk and vulnerability assessments. Vulnerability assessment practices have become much more critical since the days of 9/11 and should be an integral part of any safety program in order to ensure the protection of workers, communities and assets.

This volume has been the labor of the entire Princeton Energy Resources team under the overall guidance of its principal, Adolfo Menéndez. His years of experience have contributed greatly to the technical content of this work and his dedication of resources and staff time in the preparation of this industry reference is a testament to the company’s commitment to safe work practices. Special thanks and appreciation is extended to Scrivener Publishing for their tireless efforts in the publication of this work.

Staff of Princeton Energy Resources International, LLCRockville, MD

1

How to Evaluate Safety Programs

1.1 Introduction

This chapter provides a roadmap for both employers and employees to creating a safe working environment. While the standards in chapters 2 through 6 are organized and presented in a highly prescriptive format, this first part provides workers within the industry an overall orientation to the philosophy, tools and corporate culture that the international community has adopted as a part of best management practices.

At the same time, this chapter of the standards explicitly defines the rights of workers to be kept informed of the hazards associated with their job assignments, to be provided with knowledge, engineering and management controls that eliminate unsafe working conditions, along with the actions that workers may take in order to ensure that they are never placed in situations that pose either immediate or long-term risks to their health and well-being.

Employees generally have little or no control over their working environment and must accept whatever environment employers offer. Employers and their designated corporate representatives have both a moral and legal obligation to ensure that both workers and the public at large are kept insulated from the hazards associated with the industry sector.

1.2 Creating a Culture of Safety

The design of a safe plant layout is beyond the responsibility of individual employees, but it nevertheless is essential for good power production practices and safe working conditions. Narrow aisles, blind intersections, insufficient overhead space and limited access for equipment repair and maintenance all are detrimental to a safe operating environment.

The National Safety Council in the United States has estimated that work-related accidents in the private sector in 1988 cost industry an average of $15,100 per disabling injury. Based on this figure and the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics — which reported that in 1988 private U.S. Industry, employing 90 million workers, had 6.2 million job-related accidents and injuries was in excess of $93 billion. Approximately, half of this total ($46 billion) was for such visible costs as damaged equipment and materials, production delays, time losses of other workers not involved in the accidents and accident reporting.

Similar statistics have been reported in the United Kingdom (UK) and in the European Community. The statistics support the premise that it is the responsibility of every employer to take a strong, proactive stance to ensure their employees’ safety.

Designing for safe work environments also means proper scheduling of work activities. It should not be the operator’s or worker’s responsibility to determine the proper routing of work in process. To make this type of decision a worker’s responsibility unfairly shifts to what is truly management’s responsibility directly to the worker. It is management’s responsibility to ensure that tight work standards are not only defined for each operating facility, but to ensure that procedures and policies are adopted and enforced. Establishing fair work standards through work measurement or some similar technique is, without question, a prerogative and a right of management. Establishing and enforcing tight work standards has resulted and will continue to result in operators taking dangerous short cuts while completing tasks. These short cuts often result in industrial accidents and injuries. By the same token, managers should use standards to ensure a fair day’s pay for a fair day’s work, but they should not use them as a whip to achieve maximum productivity through coercion.

Pressure placed on employees to meet tight production schedules results in the same type of problems as with tight work standards. Reasonable schedules based on reasonable capacity determinations and work standards eliminate the pressure and work-related stress placed on employees to overproduce because of unsafe short cuts.

Having a corporate culture that promotes and makes safety and environment a priority should be the goal of the industry. Creating a culture of safety first requires site-specific work practices and working environments to be carefully assessed with a focus on identifying high-risk areas, and then developing concrete plans for improved occupational and process safety performance. Management must focus on using employee insights to prevent costly and potentially deadly accidents before they occur, creating a safer workplace by taking into account both the environment in which employees work and the culture that drives their daily work experience.

As an employer, it is your responsibility to provide a safe work environment for all employees, free from any hazards, and complying with legal and recommended best practices defined in the standards. Health and safety in the workplace is about preventing work-related injury and disease, and designing an environment that promotes well-being for everyone at work.