Handbook of Marine Macroalgae E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1558

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2011

Beschreibung

The Handbook of Macroalgae: Biotechnology and Applied Phycology describes the biological, biotechnological and the industrial applications of seaweeds. Vast research into the cultivation of seaweeds is currently being undertaken but there is a lack of methodological strategies in place to develop novel drugs from these sources. This book aims to rectify this situation, providing an important review of recent advances and potential new applications for macroalgae. Focusing on the chemical and structural nature of seaweeds the book brings the potentially valuable bioactive nature to the fore. Novel compounds isolated from seaweeds are reviewed to provide an invaluable reference for anyone working in the field.

Leseprobe

Contents

Cover

Title Page

Copyright

Contributors

Preface

Editor

Part I: Introduction to Algae and Their Importance

Chapter 1: Biological Importance of Marine Algae

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Interesting natural products and their biological activities from macroalgae (seaweeds)

Acknowledgment

Chapter 2: Seaweeds: The Wealth of Oceans

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Need for marine resources

2.3 Various marine resources

2.4 Producers in the marine environment

2.5 Emergent plants

2.6 Seaweed diversity

2.7 Uses of seaweeds

2.8 Marine farming: global scenario

2.9 SEAPURA: an EU effort

2.10 Seaweed farming: an Indian scenario

2.11 Expanding the existing knowledge base: current research trends in exploring seaweeds

2.12 Future prospects

2.13 Conclusion

Chapter 3: Eco-Biochemical Studies of Common Seaweeds in the Lower Gangetic Delta

3.1 Seaweeds: an overview

3.2 Commercial uses of seaweeds

3.3 Indian scenario

3.4 Biochemical composition of seaweeds with special reference to Indian Sundarbans

Chapter 4: Chemodiversity and Bioactivity within Red and Brown Macroalgae Along the French coasts, Metropole and Overseas Departements and Territories

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Exploitation of marine algal resources

4.3 Why a focus on red and brown seaweeds?

4.4 Marine red seaweeds and biological activities

4.5 Marine brown seaweeds and biological activities

4.6 The use of metabolites from marine red and brown algae for their chemical defense

4.7 The use of metabolites as chemomarkers for taxonomy

4.8 Industrial uses of metabolites from marine red and brown algae

4.9 Conclusion

Acknowledgments

Chapter 5: Physiological Basis for the use of Seaweeds as Indicators of Anthropogenic Pressures: The Case of Green Tides

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Light absorption

5.3 Photosynthesis at sub- and saturating irradiance

5.4 Inorganic carbon acquisition

5.5 Does the high capacity for using bicarbonate favor the development of green tides?

5.6 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

Chapter 6: Significance of the Presence of Trace and Ultratrace Elements in Seaweeds

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Mineral content in seaweed

6.3 Trace and ultratrace elements in seaweeds

6.4 Trace and ultratrace elements in seaweed: pollution biomonitoring

6.5 Chemical speciation

Part II: Isolation and Chemical Properties of Molecules Derived from Seaweeds

Chapter 7: Chemical Composition of Seaweeds

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Various components of seaweeds

7.3 Conclusion

Chapter 8: Structural Peculiarities of Sulfated Polysaccharides from Red Algae Tichocarpus crinitus (Tichocarpaceae) and Chondrus pinnulatus (Gigartinaceae) Collected at the Russian Pacific Coast

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Carrageenan sources in the Russian Far East

8.3 The polysaccharide composition of algae in relation to the phase of its life cycle

8.4 The rheological and viscosity properties of carrageenan from C. pinnulatus and T. crinitus

Chapter 9: Extraction and Characterization of Seaweed Nanoparticles for Application on Cotton Fabric

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Textile materials

9.3 Antimicrobial agents

9.4 Seaweeds

9.5 Extraction and characterization

9.6 Antibacterial finishing

9.7 Permanent finish

Acknowledgments

Chapter 10: Enzyme-assisted Extraction and Recovery of Bioactive Components from Seaweeds

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Extraction of bioactive compounds from seaweeds

10.3 Role of cell wall degrading enzymes

10.4 Importance of enzyme treatment prior to extraction of bioactive compounds

10.5 Selection of the enzyme/s and the extraction conditions

10.6 Bioactive peptides from seaweeds

10.7 Conclusions

Chapter 11: Structure and Use of Algal Sulfated Fucans and Galactans

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Phylogenetic distribution

11.3 Common methods for extraction and structural analyses

11.4 General structural features related to phylogenetic occurrence

11.5 Industrial applications

11.6 Pharmacological properties

11.7 Major conclusions

Acknowledgments

Chapter 12: Bioactive Metabolites from Seaweeds

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Chemical constituents

12.3 Conclusions

Chapter 13: Seaweed Digestibility and Methods Used for Digestibility Determination

13.1 Digestibility

13.2 Methods of seaweed digestibility assessment

13.3 Factors influencing digestibility of seaweed and seaweed products

13.4 Evaluation of seaweed digestibility

13.5 Contribution of seaweed to food and feed digestibility

13.6 Conclusion

Chapter 14: Metallation of Seaweed Fucus vesiculosus Metallothionein: As3+ and Cd2+ binding

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Characterization of the rfMT

14.3 Equilibrium metallation studies of rfMT studied using ESI-MS and UV-visible absorption techniques

14.4 Dynamic metallation studies of rfMT studied using ESI-MS techniques

14.5 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

Part III: Biological Properties of Molecules Derived from Seaweeds

Chapter 15: In Vivo and in Vitro Toxicity Studies of Fucoxanthin, a Marine Carotenoid

15.1 Introduction

15.2 In vivo oral toxicity study

15.3 In vitro and in vivo mutagenicity study

15.4 Conclusion

Chapter 16: Brown Seaweed Lipids as Potential Source of Omega-3 PUFA in Biological Systems

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Omega-3 and omega-6 PUFA

16.3 Importance of omega-3 PUFA on human health

16.4 Brown seaweed lipids

16.5 Bioconversion of LN to DHA

16.6 Hepatic DHA enhancement in mice by fucoxanthin

16.7 Conclusion

Chapter 17: Immune Regulatory Effects of Phlorotannins Derived From Marine Brown Algae (Phaeophyta)

17.1 Introduction

17.2 Anti-inflammatory effects of phlorotannins on RAW264.7 macrophage cells

17.3 Neuroprotective effects of phlorotannins on BV2 microglial cells

17.4 Anti-allergic effects of phlorotannins

17.5 Conclusion

Acknowledgments

Chapter 18: In Vivo and In Vitro Studies of Seaweed Compounds

18.1 Introduction

18.2 Methods to study compound bioaccessibility

18.3 In vivo versus in vitro methods

18.4 Methods with cell culture models

18.5 Conclusions

Chapter 19: Brown Seaweed-Derived Phenolic Phytochemicals and Their Biological Activities for Functional Food Ingredients with Focus on Ascophyllum nodosum

19.1 Introduction: seaweed-derived functional food ingredients

19.2 Major commercial brown seaweeds

19.3 Brown seaweeds and phenolic phytochemicals

19.4 Ascophyllum nodosum: importance and health benefits

19.5 Conclusions

Chapter 20: Antiobesity and Antidiabetic Effects of Seaweeds

20.1 Introduction

20.2 Antiobesity and antidiabetic effects of seaweed

20.3 Conclusions

Chapter 21: Health Beneficial Aspects of Phloroglucinol Derivatives from Marine Brown Algae

21.1 Introduction

21.2 Phloroglucinol derivatives (phlorotannins) from marine brown algae

21.3 Health beneficial aspects of brown algal phlorotannins

21.4 Conclusions and future prospects

Chapter 22: Biological Effects of Proteins Extracted from Marine Algae

22.1 Introduction

22.2 Stimulatory effect of a glycoprotein from LAMINARIA Japonica on cell proliferation

22.3 Chemoprotective effect of marine algae extracts against acetaminophen toxicity

Chapter 23: Functional Ingredients from Marine Algae as Potential Antioxidants in the Food Industry

23.1 Introduction

23.2 Marine algae-derived functional ingredients and their antioxidant effect

23.3 Conclusion

Chapter 24: Algal Carotenoids as Potent Antioxidants

24.1 Introduction

24.2 Algal carotenoids

24.3 Carotenoids as dietary antioxidants

24.4 Brown seaweeds as rich source of antioxidants

24.5 Antioxidant activity of algal carotenoids

24.6 Antiobesity and antidiabetic effect of fucoxanthin

24.7 Conclusion

Part IV: Biotechnology of Seaweeds

Chapter 25: Anti-HIV Activities of Marine Macroalgae

25.1 Introduction

25.2 Potential anti-HIV agents from marine macroalgae

25.3 Conclusion

Chapter 26: Biotechnology of Seaweeds: Facing the Coming Decade

26.1 Introduction

26.2 Biotechnology of seaweeds in ‘blue farming’

26.3 Biotechnology of seaweeds in the chemical industry and pharmacy

26.4 Biotechnology of seaweeds in a changing world: their role in bioremediation and bioenergy

Acknowledgment

Chapter 27: Current Trends and Future Prospects of Biotechnological Interventions Through Plant Tissue Culture in Seaweeds

27.1 Introduction

27.2 Explants, sterilization and methods used in seaweed production

27.3 Micropropagation of seaweeds

27.4 Callus and cell suspension culture in seaweed production

27.5 Bioprocess technology and cell culture in seaweed production

27.6 Remarks and conclusion

Chapter 28: Detoxification Mechanisms of Heavy Metals by Algal-Bacteria Consortia

28.1 Introduction

28.2 Mechanisms used by algae in heavy metals tolerance and removal

28.3 Algal–bacterial mechanisms involved in heavy metal detoxification

28.4 Algal–bacteria consortia in the red algae Bostrychia calliptera (Rhodomelaceae)

28.5 Biological treatment of heavy metals

28.6 Biotechnological applications

28.7 Conclusions and future remarks

Part V: Natural Resource Management and Industrial Applications of Seaweeds

Chapter 29: Manufacturing Technology of Bioenergy Using Algae

29.1 Introduction

29.2 Bioethanol types and characteristics

29.3 Foreign and domestic bioethanol industries and technologies

29.4 Algal biomass characteristics

29.5 Red algae bioethanol production technology

29.6 Future technology outlook

Acknowledgments

Chapter 30: Seaweed as an Adsorbent to Treat Cr(VI)-Contaminated Wastewater

30.1 Importance of chromium

30.2 Harmful effects of Cr(VI)

30.3 Different methods of treatment

30.4 Case study on adsorptive removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution using seaweed Hydrilla verticillata

Chapter 31: Using the Biomass of Seaweeds in the Production of Components of Feed and Fertilizers

31.1 Introduction

31.2 Seaweeds in fertilizers

31.3 Seaweeds in feeds for animals

31.4 Using the biomass of seaweeds enriched with microelements by biosorpion in nutrition of plants and animals

31.5 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

Chapter 32: Applications of Seaweed in Meat-Based Functional Foods

32.1 Introduction

32.2 Meat-based functional foods

32.3 Seaweed as a functional food ingredient in meat products

32.4 Conclusions

Acknowledgment

Chapter 33: Industrial Applications of Macroalgae

33.1 Introduction

33.2 Composition of seaweeds

33.3 Seaweeds as vegetables: their nutritive value

33.4 Applications as functional foods

33.5 Application of seaweeds as antioxidants in the food industry

33.6 Industrial applications of phycocolloids

33.7 Biomedical applications

33.8 Macroalgal-derived cosmeceuticals

33.9 Applications in agriculture

33.10 Applications in pollution detection and control

33.11 Utilization of macroalgae for energy production

33.12 Conclusions

Chapter 34: Application of Seaweeds in the Food Industry

34.1 Introduction

34.2 Compounds extracted from algae of interest to the human nutrition industry

34.3 Animal feeding

34.4 Fertilizers

34.5 Conclusion

Chapter 35: A Dimensional Investigation on Seaweeds: Their Biomedical and Industrial Applications

35.1 Introduction

35.2 Biomedical applications of seaweeds

35.3 Industrial applications of seaweeds

35.4 Conclusion

Acknowledgment

Chapter 36: Seaweed Polysaccharides – Food Applications

36.1 Introduction

36.2 Major functions of polysaccharides in a food system

36.3 Interactions of polysaccharides with food components

36.4 Major food applications of polysaccharides

36.5 Regulatory and commercial aspects

Index

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Kim, Se-Kwon. Handbook of marine microalgae : biotechnology and applied phycology / Se-Kwon Kim. p. cm. Includes index. ISBN 978-0-470-97918-1 (cloth) 1. Microalgae–Handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. Microalgae–Biotechnology–Handbooks, manuals, etc. 3. Algology-Handbooks, manuals, etc. 4. Marine algae culture–Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Title. QK568.M52K56 2011 579.8′1776–dc23 2011023327

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

This book is published in the following electronic formats: ePDF 9781119977094; Wiley Online Library 9781119977087; ePub 97811199776550; Mobi 9781119977667

Contributors

Masayuki Abe Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1 Minato, Hakodate, Hokkaido 041-8611, Japan and Kaneka Co., 3-2-4, Nakanoshima, Kita-ku, Osaka 530-8288, Japan

Abdul Bakrudeen Ali Ahmed Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia

María Carmen Barciela Alonso Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain

Emmanouil Apostolidis University of Rhode Island, 6 Rhodey Ram Way, Kingston, RI 02881, USA

Amit Kumar Banerjee Bioinformatics Group, Biology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad-500607, Andhra Pradesh, India

Kakoli Banerjee Department of Marine Science, University of Calcutta, 35 B.C. Road, Kolkata-700019, India

Anna O. Barabanova Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Far-East Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. 100-letya Vladivostoka 159, Vladivostok-690022, Russia

Saroj Sundar Baral Department of Chemical Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology & Science, Pilani- K. K. Birla Goa Campus, Goa 403-726, India

Pilar Bermejo-Barrera Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain

Hebsibah Elsie Bernard Department of Biochemistry, DKM College, Thiruvalluvar University, Vellore – 632 001, Tamil Nadu, India

Neyla Benitez-Campo Applied Plant Biology Research Group, Department of Biology, Universidad del Valle, A.A. 25360 Cali Colombia

Fumiaki Beppu Faculty of Fisheries, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1 Minato, Hakodate-0418611, Japan

Nathalie Bourgougnon College Doctoral International de I’ Universitity, Euripenne de Bretagne (UEB), Directrice du College Doctoral de l’ Univesit de Breagne –Sud (UBS), Laboratorie de Biotechnologie et Chimie Marines, France

Katarzyna Chojnacka Institute of Inorganic Technology and Mineral Fertilizers, Wrocław University of Technology, Poland

Susana Cofrades Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición- ICTAN (Formerly Instituto del Frío) (CSIC). Ciudad Universitaria, 28040-Madrid, Spain

Ali A. El Gamal Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt

Rajrupa Ghosh Department of Marine Science, University of Calcutta, 35 B.C. Road, Kolkata 700019, India

Raquel Domínguez Gonzalez Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain

Lin Hanzhi Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences at Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China

Vanessa Romaris Hortas Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain

Masashi Hosokawa Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1 Minato, Hakodate, Hokkaido 041-8611, Japan

Jing Hu Key Laboratory of Marine Bio-resources Sustainable Utilization/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica/Research Center for Marine Microbes, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China

You-Jin Jeon School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea

Francisco Jiménez-Colmenero Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición- ICTAN (Formerly Instituto del Frío) (CSIC). Ciudad Universitaria, 28040-Madrid, Spain

Won-Kyo Jung Department of Marine Life Science, and Marine Life Research & Education Center, Chosun University, Gwangju-501759, Republic of Korea

Hiroyuki Kamogawa Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1 Minato, Hakodate, Hokkaido 041-8611, Japan

Gyung-Soo Kim Biolsystems Corporation, JoongPyung B/D 6F 64-1, Umyeon-dong, Seocho-gu, Seoul 137-900, Republic of Korea

Se-Kwon Kim Department of Chemistry, Marine Bioprocess Research Center, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Republic of Korea

Chang-Suk Kong Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Medical and Life Science, Silla University, Busan 617-736, Republic of Korea

Maheshika S. Kurukulasuria Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya-20400, Sri Lanka

Chong M. Lee University of Rhode Island, 6 Rhodey Ram Way, Kingston, RI 02881, USA

Yong-Xin Li Marine Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Republic of Korea

Xiuping Lin Key Laboratory of Marine Bio-resources Sustainable Utilization/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica/Research Center for Marine Microbes, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China

Yonghong Liu Key Laboratory of Marine Bio-resources Sustainable Utilization/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica/Research Center for Marine Microbes, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China

Ines López-López Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Alimentos y Nutrición- ICTAN (Formerly Instituto del Frío) (CSIC). Ciudad Universitaria, 28040-Madrid, Spain

Vazhiyil Venugopal Menon Seafood Technology Section, Food Technology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Center, Mumbai 400085, India

Jesús M. Mercado Centro Oceanográfico de Málaga. Instituto Español de Oceanografía. Puerto Pesquero s/n. Apdo. 285, Fuengirola-29640, Spain

Ladislava Mišurcová Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Faculty of Technology, Department of Food Technology and Microbiology, Czech Republic

Abhijit Mitra Department of Marine Science, University of Calcutta, 35 B.C. Road, Kolkata-700019, India

Kazuo Miyashita Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1 Minato, Hakodate, Hokkaido 041-8611, Japan

Antonio Moreda-Piñeiro Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain

Taek-Jeong Nam College of Fisheries Science, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Republic of Korea

Bhaskar Narayan Department of Meat, Fish & Poultry Technology, CFTRI, Mysore 570 020, India

Dai-Hung Ngo Marine Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea

Thanh T. Ngu Department of Chemistry, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Phuong Hong Nguyen Department of Marine Life Science, and Marine Life Research & Education Center, Chosun University, Gwangju-501759, Republic of Korea

Yoshimi Niwano New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University, 6-6-10 Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi-9808579, Japan

Sudha Narayanan Parapurath Department of Chemistry, DKM College, Thiruvalluvar University, Vellore - 632 001, Tamil Nadu, India

Enrique J. Peña-Salamanca Applied Plant Biology Research Group, Department of Biology, Universidad del Valle, A.A. 25360 Cali, Colombia

Elena Peña-Vázquez Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain

Jiang Peng Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences at Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China

Mahinda Senevirathne Marine Bioprocess Research Center, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Republic of Korea

Valerie Stiger-Pouvreau College Doctoral International de I’ Universitity, Euripenne de Bretagne (UEB), Directrice du College Doctoral de l’ Univesit de Breagne -Sud (UBS), Laboratorie de Biotechnologie et Chimie Marines, France

Upadhyayula Suryanarayana Murty Bioinformatics Group, Biology Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad-500607, Andhra Pradesh, India

Vitor H. Pomin Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, 315 Riverbend Road, Athens, GA 30602, USA and Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Medical Biochemistry Institute, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil

Ramya Ramamurthy Research Scholar, Department of Chemistry, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India

Ana Lucia Rengifo Applied Plant Biology Research Group, Department of Biology, Universidad del Valle, A.A. 25360 Cali, Colombia

A. Malshani Samaraweera Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya-20400, Sri Lanka

Cristina García Sartal Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Bromatology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain

Qin Song Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences at Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China and Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China

Martin J. Stillman Department of Chemistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada

Dhanarajan Malli Subramaniam Jaya College of Arts and Science, Thirunindravur, University of Madras, Tamil Nadu, India

Rosna Mat Taha Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia

Sivalingam Thambidurai Department of Industrial Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Alagappa University, Karaikudi-630003, Tamil Nadu, India

Noel Vinay Thomas Marine Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Republic of Korea

Takayuki Tsukui Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1 Minato, Hakodate, Hokkaido 041-8611, Japan

Janak K. Vidanarachchi Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya-20400, Sri Lanka

Thang-Sang Vo Marine Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea

M. Airanthi K. Widjaja-Adhi Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, 3-1-1 Minato, Hakodate, Hokkaido-0418611, Japan

Isuru Wijesekara Marine Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Pukyong National University, Busan 608-737, Republic of Korea

Wijesinghe W.A.J.P School of Marine Biomedical Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 690-756, Republic of Korea

Bin Yang Key Laboratory of Marine Bio-resources Sustainable Utilization/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica/Research Center for Marine Microbes, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China

Xian-Wen Yang Key Laboratory of Marine Bio-resources Sustainable Utilization/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica/Research Center for Marine Microbes, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China

Irina M. Yermak Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry Far-East Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, pr. 100-letya Vladivostoka 159, Vladivostok-690022, Russia

Xue-Feng Zhou Key Laboratory of Marine Bio-resources Sustainable Utilization/Guangdong Key Laboratory of Marine Materia Medica/Research Center for Marine Microbes, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510301, China

Preface

Marine environment becoming the most explored habitat because of its chemical and biological diversity. Recently, marine floral and faunal exploration and exploitation becoming a great deal of interest which is the key to combat various diseases. Among the marine sources, algae or seaweeds are the more valuable sources of structurally diverse bioactive compounds. Even though, seaweed salads have been supplied as a regular diet, much information is not available whether the algal food has any significance on human health. For example, the beneficial effects of seaweeds and their bioactive substances like phlorotannins, sulphated polysaccharides, peptides and carotenoid pigments extend their applications from eco-biotechnological to the industrial standpoint. Hence, the utilization of marine macroalgal substances as potential biological and industrial products should be well established worldwide to gain various health and medical benefits. Although Asians consume seaweeds because of the known importance in their daily lives, many of the westerns might not think of the ‘seaweed’ as a nutritional or a daily supplement in their food. It is because of the term ‘weed’, which generally represents the unwanted plants in any ecosystem. Hence, I would like to introduce a more appropriate term “sea-vegetables” in this book, which could bring a positive notion in human beings to think ‘algae’ or ‘seaweed’ as consumable vegetables from sea.

The present book “Handbook of Marine Macroalgae: Biotechnology and Applied Phycology”, describes the characteristic feature of marine macroalgal substances, source species, types, production and applications (biological, biotechnological, industrial). There are four discriminating parts present in the present book: Part-I deals with an overview of introduction and prospects of marine macroalgal introduction, their eco-physiological and biochemicals importance along with various aspects of macroalgal biodiversity; Part-II provides a general and complex aspects of isolation, extraction and physicochemical properties of various marine macroalgal compounds; Part-III discusses various biological and biomedical applications; Part-IV deals an over view on the in vitro cultivation other biotechnological prospects of marine macroalgae; and Part-V provides the information on the industrial utilization of marine macroalgae with their resource management strategies. Each part is a collection of comprehensive information on the past and present research of marine macroalgae, compiled of proficient scientists worldwide. Although significant activities and applications of marine macroalgal derived substances have been shared by various chapters, specific and unique biological, biomedical and industrial applications have been covered individually. Functional foods I personally intended to mention that the present findings and the recent information in this book will be helpful to the upcoming researchers to establish a phenomenal research from wide range of research areas.

I express my sincere thanks to all the authors, who have contributed in this book and their relentless effort was the result of scientific attitude and immense perseverance descended from their present and past experiences. I am grateful to the experts, who have provided state-of-the-art contributions that are included in this book. I also thank the personnel of Wiley-Blackwell publishers for their continual support, which is essential for the successful completion of the present task.

I hope that the fundamental as well as applied contributions in this book might serve as a potential research and development leads for the benefit of humankind. Altogether, algal biotechnology will be the hottest field in future towards the enrichment of targeted algal species, which further establishes a sustainable oceanic environment. The present book would be a reference book for the emerging students in the academic and industrial research.

Se-Kwon Kim

Editor

Se-Kwon Kim, PhD, is currently working as a professor of marine biochemistry in the Department of Chemistry, Pukyong National University (PKNU), Busan, South Korea.

Dr. Kim received his MSc and PhD degrees from PKNU and joined as a faculty member in the same university. He conducted his postdoctoral research at the Bioprocess laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois USA (1988–1989). He became a visiting scientist at the Memorial University of Newfoundland in Canada (1999–2000).

In the year 2004, Dr. Kim became the Director for ‘Marine Bioprocess Research Center (MBPRC)’ at Pukyong National University. He served as president for the ‘Korean Society of Chitin and Chitosan' (1986–1990), and the ‘Korean Society of Marine Biotechnology’ (2006-2007). Dr. Kim was also the Chairman for 7th Asia-Pacif ic Chitin and Chitosan Symposium, which was held in South Korea in 2006. He is one of the board members of ‘International Society of Marine Biotechnology (IMB)’ and ‘International Society for Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods (ISNFF)’.

He was the editor-in-chief of the Korean Journal of Life Sciences (1995–1997), the Korean Journal of Fisheries Science and Technology (2006–2007) and the Korean Journal of Marine Bioscience and Biotechnology (2006-till date). To the credit for his research, he won the best paper awards from the American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS) and the Korean Society of Fisheries Science and Technology (KSFST) in 2002.

His major research interests are investigation and development of bioactive substances derived from marine organisms and their application in oriental medicine, cosmeceuticals and nutraceuticals via marine bioprocessing and mass-production technologies. Furthermore, he expanded his research f ields especially in the f ield of dietary supplements from sea vegetables for the development of anti-diabetic, anti-arthritic, anti-hypertensive, anti-cancer, anti-aging substances towards the health promotion of senior citizens.

To date, he has authored over 450 research papers and holds 72 patents. In addition, he has written or edited more than 30 books.

PART I

Introduction to Algae and Their Importance

1

Biological Importance of Marine Algae

Ali A. El Gamal*

Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, KSA

1.1 Introduction

Marine organisms are potentially productive sources of highly bioactive secondary metabolites that might represent useful leads in the development of new pharmaceutical agents (Iwamoto et al. 1998, 1999, 2001). During the last four decades, numerous novel compounds have been isolated from marine organisms and many of these substances have been demonstrated to possess interesting biological activities (Faulkner, 1984a,b, 1986, 1987, 1988, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002).

Algae are very simple, chlorophyll-containing organisms (Bold and Wynne, 1985) composed of one cell or grouped together in colonies or as organisms with many cells, sometimes collaborating together as simple tissues. They vary greatly in size – unicellular of 3–10 μm to giant kelps up to 70 m long and growing at up to 50 cm per day (Hillison, 1977). Algae are found everywhere on Earth: in the sea, rivers and lakes, on soil and walls, in animal and plants (as symbionts-partners collaborating together); in fact just about everywhere where there is a light to carry out photosynthesis.

Algae are a heterogeneous group of plants with a long fossil history. Two major types of algae can be identified: the macroalgae (seaweeds) occupy the littoral zone, which included green algae, brown algae, and red algae, and the microalgae are found in both benthic and littoral habitats and also throughout the ocean waters as phytoplankton (Garson, 1989). Phytoplankton comprise organisms such as diatoms (Bacillariophyta), dinoflagellates (Dinophyta), green and yellow-brown flagellates (Chlorophyta; Prasinophyta; Prymnesiophyta, Cryptophyta, Chrysophyta and Rhaphidiophyta) and blue-green algae (Cyanophyta). As photosynthetic organisms, this group plays a key role in the productivity of oceans and constitutes the basis of the marine food chain (Bold and Wynne, 1985; Hillison, 1977).

The true origins of compounds found in marine invertebrates have been a subject of discussion. They may vary from compound to another, but there are strong hints that dietary or symbiotic algae are one of the participants in the production of these metabolites. For example, as early as 1977, the blue-green algae, was recognized as the source of aplysiatoxin found in the sea hares that feed on this alga (Mynderse ., 1997). Similarly, a series of highly active antitumor compounds, dolastatin and isolated from sea slugs are considered to be of blue-green algal origin (Shimizu, 2000). Also, eukaryotic algae and various dinoflagellate metabolites are found in shellfish and other invertebrates as toxins (Shimizu, 2000). Brevetoxins , ciguatoxins , and dinophysistoxins-1&2 and and are well known examples of paralytic shellfish toxins (Hall and Strichartz, 1990).