Handbook of Multiphase Polymer Systems E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 2171

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2011

Beschreibung

Multiphase polymeric systems include a wide range of materials such as composites, blends, alloys, gels, and interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs). A one-stop reference on multiphase polymer systems, this book fully covers the preparation, properties, and applications of advanced multiphase systems from macro to nano scales. Edited by well-respected academics in the field of multiphase polymer systems, the book includes contributions from leading international experts. An essential resource for plastic and rubber technologists, filler specialists and researchers in fields studying thermal and electrical properties.

Leseprobe

Contents

Cover

Cover

Title Page

Copyright

List of Contributors

Foreword

Title Page

Copyright

List of Contributors

Foreword

1: Physical, Thermophysical and Interfacial Properties of Multiphase Polymer Systems: State of the Art, New Challenges and Opportunities

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Multiphase Polymer Systems

1.3 A Short Survey of the Literature and Applications

1.4 Book Content

1.5 Future Outlook, New Challenges and Opportunities

2: Macro, Micro and Nano Mechanics of Multiphase Polymer Systems

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Unentangled Systems

2.3 Entangled Systems

2.4 Conclusion

Acknowledgements

3: Theory and Simulation of Multiphase Polymer Systems

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Basic Concepts of Polymer Theory

3.3 Theory of Multiphase Polymer Mixtures

3.4 Simulations of Multiphase Polymer Systems

3.5 Future Challenges

Acknowledgements

4: Interfaces in Multiphase Polymer Systems

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Basic Considerations

4.3 Characteristics of Interfacial Layers

4.4 Interface Modifications: Types and Aims

4.5 Interlayers of Modified Reactivity

4.6 Responsive Interphases

4.7 Methods of Interface Analysis

4.8 Conclusions

5: Manufacturing of Multiphase Polymeric Systems

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Manufacturing Techniques of Polymer Blends

5.3 Manufacturing Techniques of Polymer Composites

5.4 Manufacturing Techniques of Nanocomposites

5.5 Manufacturing Techniques of Polymer Gels

5.6 Manufacturing Techniques of Interpenetrating Polymer Networks (IPNs)

5.7 Conclusion and Future Outlook

6: Macro, Micro and Nanostructured Morphologies of Multiphase Polymer Systems

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Morphology Development Mechanisms of Multiphase Polymer Systems During Processing

6.3 Material-Relevant Factors Affecting the Morphology

6.4 Processing-Relevant Factors Affecting the Morphology

Nomenclature

Acknowledgements

7: Mechanical and Viscoelastic Characterization of Multiphase Polymer Systems

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Polymer Blends

7.3 Interpenetrating Polymer Networks (IPNs)

7.4 Polymer Gels

7.5 Polymer Composites

7.6 Conclusion, Future Trends and Challenges

8: Rheology and Viscoelasticity of Multiphase Polymer Systems: Blends and Block Copolymers

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Morphology of Polymer Blends

8.3 Microrheology of Droplet Deformation

8.4 Rheology of Polymer Blends

8.5 Microphase Separated Block Copolymers

8.6 Dynamic Viscoelastic Results of SEBS Copolymers

8.7 Flow-induced Morphological Changes

8.8 Capillary Extrusion Rheometry Results of Block Copolymers

8.9 Summary

9: Thermal Analysis of Multiphase Polymer Systems

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Thermooptical Microscopy

9.3 Differential Scanning Calorimetry

9.4 Temperature Modulated Differential Scanning Calorimetry

9.5 Micro- and Nanothermal Analysis

9.6 Thermal Gravimetric Analysis and Evolved Gas Analysis

9.7 Conclusions

10: Thermophysical Properties of Multiphase Polymer Systems

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Thermophysical Properties: Short Definitions

10.3 Measurement Techniques

10.4 Thermophysical Properties of Polymers and Composite Systems

10.5 Summary

11: Electrically Conductive Polymeric Composites and Nanocomposites

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Theory

11.3 Electrically Conductive Fillers

11.4 Effect of Processing Conditions on the Electrical Behavior of Composites

11.5 Applications [2,3, 57]

11.6 Resistance Measurements

12: Dielectric Spectroscopy and Thermally Stimulated Depolarization Current Analysis of Multiphase Polymer Systems

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Dielectric Techniques

12.3 Copolymers and Interpenetrating Polymer Networks Based on Poly(alkyl acrylate)s and Poly(alkyl methacrylate)s (Mixing and Phase Separation)

12.4 Rubber/Silica Nanocomposites (Interfacial Phenomena)

12.5 Polymer Nanocomposites with Conductive Carbon Inclusions (Percolation Phenomena)

12.6 Conclusion

Acknowledgements

13: Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy of Multiphase Polymer Systems

13.1 Introduction to NMR

13.2 Phases in Polymers: Polymer Conformation

13.3 High Resolution 13C NMR Spectroscopy of Solid Polymers

13.4 Additional Nuclei

13.5 NMR Relaxation

13.6 Spin Diffusion

13.7 Concluding Remarks

14: ESR Spectroscopy of Multiphase Polymer Systems

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Theoretical Background

14.3 Copolymers

14.4 Grafted Polymers

14.5 Blends

14.6 Crosslinked Polymers

14.7 Semi-Interpenetrating Networks (SIPNs)

14.8 Composites

14.9 Nanocomposites

14.10 Other Polymer Multiphase Systems

14.11 Conclusion

15: XPS Studies of Multiphase Polymer Systems

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Basic Principles of X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy

15.3 Applications of XPS to Polymeric Materials

15.4 Conclusion

15.5 Glossary

16: Light Scattering Studies of Multiphase Polymer Systems

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Light Scattering Technique

16.3 Phase Behavior of Multiphase Polymer Systems Studied by SALS

16.4 On-line Morphological Characterization of Polymer Blends

16.5 Light Scattering Characterization of Other Multiphase Polymer Systems

17: X-ray Scattering Studies on Multiphasic Polymer Systems

17.1 Introduction

17.2 Theoretical Background

17.3 Studies on Multiphase Polymer Systems

17.4 Concluding Remarks

Acknowledgements

18: Characterization of Multiphase Polymer Systems by Neutron Scattering

18.1 Introduction

18.2 Method of Neutron Scattering

18.3 Experimental Techniques

18.4 Recent Experimental Results

18.5 Conclusion

Acknowledgements

19: Gas Diffusion in Multiphase Polymer Systems

19.1 Introduction

19.2 Gas Transport Mechanisms in Dense Polymer Films: Definition of the Transport Parameters

19.3 Multiphase Polymer Systems for Improved Barrier Properties

19.4 Multiphase Polymer-based Systems for Improved Selectivity

19.5 Conclusion

20: Nondestructive Testing of Composite Materials

20.1 Introduction

20.2 Failure Mechanisms in Polymer Composites

20.3 Visual Inspection

20.4 Acoustic Emission

20.5 Ultrasonic Scanning

20.6 Radiography

20.7 Thermography

20.8 Laser Interferometry

20.9 Electronic Shearography

20.10 Optical Deformation and Strain Measurement System

20.11 Summary

21: Ageing and Degradation of Multiphase Polymer Systems

21.1 Introduction

21.2 Physical Ageing

21.3 Chemical Ageing

21.4 Impact of Multiphase Structure on Ageing Processes

21.5 Practical Impact of Physical Ageing on Use Properties

21.6 Concluding Remarks

22: Fire Retardancy of Multiphase Polymer Systems

22.1 Introduction

22.2 Combustion and Flame Retardancy of Polymers

22.3 Laboratory Fire Testing

22.4 Flame Retardant Additives

22.5 Synergistic Effects of Fillers with Flame Retardant Additives

22.6 Conclusion

Acknowledgements

23: Applications of Selected Multiphase Systems

23.1 Introduction

23.2 Construction Applications

23.3 Aeronautics and Spacecraft Applications

23.4 Human Medicine Applications

23.5 Electrical and Electronic Applications

23.6 Conclusion

24: Waste Management, Recycling and Regeneration of Filled Polymers

24.1 Introduction

24.2 Identification and Sorting

24.3 Separation of Components

24.4 Feedstock Recycling

24.5 Thermal Processes

24.6 Mechanical Recycling of Filled Thermoplastics

24.7 Waste Management of Glass Fiber-reinforced Thermoset Plastics

24.8 Conclusion

25: Nanoparticle Reinforcement of Elastomers and Some Other Types of Polymers

25.1 Introduction

25.2 Fillers in Elastomers

25.3 Nanoparticles in Glassy Polymers

25.4 Nanoparticles in Partially-Crystalline Polymers

25.5 Nanoparticles in Naturally-Occurring Polymers

25.6 Nanoparticles in Relatively-Rigid Polymers

25.7 Nanoparticles in Thermoset Polymers

25.8 Conclusions

25.9 Acknowledgements

Index

This edition first published 2011 © 2011 John Wiley and Sons Ltd

Registered officeJohn Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom

For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com.

The right of the author to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher.

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books.

Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought.

The publisher and the author make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of fitness for a particular purpose. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for every situation. In view of ongoing research, equipment modifications, changes in governmental regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to the use of experimental reagents, equipment, and devices, the reader is urged to review and evaluate the information provided in the package insert or instructions for each chemical, piece of equipment, reagent, or device for, among other things, any changes in the instructions or indication of usage and for added warnings and precautions. The fact that an organization or Website is referred to in this work as a citation and/or a potential source of further information does not mean that the author or the publisher endorses the information the organization or Website may provide or recommendations it may make. Further, readers should be aware that Internet Websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. No warranty may be created or extended by any promotional statements for this work. Neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for any damages arising herefrom.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Handbook of multiphase polymer systems / editors, Abderrahim Boudenne ... [et al.]. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-470-71420-1 (cloth) – ISBN 978-1-119-97203-7 (ePDF) – ISBN 978-1-119-97202-0 (oBook) 1. Polymeric composites. I. Boudenne, Abderrahim. TA418.9.C6H3426 2012 547′.7–dc22 2011011524

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Print ISBN: 9780470714201 ePDF ISBN: 9781119972037 oBook ISBN: 9781119972020 ePub ISBN: 9780470714201 Mobi ISBN: 9781119972891

List of Contributors

Mladen Andreis,  Rudjer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia

Karim Benzarti,  Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussees, Paris, France

Abderrahim Boudenne,  Université Paris-Est, CERTES EA 3481 – Centre d’Etude et de Recherche en Thermique, Environnement et Systèmes, Créteil, France

Yves Candau,  Université Paris-Est, CERTES EA 3481 – Centre d’Etude et de Recherche en Thermique, Environnement et Systèmes, Créteil, France

Volkan Cecen,  Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey

Mohamed M. Chehim,  ITODYS, Univeresity Paris Diderot and CNRS, Paris, France

Xavier Colin,  PIMM, Arts et Métiers Paris Tech, Paris, France

José-Marie Lopez Cuesta,  CMGD, Ecole des Mines d’Ales, Ales, France

Z.Z. Denchev,  Institute for Polymers and Composites, University of Minho, Minho, Portugal

Fatma Djouan,  ITODYS, University Paris Diderot and CNRS, Paris, France

Elian Espuche,  Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, UMR CNRS 5223, IMP@UCB, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, France

Michel Ferriol,  LMOPS, UniversitéPaul Verlaine Metz, Sain-Avold, France

Magali Fois,  Université Paris-Est, CERTES EA 3481 – Centre d’Etude et de Recherche en Thermique, Environnement et Systèmes, Créteil, France

Daniel Fragiadakis,  Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA

Soney C. George,  Department of Basic Science, Amal Jyothi College of Engineering, Kerala, India

Han-Xiong Huang,  Laboratory for Micro Molding and Polymer Rheology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China

Yajiang Huang,  College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China

Esmaiel Jabbari,  Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, USA

Laurent Ibos,  Université Paris-Est, CERTES EA 3481 – Centre d’Etude et de Recherche en Thermique, Environnement et Systèmes, Créteil, France

Damir Klepac,  School of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia

Ivo Kivka,  Department of Macromolecular Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic

Igor Krupa,  Polymer Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská, Bratislava, Slovakia

Apostolos Kyritsis,  National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece

Fouad Laoutid,  Materia Nova Asbl, Mons, Belgium

Guangxian Li,  College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China

Xia Liao,  College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China

Jean-Charles Majesté,  Laboratoire de Rhéologie des Matières Plastiques, CNRS, St Etienne, France

James E. Mark,  Department of Chemistry and the Polymer Research Center, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA

György J. Marosi,  Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary

Antonio Martínez-Richa,  Departamento de Quimica, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico

Alfréd Menyhard, Jr.,  Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary

Igor Novák,  Polymer Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia

Didier Perrin,  CMGD, Ecole des Mines d’Ales, Ales, France

Polycarpos Pissis,  National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece

Vladimir Pollák,  Polymer Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia

Jan Prokeš,  Department of Macromolecular Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic

Géza Regdon, Jr.,  University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary

Mel Richardson,  Department of Mechanical and Design Engineering, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK

Antonio Santamaría,  Polymer Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country, San Sebastián, Spain

Alireza S. Sarvestani,  Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, USA

Friederike Schmid,  Institute of Physics, Johannes-Gutenberg Universität Mainz, Germany

Regan L. Silvestri,  Department of Chemistry, Baldwin-Wallace College, Berea, Ohio, USA

Rodolphe Sonnier,  CMGD, Ecole des Mines d’Ales, Ales, France

Zdeno špitalský,  Polymer Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská, Bratislava, Slovakia

Gilbert Teyssedre,  Laplace Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France

Sabu Thomas,  Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India

Srećko Valić,  University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia, and Rudjer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia

József Varga,  Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary

Siby Varghese,  Rubber Research Institute of India, Kottayam, Kerala, India

J.C. Viana,  Institute for Polymers and Composites, University of Minho, Minho, Portugal

Poornima Vijayan P,  School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India

Max Wolff,  Department of Phyics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

Qi Yang,  College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China

Zhongyi Zhang,  Advanced Polymer and Composites (APC) Research Group, Department of Mechanical and Design Engineering, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK

Foreword

Multiphase polymer systems have been the focus of recent research and have become an important issue from both the industrial and fundamental points of view. The scientific literature devoted to multiphase polymer systems is large and growing as it covers a wide range of materials such as composites, blends, alloys, gels and Interpenetrating Polymer Networks.

During the last two decades, major opportunities have appeared due to the possibility of tuning the different relevant length scales with the promise to produce a new generation of materials displaying enhanced physical, mechanical, thermal, electrical, magnetic, and optical properties. In spite of these intensive investigations, there are still many unresolved problems in this field. One of the main issues is the influence of the shape, size and dispersion of the particles in the polymer matrix on the macroscopic behavior of the resulting material. There are many factors which control the dispersion, and one of them is the interaction between the particles and the polymer phase. Describing the interactions between the various components, the physical attributes of polymers and particles, the physical, thermophysical and interfacial properties in a comprehensive universal scheme remains a challenge. This approach requires collecting a large number of experimental data that can be obtained only by using various and complementary experimental techniques.

Investigations in this field cover different topics, such as polymer blends and composites and nanocomposites reinforcement, barrier properties, flame resistance, electro-optical properties, etc. Part of these multiphase polymer materials belong to the so-called smart materials which are materials that have one or more properties that can be significantly changed in a controlled fashion by external stimuli. The key to the success of these smart materials hinges on the ability to exploit the potential of nano-structuring in the final product.

This book discusses many of the recent advances that have been made in the field of morphological, interfacial, physical, rheological and thermophysical properties of multiphase polymer systems. Its content is original in the sense that it pays particular attention to the different length scales (macro, micro and nano) which are necessary for a full understanding of the structure–property relationships of multiphase polymer systems. It gives a good survey of the manufacturing and processing techniques needed to produce these materials. A complete state-of-the-art is given of all the currently available techniques for the characterization of these multiphase systems over a wide range of time and space scales. Theoretical prediction of the properties of multiphase polymer systems is also very important, not only to analyze and optimize material performance, but also to design new material. This book gives a critical summary of the existing major analytical and numerical approaches dealing with material property modeling. Most of the applications of these smart materials are also reviewed which shows clearly their important impact on a wide range of the new technologies which are currently used in our daily life. Finally, the ageing, degradation and recycling of multiphase polymer systems is not forgotten and some routes are proposed to avoid environmental contamination.

The 52 contributors of this book are all leading researchers in their respective fields, and I warmly congratulate the editors Abderrahim Boudenne, Yves Candau, Laurent Ibos and Sabu Thomas for bringing them together to produce this original and important book dealing on multiphase polymer systems.

I am quite convinced that this book will serve as a reference and guide for those who work in this area or wish to learn about these promising new materials.

Dominique Durand

Laboratoire de Physicochimie Macromoléculaire, Equipe de Recherche Associée au Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Faculté des Sciences, Route de Laval, le Mans, France

This edition first published 2011 © 2011 John Wiley and Sons Ltd

Registered officeJohn Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom

For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com.

The right of the author to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher.

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books.

Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought.

The publisher and the author make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of fitness for a particular purpose. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for every situation. In view of ongoing research, equipment modifications, changes in governmental regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to the use of experimental reagents, equipment, and devices, the reader is urged to review and evaluate the information provided in the package insert or instructions for each chemical, piece of equipment, reagent, or device for, among other things, any changes in the instructions or indication of usage and for added warnings and precautions. The fact that an organization or Website is referred to in this work as a citation and/or a potential source of further information does not mean that the author or the publisher endorses the information the organization or Website may provide or recommendations it may make. Further, readers should be aware that Internet Websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. No warranty may be created or extended by any promotional statements for this work. Neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for any damages arising herefrom.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Handbook of multiphase polymer systems / editors, Abderrahim Boudenne ... [et al.]. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-470-71420-1 (cloth) – ISBN 978-1-119-97203-7 (ePDF) – ISBN 978-1-119-97202-0 (oBook) 1. Polymeric composites. I. Boudenne, Abderrahim. TA418.9.C6H3426 2012 547′.7–dc22 2011011524

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Print ISBN: 9780470714201 ePDF ISBN: 9781119972037 oBook ISBN: 9781119972020 ePub ISBN: 9780470714201 Mobi ISBN: 9781119972891

List of Contributors

Mladen Andreis,  Rudjer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia

Karim Benzarti,  Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussees, Paris, France

Abderrahim Boudenne,  Université Paris-Est, CERTES EA 3481 – Centre d’Etude et de Recherche en Thermique, Environnement et Systèmes, Créteil, France

Yves Candau,  Université Paris-Est, CERTES EA 3481 – Centre d’Etude et de Recherche en Thermique, Environnement et Systèmes, Créteil, France

Volkan Cecen,  Department of Mechanical Engineering, Dokuz Eylul University, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey

Mohamed M. Chehim,  ITODYS, Univeresity Paris Diderot and CNRS, Paris, France

Xavier Colin,  PIMM, Arts et Métiers Paris Tech, Paris, France

José-Marie Lopez Cuesta,  CMGD, Ecole des Mines d’Ales, Ales, France

Z.Z. Denchev,  Institute for Polymers and Composites, University of Minho, Minho, Portugal

Fatma Djouan,  ITODYS, University Paris Diderot and CNRS, Paris, France

Elian Espuche,  Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, UMR CNRS 5223, IMP@UCB, Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, France

Michel Ferriol,  LMOPS, UniversitéPaul Verlaine Metz, Sain-Avold, France

Magali Fois,  Université Paris-Est, CERTES EA 3481 – Centre d’Etude et de Recherche en Thermique, Environnement et Systèmes, Créteil, France

Daniel Fragiadakis,  Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, USA

Soney C. George,  Department of Basic Science, Amal Jyothi College of Engineering, Kerala, India

Han-Xiong Huang,  Laboratory for Micro Molding and Polymer Rheology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China

Yajiang Huang,  College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China

Esmaiel Jabbari,  Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, USA

Laurent Ibos,  Université Paris-Est, CERTES EA 3481 – Centre d’Etude et de Recherche en Thermique, Environnement et Systèmes, Créteil, France

Damir Klepac,  School of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia

Ivo Kivka,  Department of Macromolecular Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic

Igor Krupa,  Polymer Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravsk´, Bratislava, Slovakia

Apostolos Kyritsis,  National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece

Fouad Laoutid,  Materia Nova Asbl, Mons, Belgium

Guangxian Li,  College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China

Xia Liao,  College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China

Jean-Charles Majesté,  Laboratoire de Rhéologie des Matières Plastiques, CNRS, St Etienne, France

James E. Mark,  Department of Chemistry and the Polymer Research Center, The University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA

György J. Marosi,  Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary

Antonio Martínez-Richa,  Departamento de Quimica, Universidad de Guanajuato, Guanajuato, Mexico

Alfréd Menyhard, Jr.,  Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary

Igor Novák,  Polymer Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia

Didier Perrin,  CMGD, Ecole des Mines d’Ales, Ales, France

Polycarpos Pissis,  National Technical University of Athens, Athens, Greece

Vladimir Pollák,  Polymer Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia

Jan Prokeš,  Department of Macromolecular Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic

Géza Regdon, Jr.,  University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary

Mel Richardson,  Department of Mechanical and Design Engineering, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK

Antonio Santamaría,  Polymer Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country, San Sebastián, Spain

Alireza S. Sarvestani,  Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, Maine, USA

Friederike Schmid,  Institute of Physics, Johannes-Gutenberg Universität Mainz, Germany

Regan L. Silvestri,  Department of Chemistry, Baldwin-Wallace College, Berea, Ohio, USA

Rodolphe Sonnier,  CMGD, Ecole des Mines d’Ales, Ales, France

Zdeno Špitalský,  Polymer Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravsk´, Bratislava, Slovakia

Gilbert Teyssedre,  Laplace Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France

Sabu Thomas,  Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India

Srećko Valić,  University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia, and Rudjer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia

József Varga,  Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary

Siby Varghese,  Rubber Research Institute of India, Kottayam, Kerala, India

J.C. Viana,  Institute for Polymers and Composites, University of Minho, Minho, Portugal

Poornima Vijayan P,  School of Chemical Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India

Max Wolff,  Department of Phyics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden

Qi Yang,  College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China

Zhongyi Zhang,  Advanced Polymer and Composites (APC) Research Group, Department of Mechanical and Design Engineering, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK

Foreword

Multiphase polymer systems have been the focus of recent research and have become an important issue from both the industrial and fundamental points of view. The scientific literature devoted to multiphase polymer systems is large and growing as it covers a wide range of materials such as composites, blends, alloys, gels and Interpenetrating Polymer Networks.

During the last two decades, major opportunities have appeared due to the possibility of tuning the different relevant length scales with the promise to produce a new generation of materials displaying enhanced physical, mechanical, thermal, electrical, magnetic, and optical properties. In spite of these intensive investigations, there are still many unresolved problems in this field. One of the main issues is the influence of the shape, size and dispersion of the particles in the polymer matrix on the macroscopic behavior of the resulting material. There are many factors which control the dispersion, and one of them is the interaction between the particles and the polymer phase. Describing the interactions between the various components, the physical attributes of polymers and particles, the physical, thermophysical and interfacial properties in a comprehensive universal scheme remains a challenge. This approach requires collecting a large number of experimental data that can be obtained only by using various and complementary experimental techniques.

Investigations in this field cover different topics, such as polymer blends and composites and nanocomposites reinforcement, barrier properties, flame resistance, electro-optical properties, etc. Part of these multiphase polymer materials belong to the so-called smart materials which are materials that have one or more properties that can be significantly changed in a controlled fashion by external stimuli. The key to the success of these smart materials hinges on the ability to exploit the potential of nano-structuring in the final product.

This book discusses many of the recent advances that have been made in the field of morphological, interfacial, physical, rheological and thermophysical properties of multiphase polymer systems. Its content is original in the sense that it pays particular attention to the different length scales (macro, micro and nano) which are necessary for a full understanding of the structure–property relationships of multiphase polymer systems. It gives a good survey of the manufacturing and processing techniques needed to produce these materials. A complete state-of-the-art is given of all the currently available techniques for the characterization of these multiphase systems over a wide range of time and space scales. Theoretical prediction of the properties of multiphase polymer systems is also very important, not only to analyze and optimize material performance, but also to design new material. This book gives a critical summary of the existing major analytical and numerical approaches dealing with material property modeling. Most of the applications of these smart materials are also reviewed which shows clearly their important impact on a wide range of the new technologies which are currently used in our daily life. Finally, the ageing, degradation and recycling of multiphase polymer systems is not forgotten and some routes are proposed to avoid environmental contamination.

The 52 contributors of this book are all leading researchers in their respective fields, and I warmly congratulate the editors Abderrahim Boudenne, Yves Candau, Laurent Ibos and Sabu Thomas for bringing them together to produce this original and important book dealing on multiphase polymer systems.

I am quite convinced that this book will serve as a reference and guide for those who work in this area or wish to learn about these promising new materials.

Dominique Durand

Laboratoire de Physicochimie Macromoléculaire, Equipe de Recherche Associée au Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Faculté des Sciences, Route de Laval, le Mans, France

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Physical, Thermophysical and Interfacial Properties of Multiphase Polymer Systems: State of the Art, New Challenges and Opportunities

Sabu Thomas

Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala, India

Abderrahim Boudenne, Laurent Ibos and Yves Candau

Universite Paris-Est, Créteil Centre d’Etude et de Recherche en Thermique, Environnement et Systemes, 61 Av. du Général de Gaulle 94010 Créteil Cedex, France

1.1 Introduction

Multicomponent polymer systems find a wide range of applications in each and every phase of our day-to-day life. Continued research has resulted in the development of super performing macro-, micro- and nanostructured polymeric materials. The new emerging fields of micro- and nano-composites have put forward many challenging opportunities for the use of these smart materials. Polymer physicists, chemists, engineers and technologists show great interest in new strategies for developing high-performance multicomponent systems. Recently, polymer nanostructured multiphase systems have gained much interest due to their unique properties. Characterization of the interphase, physical properties and thermophysical properties are crucial for the understanding of the behavior of these smart materials. A comprehensive understanding of these materials is vital for the industrial use of these materials.

The main objective of this book is to present a survey of recent advances in the area of multiphase polymer systems covering physical, interfacial and thermophysical properties of these materials. After a short presentation of the different existing multiphase polymer systems, followed by a survey of actual scientific production and of application fields for these materials, we present some of the recent developments in the area of multicomponent polymer systems that will be highlighted all through the book. The chapter ends with a summary of unresolved issues, perspectives and new challenges for the future.