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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
- Sprache: Englisch
The largest collection of basic, clinical, and applied knowledge on the chemical senses ever compiled in one volume, the third edition of Handbook of Olfaction and Gustation encompass recent developments in all fields of chemosensory science, particularly the most recent advances in neurobiology, neuroscience, molecular biology, and modern functional imaging techniques. Divided into five main sections, the text covers the senses of smell and taste as well as sensory integration, industrial applications, and other chemosensory systems. This is essential reading for clinicians and academic researchers interested in basic and applied chemosensory perception.
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Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2015
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Table of Contents
Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Foreword
Preface
Contributors
Part 1: General Introduction
Chapter 1: Introduction and Historical Perspective
1.1 Introduction
1.2 A Brief History of Perfume and Spice Use
1.3 The Chemical Senses and Early Medicine
1.4 The Renaissance and the Birth of Modern Studies of Taste and Smell
1.5 The Modern ERA: 20th and 21st Century Advances
1.6 Conclusions
References
Part 2: Olfaction
Chapter 2: Anatomy of the Nasal Passages in Mammals
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Evolution of Complexity in the Vertebrate Nasal Cavity
2.3 Mammalian Nasal Anatomy
2.4 Primate Internal Nasal Anatomy
2.5 Conclusions
A2.1 Some Techniques for Studying the Nasal Passageways
References
Chapter 3: Olfactory Mucosa: Composition, Enzymatic Localization, and Metabolism
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Anatomy of the Nasal Cavity
3.3 Composition of the Olfactory Mucosa
3.4 Identity, Tissue- and Cell-Selective Expression, and Developmental Regulation of Nasal Biotransformation Enzymes
3.5 Functions of Nasal Biotransformation Enzymes
3.6 Modification of Olfactory Xenobiotic Metabolism
3.7 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 4: Development, Morphology, and Functional Anatomy of the Olfactory Epithelium
4.1 Introduction
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 5: Olfactory Receptor Function
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Vertebrate Odorant Receptors
5.3 A Novel Member of the Vertebrate Olfactory Receptors in the Olfactory Epithelium
5.4 Olfactory Receptors in Non-Olfactory Tissues
5.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 6: Odorant Receptor Gene Regulation
6.1 Introduction and Overview
6.2 Organization and Structure of the Odorant Receptor Genes
6.3 Conclusion
References
Chapter 7: Neurogenesis in the Adult Olfactory Epithelium
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Neurogenesis in Adult Olfactory Epithelium
7.3 Regulation of Olfactory Neurogenesis
7.4 Molecular Regulation of Olfactory Neurogenesis
7.5 Clinical Applications from Olfactory Neurogenesis
7.6 Conclusions
Abbreviations
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 8: Anatomy and Neurobiology of the Main and Accessory Olfactory Bulbs
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Main Olfactory Bulb (MOB)
8.3 Accessory Olfactory Bulb (AOB)
8.4 Extrinsic Inputs
References
Chapter 9: Adult Neurogenesis in the Subventricular Zone and Migration to the Olfactory Bulb
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Subventricular Zone and Rostral Migratory Stream as a Neurogenic Niche
9.3 Integration of Adult-Generated Neurons in the OB
9.4 Phenotype Specification and Maintenance
9.5 Adult Neurogenesis in the SVZ/RMS of the Aging and Pathological Brain
9.6 Functional Roles Of Adult-Generated Neurons
References
Chapter 10: Cortical Olfactory Anatomy and Physiology
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Olfactory Cortex: Structure and Function
10.3 Summary
References
Part 3: Human Olfactory Measurement, Physiology, and Development
Chapter 11: Psychophysical Measurement of Human Olfactory Function
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Stimulus Control and Presentation
11.3 Psychophysical Test Procedures
11.4 Test Reliability
11.5 Other Considerations
11.6 The Perception of Odorant Mixtures
11.7 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 12: Electrophysiological Measurement of Olfactory Function
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Oscillatory Changes in EEG During Olfaction
12.3 Chemosensory Event-Related Potentials
12.4 Recent Advances in Analysis of EEG Activity
References
Chapter 13: Structural and Functional Imaging of the Human Olfactory System
13.1 Introduction
13.2 A Brief Primer on MRI Scanning
13.3 Structural Imaging
13.4 Functional Imaging
13.5 Final Observations
References
Chapter 14: Prenatal and Postnatal Human Olfactory Development: Influences on Cognition and Behavior
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Development of Olfactory Structures and Performance
14.3 Early Behavioral Functions of Olfaction
14.4 Early Odor Acquisitions Persist Later in the Child and Adult
References
Chapter 15: Olfactory Memory
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Recognition Memory
15.3 Learning
15.4 Conclusions
References
Part 4: Clinical Applications and Perspectives
Chapter 16: Nasal Patency and the Aerodynamics of Nasal Airflow in Relation to Olfactory Function
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Basic Concepts of Nasal Fluid Dynamics
16.3 Measuring Nasal Airflow and Airway Properties
16.4 Nasal Airflow: Implications for Olfactory Function in Humans
16.5 Animal Studies: Implications for Humans
16.6 Nasal Patency: How We Perceive Nasal Obstruction
16.7 Conclusions: Airflow Dynamics in Relation to Chemoperception
References
Chapter 17: Clinical Disorders of Olfaction
Chapter 18: Odor Perception and Neuropathology in Neurodegenerative Diseases and Schizophrenia
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Alzheimer's Disease
18.3 Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
18.4 Down Syndrome
18.5 Essential Tremor
18.6 Huntington's Disease
18.7 Idiopathic Rapid Eye Movement Sleep Behavior Disorder
18.8 Lewy Body Disease
18.9 Parkinson's Disease and Parkinson-Like Disorders
18.10 Progressive Supranuclear Palsy
18.11 Pure Autonomic Failure
18.12 Schizophrenia
18.13 Spinocerebellar Ataxias
18.14 Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
18.15 Vascular Dementia
18.16 Conclusions and Considerations
References
Chapter 19: The Olfactory System as a Route of Delivery for Agents to the Brain and Circulation
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Nature of Substances Transported
19.3 Mechanisms of Transport
19.4 The Nasal Cavity as a Route of Administration for Therapeutic Drugs
19.5 Consequences of Transport
19.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 20: Influence of Toxins on Olfactory Function and their Potential Association with Neurodegenerative Disease
20.1 Introduction
20.2 The Olfactory Epithelium: A Key Target for Damage From Toxic Xenobiotics
20.3 Movement of Xenobiotics Into the Brain and General Circulation From the Nose
20.4 Critical Neuronal Reserve Area in the Subventricular Zone and its Impact on Olfaction
20.5 Immunological Responses to Xenobiotics within the Olfactory System and Their Likely Role in Damaging the System
20.6 Neurogenic Inflammation and the Impact of Autonomic Modulation on the Olfactory Epithelium
20.7 Air Pollution, Olfaction, and Neurodegeneration
20.8 Influences of Alcohol, Tobacco, Chemotherapy, and Dialysis on Olfaction
20.9 Summary
References
Part 5: Olfaction in Nonhuman Forms
Chapter 21: Microbial Chemical Sensing
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Bacterial Chemotaxis
21.3 Quorum Sensing
21.4 Biofilms
21.5 Eukaryotic Microbes
21.6 Ciliated Protozoa
21.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 22: Olfaction in Insects
22.1 Introduction
22.2 How Insects Respond to Odors
22.3 Conclusion: From Odor to Behavior
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 23: Olfaction in Aquatic Vertebrates
23.1 Introduction
23.2 History Of The Scientific Study Of Olfaction In Fish
23.3 Anatomy
23.4 Genetics and Physiology
23.5 Functional Assessment
23.6 Terrestrial Olfactory Adaptations
23.7 Applications and Perspectives
23.8 Summary Of Key Differences In Fish Vs. Mammalian Olfaction
References
Chapter 24: The Chemistry of Avian Odors: An Introduction to Best Practices
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Sources of Avian Odor Chemicals
24.3 What Makes Scents and what (Usually) Does Not?
24.4 Examples of Appropriate Practices
24.5 Conclusions
References
Chapter 25: Olfactory Communication in Rodents in Natural and Semi-Natural Habitats
25.1 Introduction
25.2 Intra- vs Inter-Species Olfactory Communication
25.3 Ethologically-Relevant Intraspecific Olfactory Communication
25.4 Ethologically-Relevant Interspecific Olfactory Communication
25.5 Summary
25.6 Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 26: Olfaction in the Order Carnivora: Family Canidae
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Considerations of Olfaction in the Carnivora
26.3 Canid Olfactory System(S)
26.4 Olfactory-Guided Behavior
26.5 Uses of the Dog's Nose
26.6 Improving Welfare through Odors
26.7 Canine Olfaction: A Study in Contradiction
References
Chapter 27: Olfaction in Nonhuman Primates
27.1 Introduction
27.2 Anatomy
27.3 Neuroanatomy
27.4 Neurophysiology
27.5 Genetics
27.6 Behavior
27.7 Physiology
27.8 The Vomeronasal System
References
Part 6: Gustation
Chapter 28: The Role of Saliva in Taste Transduction
28.1 Introduction
28.2 Milieu of Sensory Receptors in The Oral Cavity
28.3 Role of Saliva in Taste
28.4 Role of Saliva in Astringency
28.5 Long-Term Relationship Between Saliva and Oral Senses
28.6 Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 29: Anatomy of the Tongue and Taste Buds
29.1 Introduction
29.2 Lingual Papillae and Taste BUD Distribution
29.3 Extralingual Taste Buds
29.4 Salivary Glands of the Tongue
29.5 Blood Supply to Gustatory Papillae
29.6 Solitary Chemosensory Cells
29.7 Cell Types of Vertebrate Taste Buds
29.8 Development of the Human Peripheral Taste System
29.9 Innervation of the Human Tongue and Taste Buds
29.10 Acknowledgements
References
Chapter 30: Chemical Modulators of Taste
30.1 Introduction
30.2 Modulators of Sweet Taste
30.3 Bitter Taste Modulators
30.4 Modulators of Umami Taste
30.5 Modulators of Sour Taste
30.6 Modulators of Salt Taste
30.7 Conclusions
Abbreviations
References
Chapter 31: The Molecular Basis of Gustatory Transduction
31.1 Introduction
31.2 Taste Receptors and Transduction Mechanisms
31.3 Transduction of Sweet, Umami and Bitter Taste Stimuli
31.4 Neurotransmitters and Neuropeptides
31.5 Taste Transduction Molecules Outside The Taste System
31.6 Summary/Conclusions/Implications
References
Chapter 32: Central Taste Anatomy and Physiology of Rodents and Primates
32.1 Introduction
32.2 Gustatory Neural Coding: The Basics
32.3 Anatomy and Physiology of the Gustatory System
32.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 33: Development of the Taste System
33.1 A General Introduction to the Periphery of the Taste System
33.2 Anatomy of the Taste Epithelium
33.3 Establishing the Embryonic Origins of Taste Buds and Papillae
33.4 Cell and Tissue-Level Interactions Govern Early Taste bud Development
33.5 Molecular Regulation of Taste BUD Cell Lineage
33.6 Formation of the Gustatory Sensory Ganglia
33.7 Regulation of Gustatory Neuron Number
33.8 Development of the Gustatory Innervation of the Tongue
33.9 Development of Gustatory AXON Projections to the CNS
References
Part 7: Human Taste Measurement, Physiology, and Development
Chapter 34: Psychophysical Measures of Human Oral Sensation
34.1 Introduction
34.2 Thresholds vs. Intensity: How Should Oral Sensation be Measured?
34.3 Regional vs. Whole-Mouth Sensation: Where Should Oral Sensation be Measured?
34.4 Oral Sensory Evaluation in Food Science
34.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 35: Mapping Brain Activity in Response to Taste Stimulation
35.1 Introduction
35.2 Localizing the Human Gustatory Cortex
35.3 Function
35.4 Conclusion
References
Chapter 36: The Ontogeny of Taste Perception and Preference Throughout Childhood
36.1 Introduction
36.2 The Ontogeny of Taste Perception
36.3 Research Approaches and Methodologies
36.4 Taste Sensitivity in the Fetus
36.5 Taste Sensitivity and Preference During Infancy
36.6 Taste Sensitivity and Preference in Children
36.7 Implications
36.8 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Part 8: Clinical Applications and Perspectives
Chapter 37: Nutritional Implications of Taste and Smell Dysfunction
37.1 Introduction
37.2 Hunger And Sensory Function
37.3 Sensory Influences On Macronutrient Detection and Selection
37.4 Chemosensory Influences On Nutrient Utilization
37.5 Taste Receptors In The Oral Cavity And Elsewhere
37.6 Is There Sensory-Dietary Synergy?
37.7 Effects Of Primary Chemosensory Disorders On Food Acceptability, Diet, And Nutritional Status
37.8 Nutritional Implications Of Chemosensory Abnormalities In Patients With Selected Chronic Disorders
37.9 Guidelines For The Dietary Management Of Patients With Chemosensory Disorders
References
Chapter 38: Conditioned Taste Aversions
38.1 Introduction
38.2 Conditioned Taste Aversion in the Context of the Feeding System
38.3 Conditioned Taste Aversion in the Context Of Illness Systems
38.4 Conditioned Taste Aversion in the Context of Stress Systems
38.5 Neural Mechanisms For Conditioned Taste Aversions
38.6 Conclusion
References
Chapter 39: Clinical Disorders Affecting Taste: An Update
39.1 Introduction
39.2 Range Of Symptoms and their Implications
39.3 Medical Evaluation
39.4 Causes of Taste Dysfunction
39.5 Treatment
39.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 40: Influence of Drugs on Taste Function
40.1 Introduction
40.2 Taste Complaints Due to the Sensory Properties of the Drug Itself
40.3 Modification of Normal Taste Sensations by Drugs
40.4 Treatment and Prognosis
References
Part 9: Taste in Nonhuman Species
Chapter 41: Taste Processing in Insects
41.1 Introduction
41.2 Organization of the Taste System
41.3 Peripheral Taste Function
41.4 Taste-Mixture Interactions
41.5 Taste Processing in the Central Nervous System
41.6 Factors that Modulate Taste Responsiveness
41.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 42: Taste in Aquatic Vertebrates
42.1 Introduction
42.2 Structural Organization
42.3 Central Gustatory Pathways
42.4 Functional Properties of the Gustatory Systems
42.5 Concluding Remarks
References
Chapter 43: Comparative Taste Biology with Special Focus on Birds and Reptiles
43.1 Introduction to Comparative Taste Biology
43.2 Birds
43.3 Reptiles
43.4 Discussion
References
Chapter 44: Functional Organization of the Gustatory System in Macaques
44.1 Introduction
44.2 Peripheral Organization of Taste
44.3 Central Taste Pathways
44.4 Descending Gustatory Projections
44.5 Conclusion
References
Part 10: Central Integration of Olfaction, Taste, and the Other Sense
Chapter 45: Chemosensory Integration and the Perception of Flavor
45.1 Introduction
45.2 Sensory Interactions within Flavors
45.3 Flavor Learning
45.4 Factors Influencing Binding of Sensory Signals in Flavors
45.5 Clinical and Applied Issues in Flavor Perception
45.6 Conclusion: Better Living Through Chemosensory Science!
References
Chapter 46: Neural Integration of Taste, Smell, Oral Texture, and Visual Modalities
46.1 Introduction
46.2 Taste Processing in the Primate Brain
46.3 Imaging Studies in Humans
46.4 Synthesis
Acknowledgments
References
Part 11: Industrial Applications and Perspectives
Chapter 47: Olfaction and Taste in the Food and Beverage Industries
47.1 Introduction
47.2 Where is Chemosensory Science Found in the Food and Beverage Industries?
47.3 Drivers of Consumer Behavior
47.4 Understanding what the Consumer Experiences
47.5 Academic Chemosensory Science Informing Industry
47.6 Human Sensory Evaluation
47.7 Societal Influences and Fashion
47.8 Conclusions
References
Chapter 48: Olfaction and Gustation in the Flavor and Fragrance Industries
48.1 Introduction
48.2 The Flavor and Fragrance Industry and its History
48.3 Designing Flavors and Fragrances
48.4 Measuring Human Smell and Taste Perception in the Industrial Context
48.5 Meeting Market Assessments of Consumer Wants and Needs
48.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 49: The Smell and Taste of Public Drinking Water
49.1 Introduction
49.2 Developing the Means to Describe the Taste and Odor of Water
49.3 The Global Impact of Algae
49.4 Public Acceptability of Drinking Water Flavor
49.5 MTBE: A Case Study of Organoleptic Limitations
49.6 Conclusions
References
Part 12: Other Chemosensory Systems
Chapter 50: Trigeminal Chemesthesis
50.1 Introduction
50.2 Molecular Receptors for Trigeminal Chemesthesis
50.3 Nasal and Ocular Chemesthesis
50.4 Oral Chemesthesis
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 51: The Vomeronasal Organ
51.1 Introduction
51.2 Signaling Mechanisms in Vomeronasal Neurons
51.3 Vomeronasal Chemosensory Cues
51.4 Circuits and Information Processing
51.5 Evolution and Decay of the VNO
51.6 Functional Significance of the VNO
References
Chapter 52: The Septal Organ, Grueneberg Ganglion, and Terminal Nerve
52.1 Introduction
52.2 The Septal Organ (SO)
52.3 The Grueneberg Ganglion (GG)
52.4 The Terminal Nerve (TN)
52.5 Concluding Remarks
References
Author Index
Subject Index
End User License Agreement
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1078
1079
1080
1081
1082
1083
1084
1085
1086
1087
1088
1091
1092
1093
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098
1099
1100
1101
1102
1103
1104
1105
1106
1107
1108
1109
1110
1111
1112
1113
1114
1115
1116
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121
1122
1123
1124
1125
1126
1127
1128
1129
1130
1131
1132
1133
1134
1135
1136
1137
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142
1143
1144
1145
1146
1147
1148
1149
1
37
225
353
511
623
749
829
927
1005
1049
1089
Guide
Cover
Table of Contents
Foreword
Preface
Begin Reading
