Handbook of Sea-Level Research E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Serie: Wiley Works
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1742

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2015

Beschreibung

Measuring sea-level change – be that rise or fall – is one of the most pressing scientific goals of our time and requires robust scientific approaches and techniques.  This Handbook aims to provide a practical guide to readers interested in this challenge, from the initial design of research approaches through to the practical issues of data collection and interpretation from a diverse range of coastal environments.  Building on thirty years of international research, the Handbook comprises 38 chapters that are authored by leading experts from around the world.  The Handbook will be an important resource to scientists interested and involved in understanding sea-level changes across a broad range of disciplines, policy makers wanting to appreciate our current state of knowledge of sea-level change over different timescales, and many teachers at the university level, as well as advanced-level undergraduates and postgraduate research students, wanting to learn more about sea-level change.

Additional resources for this book can be found at: www.wiley.com\go\shennan\sealevel

Leseprobe

CONTENTS

Cover

Title page

List of contributors

Preface

References

About the companion website

Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1 AIMS OF THE HANDBOOK

1.2 SEA-LEVEL RESEARCHERS

REFERENCES

Chapter 2: Handbook of sea-level research: framing research questions

2.1 INTRODUCTION

2.2 SOME NECESSARY METHODOLOGY: IDEAS AND TESTABLE HYPOTHESES

2.3 OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS

2.4 FRAMING A RESEARCH QUESTION

2.5 CONCLUSIONS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

REFERENCES

Part 1: Field Techniques for Sea-Level Reconstruction

Chapter 3: Pre-fieldwork surveys

3.1 INTRODUCTION

3.2 DATA COMPILATION

3.3 ASSESSING GEOMORPHOLOGY

3.4 EXAMPLES OF APPLYING HISTORICAL DATA TO ENHANCE SEA-LEVEL RESEARCH

REFERENCES

Chapter 4: Coastal sediments

4.1 INTRODUCTION

4.2 EXPOSING COASTAL SEDIMENT

4.3 DESCRIBING COASTAL SEDIMENT

4.4 CORRELATING AND SYNTHESIZING SEDIMENT SEQUENCES

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

REFERENCES

Chapter 5: Geomorphological indicators of past sea levels

5.1 INTRODUCTION

5.2 MODEL FOR FORMATION OF LATE PLEISTOCENE EMERGENT SHORE PLATFORMS

5.3 GEOMORPHIC INDICATORS OF PAST SEA LEVEL AND GLACIAL ISOSTATIC ADJUSTMENT IN THE NEAR AND FAR FIELD

5.4 GEOMORPHIC INDICATORS OF PAST SEA LEVEL AND THE ISSUE OF INHERITANCE AND REOCCUPATION

5.5 CORAL AS A GEOMORPHIC INDICATOR OF PAST SEA LEVEL

5.6 EROSIONAL LANDFORMS THAT INDICATE FORMER SEA LEVELS

5.7 EMERGENT HOLOCENE SHORELINE DEPOSITS: BEACH RIDGES

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

REFERENCES

Chapter 6: Coastal caves and sinkholes

6.1 INTRODUCTION

6.2 COASTAL KARST BASINS: ENVIRONMENTS AND SUCCESSION

6.3 FLANK MARGIN CAVES AS SEA-LEVEL INDICATORS

6.4 SPELEOTHEMS AS SEA-LEVEL INDICATORS

6.5 CAVE SEDIMENTARY DEPOSITS AS SEA-LEVEL INDICATORS

6.6 SUMMARY

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

REFERENCES

Chapter 7: Coral reefs

7.1 INTRODUCTION

7.2 NATURE OF CORAL REEF SYSTEMS

7.3 DATING

7.4 OPEN-SYSTEM PROBLEM

7.5

234

U/

238

U IN OCEANS

7.6 SEA LEVELS RECONSTRUCTED FROM UPLIFTED REEFS

7.7 SEA LEVELS RECONSTRUCTIONED FROM SUBMERGED REEFS

7.8 CONCLUSIONS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

REFERENCES

Chapter 8: Coral microatolls

8.1 INTRODUCTION

8.2 RELATIVE SEA LEVEL: UNDERSTANDING WHAT MICROATOLLS DO AND DO NOT RECORD

8.3 SELECTING A SITE: WHAT MAKES A GOOD SITE?

8.4 SURVEYING AND DOCUMENTATION STRATEGIES

8.5 SAMPLING STRATEGIES: METHODS AND SELECTION OF MICROATOLLS TO SAMPLE

8.6 SLABBING TECHNIQUES AND SUBSEQUENT SLAB PROCESSING

8.7 DATING STRATEGIES

8.8 VERTICAL ACCURACY AND SOURCES OF ERROR

8.9 INDICATIVE MEANING

8.10 RECONSTRUCTING RELATIVE SEA-LEVEL TIME SERIES

8.11 DIFFERENTIATING TECTONIC FROM NON-TECTONIC DIEDOWNS

8.12 ENVIRONMENTAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE ISSUES

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

REFERENCES

Chapter 9: Archeological and biological relative sea-level indicators

9.1 INTRODUCTION

9.2 HISTORICAL RESEARCH CONTEXT IN THE MEDITERRANEAN

9.3 ARCHEOLOGICAL ZONATION AND FUNCTIONAL HEIGHTS

9.4 METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS

9.5 PRINCIPLES OF BIOLOGICAL ZONATION OF BENTHOS ON ARCHEOLOGICAL REMAINS

9.6 CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

Chapter 10: GPS and surveying

10.1 INTRODUCTION

10.2 SURVEYING

10.3 GPS

10.4 GPS AND LEVELING SURVEYS AND THE VERTICAL DATUM

10.5 APPLICATION OF GPS AND SURVEYING TO SEA-LEVEL RESEARCH

10.6 NOVEL APPLICATIONS OF GPS TO SEA-LEVEL MEASUREMENTS

10.7 CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

Chapter 11: Reference water level and tidal datum

11.1 INTRODUCTION

11.2 TIDAL CYCLES

11.3 REFERENCE WATER LEVELS AND TIDAL DATUM: DEFINITION AND CALCULATION

11.4 CALCULATING REFERENCE WATER LEVELS FOR PROXY INDICATORS AND FOSSIL DEPOSITS IN THE FIELD

11.5 PROBLEMS WITH THESE APPROACHES AND EQUIPMENT REQUIRED

11.6 SUMMARY

REFERENCES

Part 2: Laboratory Techniques

Chapter 12: Techniques and applications of plant macrofossil analysisin sea-level studies

12.1 INTRODUCTION

12.2 METHODS

12.3 THE INTERPRETATION OF MACROFOSSIL DATA

12.4 THE APPLICATION OF PLANT MACROFOSSIL ANALYSIS IN SEA-LEVEL STUDIES

REFERENCES

Chapter 13: Foraminifera

13.1 INTRODUCTION

13.2 USE OF FORAMINIFERA AS SEA-LEVEL INDICATORS

13.3 METHODOLOGY

13.4 SUMMARY

APPENDIX: A BEGINNER’S GUIDE TO TAXONOMY OF INTERTIDAL FORAMINIFERA

REFERENCES

Chapter 14: Pollen and spores of terrestrial plants

14.1 INTRODUCTION

14.2 POLLEN AND SPORES

14.3 METHODOLOGY

14.4 APPLICATION OF POLLEN TO SEA-LEVEL RESEARCH

14.5 CONCLUSION

14.6 DISCLAIMER

REFERENCES

Chapter 15: Diatoms

15.1 INTRODUCTION

15.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF COASTAL DIATOMS

15.3 FIELD AND LABORATORY METHODS

15.4 APPLICATIONS TO SEA-LEVEL STUDY

15.5 COMMON PROBLEMS

APPENDICES

REFERENCES

Chapter 16: Ostracods and sea level

16.1 INTRODUCTION

16.2 TAXONOMY

16.3 REPRODUCTION, GROWTH AND SHELL MORPHOLOGY

16.4 PRESERVATION IN SEDIMENTS

16.5 BIOGEOGRAPHY AND ECOLOGY

16.6 QUANTITATIVE FAUNAL ANALYSES

16.7 CASE STUDIES

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

REFERENCES

Chapter 17: Mollusca

17.1 INTRODUCTION

17.2 METHODOLOGY

17.3 TIME-AVERAGING

17.4 FOSSIL DATA AND SEA-LEVEL RECONSTRUCTIONS

17.5 SUMMARY

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

REFERENCES

Chapter 18: Fixed biological indicators

18.1 INTRODUCTION

18.2 VERMETIDAE

18.3 CIRRIPEDIA

18.4 MYTILIDAE

18.5 OSTREIDAE

18.6 SERPULIDAE

18.7 CORALLINE ALGAE

18.8 CORALS

18.9 BIOEROSION MARKERS

18.10 FIELD METHODS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

Chapter 19: Testate amoebae

19.1 INTRODUCTION

19.2 METHODOLOGY

19.3 MODERN DISTRIBUTIONS AND ECOLOGY

19.4 FOSSIL DATA AND RECONSTRUCTIONS

19.5 CONCLUSIONS: POTENTIAL AND FUTURE WORK

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

REFERENCES

Chapter 20: Stable carbon isotope and C/N geochemistry of coastal wetland sediments as a sea-level indicator

20.1 INTRODUCTION

20.2 δ

13

C AND C/N OF SOURCES OF ORGANIC MATTER TO TIDAL WETLANDS

20.3 APPROACHES TO SAMPLE COLLECTION, CORE STORAGE, PREPARATION, AND MASS SPECTROMETRY

20.4 APPLICATION OF δ

13

C AND C/N IN RELATIVE SEA-LEVEL RECONSTRUCTION

20.5 SUMMARY

REFERENCES

Chapter 21: Loss on ignition and organic content

21.1 INTRODUCTION

21.2 ORGANIC MATTER AND LOI

21.3 ORGANIC MATTER AND COASTAL SEDIMENTATION: INDICATORS OF SEA-LEVEL

21.4 AUTOCOMPACTION AND THE USE OF LOI DATA FOR “DECOMPACTION”

21.5 PROVENANCE OF ORGANIC MATTER: ISOTOPIC AND ELEMENTAL (C&N) DATA

21.6 CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

Chapter 22: Grain size analysis

22.1 INTRODUCTION

22.2 DEFINING GRAIN SIZE

22.3 GRAIN SIZE ANALYSIS SAMPLE PREPARATION

22.4 ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES

22.5 GRAIN SIZE SCALES: THE UDDEN-WENTWORTH SCALE

22.6 INTERPRETATION OF PARTICLE SIZE DATA

22.7 CONCLUSION: COMPARING DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES

REFERENCES

Part 3: Dating Methods

Chapter 23: Radiocarbon dating and calibration

23.1 INTRODUCTION

23.2 PRINCIPLES OF

14

C DATING

23.3 RADIOMETRIC V. AMS

14

C DATING

23.4 ISOTOPIC FRACTIONATION

23.5 RESERVOIR EFFECTS

23.6 ERROR CALCULATION

23.7 RADIOCARBON CALIBRATION:

14

C YEARS V. CALENDAR YEARS

23.8 CALIBRATION PROCEDURES: PITFALLS AND OPPORTUNITIES

23.9 FINAL REMARKS

REFERENCES

Chapter 24:

210

Lead and

137

Cesium: establishing a chronology for the last century

24.1 INTRODUCTION

24.2 ANTHROPOGENIC FALLOUT OF

137

Cs: ESTABLISHING A POINT IN TIME

24.3

210

Pb TRACER OF SEDIMENT ACCUMULATION

24.4 POTENTIAL PITFALLS

24.5 CONFIDENCE IN THE GEOCHRONOLOGY

REFERENCES

Chapter 25: Chronohorizons: indirect and unique event dating methods for sea-level reconstructions

25.1 INTRODUCTION

25.2 METAL POLLUTION HISTORIES

25.3 POLLEN AND CHARCOAL AS CHRONOLOGICAL MARKERS

25.4 SPHEROIDAL CARBONACEOUS PARTICLES

25.5 TEPHROCHRONOLOGY

25.6 DISCUSSION AND EVALUATION

REFERENCES

Chapter 26: Uranium-thorium dating

26.1 INTRODUCTION

26.2 BASIC PREMISE

26.3 U-SERIES GEOCHEMISTRY

26.4 ASSESSING SAMPLE INTEGRITY

26.5 FIELD SAMPLING TECHNIQUES

26.6 COMPLEMENTARY FIELD DATA AND OBSERVATIONS

26.7 BEYOND THE FIELDWORK: FROM SAMPLE TO DATA

26.8 DATA INTERPRETATION OF CORAL U–TH AGES

26.9 DATA INTERPRETATION OF SPELEOTHEM U–TH AGES

26.10 SUMMARY

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

REFERENCES

Chapter 27: The application of luminescence dating in sea-level studies

27.1 INTRODUCTION

27.2 BACKGROUND

27.3 APPLICATIONS OF LUMINESCENCE DATING IN COASTAL AND MARINE CONTEXTS

27.4 CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

Part 4: Modeling

Chapter 28: Glacial isostatic adjustment

28.1 INTRODUCTION

28.2 THEORY AND MODEL COMPONENTS

28.3 MODEL RESULTS AND APPLICATIONS

28.4 SUMMARY

REFERENCES

Chapter 29: Tidal modeling

29.1 INTRODUCTION

29.2 GLOBAL MODELING

29.3 REGIONAL AND LOCAL MODELING

29.4 PALEOTIDAL MODELING

29.5 CONCLUDING REMARKS

REFERENCES

Chapter 30: Compaction

30.1 INTRODUCTION

30.2 TERMINOLOGY

30.3 MAGNITUDE AND RATE OF POST-DEPOSITIONAL LOWERING

30.4 CONTROLS ON COMPACTION AND POST-DEPOSITIONAL LOWERING

30.5 BASAL PEATS

30.6 MODELLING COMPACTION

30.7 FIELDWORK

30.8 INITIAL LABORATORY ANALYSES

30.9 CALCULATING EFFECTIVE STRESS PROFILES

30.10 GEOTECHNICAL LABORATORY TESTING