Harnessing Green IT E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Serie: Wiley - IEEE
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 786

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2012

Beschreibung

“Ultimately, this is a remarkable book, a practical testimonial, and a comprehensive bibliography rolled into one. It is a single, bright sword cut across the various murky green IT topics. And if my mistakes and lessons learned through the green IT journey are any indication, this book will be used every day by folks interested in greening IT.”
— Simon Y. Liu, Ph.D. & Ed.D., Editor-in-Chief, IT Professional Magazine, IEEE Computer Society, Director, U.S. National Agricultural Library

This book presents a holistic perspective on Green IT by discussing its various facets and showing how to strategically embrace it

Harnessing Green IT: Principles and Practices examines various ways of making computing and information systems greener – environmentally sustainable -, as well as several means of using Information Technology (IT) as a tool and an enabler to improve the environmental sustainability. The book focuses on both greening of IT and greening by IT – complimentary approaches to attaining environmental sustainability.   In a single volume, it   comprehensively covers several key aspects of Green IT - green technologies, design, standards, maturity models, strategies and adoption -, and presents a clear approach to greening IT encompassing green use, green disposal, green design, and green manufacturing. It also illustrates how to strategically apply green IT in practice in several areas.

Key Features:

• Presents a comprehensive coverage of key topics of importance and practical relevance  - green technologies, design, standards, maturity models, strategies and adoption
• Highlights several useful approaches to embracing green IT in several areas
• Features chapters written by accomplished experts from industry and academia who have first-hand knowledge and expertise in specific areas of green IT
• Presents a set of review and discussion questions for each chapter that will help the readers to examine and explore the green IT domain further
• Includes a companion website providing  resources for further information and presentation slides

This book will be an invaluable resource for IT Professionals, academics, students, researchers, project leaders/managers, IT business executives, CIOs, CTOs and anyone interested in Green IT and harnessing it to enhance our environment.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Title Page

Copyright

Dedication

About the Editors

About the Authors

Foreword

Preface

About the Book

Chapter Preview

Acknowledgements

Chapter 1: Green IT: An Overview

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Environmental Concerns and Sustainable Development

1.3 Environmental Impacts of IT

1.4 Green IT

1.5 Holistic Approach to Greening IT

1.6 Greening IT

1.7 Applying IT for Enhancing Environmental Sustainability

1.8 Green IT Standards and Eco-Labelling of IT

1.9 Enterprise Green IT Strategy

1.10 Green IT: Burden or Opportunity?

1.11 Conclusion

Chapter 2: Green Devices and Hardware

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Life Cycle of a Device or Hardware

2.3 Reuse, Recycle and Dispose

2.4 Conclusions

Chapter 3: Green Software

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Energy-Saving Software Techniques

3.3 Evaluating and Measuring Software Impact to Platform Power

3.4 Summary

3.5 Acknowledgements

Chapter 4: Sustainable Software Development

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Current Practices

4.3 Sustainable Software

4.4 Software Sustainability Attributes

4.5 Software Sustainability Metrics

4.6 Sustainable Software Methodology

4.7 Defining Actions

4.8 Case Study

4.9 Conclusions

Chapter 5: Green Data Centres

5.1 Data Centres and Associated Energy Challenges

5.2 Data Centre IT Infrastructure

5.3 Data Centre Facility Infrastructure: Implications for Energy Efficiency

5.4 IT Infrastructure Management

5.5 Green Data Centre Metrics

5.6 Data Centre Management Strategies: A Case Study

5.7 Conclusions

Chapter 6: Green Data Storage

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Storage Media Power Characteristics

6.3 Energy Management Techniques for Hard Disks

6.4 System-Level Energy Management

6.5 Summary and Research Areas

Chapter 7: Green Networks and Communications

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Objectives of Green Network Protocols

7.3 Green Network Protocols and Standards

7.4 Conclusions

7.5 Acknowledgements

Chapter 8: Enterprise Green IT Strategy

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Approaching Green IT Strategies

8.3 Business Drivers of Green IT Strategy

8.4 Business Dimensions for Green IT Transformation

8.5 Organizational Considerations in a Green IT Strategy

8.6 Steps in Developing a Green IT Strategy

8.7 Metrics and Measurements in Green Strategies

8.8 Conclusions

Chapter 9: Sustainable Information Systems and Green Metrics

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Multilevel Sustainable Information

9.3 Sustainability Hierarchy Models

9.4 Product Level Information

9.5 Individual Level Information

9.6 Functional Level Information

9.7 Organizational Level Information

9.8 Regional/City Level Information

9.9 Measuring the Maturity of Sustainable ICT

9.10 Conclusions

9.11 Appendix: Sustainability Tools and Standards

9.12 Acknowledgements

Chapter 10: Enterprise Green IT Readiness

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Background: Readiness and Capability

10.3 Development of the G-Readiness Framework

10.4 Measuring an Organization's G-Readiness

10.5 Conclusions

Chapter 11: Sustainable IT Services: Creating a Framework for Service Innovation

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Factors Driving the Development of Sustainable IT

11.3 Sustainable IT Services (SITS)

11.4 SITS Strategic Framework

11.5 Sustainable IT Roadmap

11.6 SITS Leadership and Best Practices

11.7 Conclusions

11.8 Summary

Chapter 12: Green Enterprises and the Role of IT

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Organizational and Enterprise Greening

12.3 Information Systems in Greening Enterprises

12.4 Greening the Enterprise: IT Usage and Hardware

12.5 Inter-organizational Enterprise Activities and Green Issues

12.6 Enablers and Making the Case for IT and the Green Enterprise

12.7 Conclusions

Chapter 13: Environmentally Aware Business Process Improvement in the Enterprise Context

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Identifying the Environmental Impact of an Activity or Process

13.3 A Decision Support Tool for Environmentally Aware Business Process Improvement

13.4 Process Improvement in the Enterprise Context

13.5 Impact and Change Propagation Analysis

13.6 Trade-Off Analysis

13.7 An Example

13.8 Conclusions

Chapter 14: Managing Green IT

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Strategizing Green Initiatives

14.3 Implementation of Green IT

14.4 Information Assurance

14.5 Communication and Social Media

14.6 Case Study

14.7 Summary

Chapter 15: Regulating Green IT: Laws, Standards and Protocols

15.1 Introduction

15.2 The Regulatory Environment and IT Manufacturers

15.3 Nonregulatory Government Initiatives

15.4 Industry Associations and Standards Bodies

15.5 Green Building Standards

15.6 Green Data Centres

15.7 Social Movements and Greenpeace

15.8 Conclusions

Chapter 16: Green Cloud Computing and Environmental Sustainability

16.1 Introduction

16.2 What is Cloud Computing?

16.3 Cloud Computing and Energy Usage Model: A Typical Example

16.4 Features of Clouds Enabling Green Computing

16.5 Towards Energy Efficiency of Cloud Computing

16.6 Green Cloud Architecture

16.7 Case Study: IaaS Provider

16.8 Conclusions and Future Directions

16.9 Acknowledgements

Chapter 17: Harnessing Semantic Web Technologies for the Environmental Sustainability of Production Systems

17.1 Introduction

17.2 Information Management for Environmental Sustainability

17.3 Ecosystem of Software Tools

17.4 Examples of Managing Data

17.5 Challenges and Guiding Principles

17.6 Conclusions

Chapter 18: Green IT: An Outlook

18.1 Introduction

18.2 Awareness to Implementation

18.3 Greening by IT

18.4 Green IT: A Megatrend?

18.5 A Seven-Step Approach to Creating Green IT Strategy

18.6 Research and Development Directions

18.7 Prospects

Glossary

Index

This edition first published 2012

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Harnessing green IT : principles and practices / San Murugesan, G. R.

Gangadharan, editors. – 1st ed.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-1-119-97005-7 (cloth)

1. Information technology – Environmental aspects. 2. Computer science –

Environmental aspects. 3. Information technology – Energy consumption. 4.

Green technology. I. Murugesan, San. II. Gangadharan, G. R.

QA76.9.E58H37 2012

004.028′ – dc23

2012010715

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

ISBN (H/B): 9781119970057

About the Editors

San Murugesan is Director of BRITE Professional Services and Adjunct Professor in the School of Computing and Mathematics at the University of Western Sydney, Australia. He is a Senior Consultant with the Data Insight & Social BI practice of Cutter Consortium, United States. He is also a corporate trainer and an independent IT and education consultant. He held various senior positions at the University of Western Sydney and Southern Cross University, both in Australia, and at Multimedia University in Malaysia. He also worked at the Indian Space Research Organisation, Bangalore, India. He has served as Senior Research Fellow of the US National Research Council at the NASA Ames Research Center, United States. In a career spanning over three decades in academia and industry, Dr Murugesan has led several innovative IT projects, provided leadership in teaching and research, and consulted to business, industry and educational institutions.

His work has focussed on the development, application and management of IT with expertise and interests spanning a range of areas, including green computing, cloud computing, Web 2.0 and 3.0, mobile computing applications, Web engineering, e-business and IT for emerging markets. He has over 150 publications which include journal and conference papers, executive reports, edited books, IEEE CS EssentialSets and e-mail advisories. He has developed and delivered professional certificate training programs on green IT and cloud computing. He serves as Associate Editor-in-Chief of IEEE's IT Professional magazine and on the editorial boards of other international journals. He also edits and contributes to the IT in Emerging Markets Department of IT Professional. He is a Fellow of the Australian Computer Society, a Fellow of IETE, a Senior Member of IEEE and a distinguished visitor and tutorial speaker of the IEEE Computer Society. You can follow him on Twitter @santweets and at LinkedIn and contact him at [email protected].

G.R. Gangadharan currently serves as an Assistant Professor at the Institute for Development and Research in Banking Technology (IDRBT), Hyderabad, India. He has rich experience of working on several European Framework projects including COMPAS, GAMES, COCKPIT and WATTALYST. His areas of research interests include Internet technologies (service-oriented computing and cloud computing), green information systems and energy-efficient computing, information and communication technology (ICT) for emerging markets, free and open source systems (FOSS) and enterprise information systems. He has over 40 publications in international conference proceedings and journals. He is a member of IEEE. He holds a PhD in Information and Communication Technology from the University of Trento, Trento, Italy and the European University Association; an MS in Information Technology from Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy; and an MSc in Computer Science from Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, India. Contact him at [email protected].

About the Authors

Abhishek Agrawal ([email protected]) has over 10 years of industry experience and is currently a Senior Technical Lead in Intel's Software Services Group who drives Intel's initiatives on power efficiency for client and Atom-based platforms. He has significant research experience in energy efficiency and has authored and co-authored several industry white papers and technical papers in refereed international conferences and journals. Abhishek is Intel's representative for Climate Savers Computing Initiative, has participated in numerous industry panels on green computing, has delivered multiple tutorial sessions at industry and academic events and is member of multiple industry power working groups such as the Extended Battery Life Working Group (EBLWG) and Universal Power Adapter for Mobile Devices (UPAMD).

Felipe Albertao ([email protected]) is a Researcher at IBM Research—China who focusses on software solutions for improving urban water systems as part of IBM's Smarter Planet effort. His previous research and activism are related to the use of technology for environmental and social development in Brazil (his native country) and the USA. Felipe has a master's degree in software engineering from Carnegie Mellon University, and two decades of experience in information technology.

Tom Butler ([email protected]) is a Senior Lecturer in Business Information Systems, University College Cork, Ireland. Since joining academia from the Telecommunications Industry in 1998, he has authored over 95 publications. Tom held a Government of Ireland Research Fellowship in green IT from 2009 to 2010. Subsequently he became Champion of the Irish Business and Employers Confederation (IBEC)/Irish Software Innovation Network (ISIN) green information and communication technology (ICT) cluster. Since 2005 he has been conducting research into environmental compliance management systems (ECMSs), which are a type of green IS that enables organizations to, for example, design green IT and remain in compliance with regulations globally. He is currently conducting research on green ICT in the public sector and on the role of green IS for the Smart Grid.

Rajkumar Buyya ([email protected]) is Director of the Cloud Computing and Distributed Systems (CLOUDS) Laboratory at the University of Melbourne, Australia. He has authored 350 publications and four text books. He also edited several books including Cloud Computing: Principles and Paradigms (2011). He is a highly cited author in computer science and software engineering worldwide. Software technologies for grid and cloud computing developed under Dr Buyya's leadership are in use at several academic institutions and commercial enterprises in 40 countries around the world.

Enrique G. Castro-Leon ([email protected]) is an Enterprise Architect and Technology Strategist with Intel Corporation working on technology integration for highly efficient virtualized cloud data centres for emerging usage models for cloud computing. He is the lead author of two books, The Business Value of Virtual Service Grids: Strategic Insights for Enterprise Decision Makers (2008) and Creating the Infrastructure for Cloud Computing: An Essential Handbook for IT Professionals (2011).

Vanessa Cooper ([email protected]) is a Senior Lecturer in the School of Business Information Technology and Logistics, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia. Her research interests include green IT, IT services, knowledge management and organizational learning.

Edward Curry ([email protected]) leads the green and sustainable IT research domain at the Digital Enterprise Research Institute. His areas of research include green IT and IS, energy informatics, enterprise-linked data, integrated reporting and cloud computing. Edward has worked extensively with industry and government advising on the adoption patterns, practicalities and benefits of new technologies. He has published in leading journals and books, and has spoken at international conferences including the MIT CIO Symposium. He is an adjunct lecturer at the National University of Ireland, Galway.

Chris Davis ([email protected]) is currently a PhD Candidate at the Energy and Industry group, Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management, at Delft University of Technology. In 2001, he graduated with a bachelor of engineering degree in electrical engineering and computer science from Vanderbilt University. In 2007, he received an MSc in industrial ecology from Leiden University with a thesis combining life cycle assessment within agent-based modelling. His current work involves tackling issues of sustainability through a combination of tools such as the Semantic Web, agent-based models and collaborative software such as wikis.

Haluk Demirkan ([email protected]) is Clinical Full Professor of Information Systems and a Research Faculty member of the Center for Services Leadership at Arizona State University. His main research interests are service science and innovation, cloud-based IT services, analytics and business process engineering for sustainable innovation. He is the recent recipient of the IBM Faculty Award for the research project ‘Design Science for Self Service Systems'. In 2011, he was ranked 50th in the ‘Top 100 Rankings of World-wide Researchers’ according to the Association for Information Systems’ sanctioned worldwide research rankings (based the 2008–2010 publication records of premier IS journals MIS Quarterly, Information Systems Research and Journal of Management Information Systems). His research has been supported by American Express, Intel, IBM, Teradata and MicroStrategy. He has a PhD in information systems and operations management from the University of Florida.

Gerard Dijkema ([email protected]) is an Associate Professor at the Energy and Industry group, Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management, Delft University of Technology. Gerard graduated as a Chemical Engineer (honours) from Twente University of Technology (Enschede, the Netherlands) in 1986 and holds a PhD from Delft University of Technology (PhD thesis: ‘Process System Innovation by Design—Towards a Sustainable Petrochemical Industry’, 2004). His expertise spans energy technology, large-scale process industry, transition, networked process system innovation, the modelling of large-scale systems for decision support and the relation between industrial infra-systems and applicable policy, law and economics.

Brian Donnellan ([email protected]) is Professor of Information Systems Innovation at the National University of Ireland Maynooth and Co-director of the Innovation Value Institute. Prior to joining NUI Maynooth, Professor Donnellan was a faculty member in the National University of Ireland, Galway. He has spent 20 years working in the ICT industry where he was responsible for the provision of IS to support product development. He is an expert evaluator for the European Commission and has been guest and associate editor of several leading IS journals, including Journal of IT,Journal of Strategic Information Systems and MIS Quarterly.

Keith A. Ellis ([email protected]) is an Applied Researcher within Intel Labs, the R&D arm of Intel Corporation, where he primarily focusses on sustainable ICT and ICT enablement in the context of energy efficiency. Keith has worked on both internal sustainability projects in the data centre arena and also on European FP7-funded sustainability research. His prime interest areas are energy data analytics and impact assessment technology and practices. Keith holds an MSc in innovation and technology management, a BSc (honours) in technology and diplomas in information technology and systems thinking, and he is Lean Six Sigma certified. He has 13 years of industrial experience, primarily in manufacturing. Roles have included operational management, hardware, maintenance and process engineering, business process improvement (BPI) engineering primarily in lean, Lean Six Sigma, systems analyses and people systems.

Christopher P. Fowler ([email protected]) has worked in computing science research since 2001. He has held research fellowships with leading research groups focussed on system architectures for distributed e-science, intelligent transport systems and sensor networks. He has an MSc and PhD from Newcastle University, United Kingdom. He is currently focussed on the design, integration and demonstration of applied ICT for sustainable energy management.

G.R. Gangadharan ([email protected]) see his biography under ‘About the Editors’ on page xx.

Saurabh Kumar Garg ([email protected]) is currently working as a research fellow in the Cloud Computing and Distributed Systems (CLOUDS) Laboratory, University of Melbourne, Australia. He completed his PhD in the area of meta-scheduling in market-oriented grids and utility computing from the University of Melbourne in 2010. In Melbourne University, he received various special scholarships for his PhD candidature. He has also worked with IBM India Research Laboratory, where he designed and optimized the FFT and Random Access benchmarks for Blue Gene/L. His research interests include resource management, scheduling, utility and grid computing, cloud computing, green computing, wireless networks and ad hoc networks.

Aditya Ghose ([email protected]) is Professor of Computer Science at the University of Wollongong (UoW) and Director of its Decision Systems Lab. He holds a PhD and MSc in computing science from the University of Alberta, Canada. He is Research Leader of the Cooperative Research Centre for Smart Services, Co-Director of the Centre for Oncology Informatics at the UoW Health and Medical Research Institute, Co-leader of the UoW Carbon-Centric Computing Initiative, Co-convenor of the Australian Computer Society's New South Wales Branch Special Interest Group (NSW SIG) on Green ICT and Vice President of the Computing Research and Education Association of Australasia (CORE) (Australia's apex body for computing academics).

Robert R. Harmon ([email protected]) is Professor of Marketing and Technology Management and Cameron Research Fellow in the School of Business at Portland State University. His research interests are service innovation, cloud-based sustainable IT services, ecological design factors for technology products and the strategic migration of manufacturing companies to service enterprise business models. His research has been supported by the National Science Foundation, Intel Corporation, IBM and Tata Consultancy Services, among others. He has a PhD in marketing and information systems from Arizona State University.

Konstantin Hoesch-Klohe ([email protected]) holds a BSc in Business Information Systems from the Hochschule Furtwangen, Germany. Since 2010 he has been a PhD student at the School of Computer Science and Software Engineering at the University of Wollongong (UoW). Konstantin's research interests include business process management, enterprise architectures, service science, formal methods and conceptual modelling.

Sateesh S. Kannegala ([email protected]) received his PhD from the University of Massachusetts in Physics after receiving his MSc from IIT Kanpur. Since 1994 he has been in the IT Industry and has worked in security and IT service management. He worked as a Solution Architect with HP until 2005. Sateesh currently works as a Senior IT Specialist in IBM, primarily focussing on analytics and optimization of systems and software development. Sateesh is the IBM India Standards Leader and runs the standards programme in India. In addition, Sateesh chairs TEC (Technology Experts Council) India, an affiliate of the IBM Academy of Technology. He is also an elected member of the IBM Academy of Technology. Since April 2012, Sateesh is working as a Senior Technical Manager in Hewlett Packard.

Ashok Pon Kumar ([email protected]) is a Technical Staff Member at IBM India Research Lab. His research interests include Smarter Energy, Social Networking and Ubiquitous Computing. Before joining IBM Research, he worked with IBM Rational where he was part of the core team that developed Rational Insight, a cognos based reporting solution for software development. He speaks regularly on Android at conferences. He currently is working on smarter energy related research where he is working on optimizing energy usage in laptops and in optimizing electricity distribution networks.

Nagapramod Mandagere ([email protected]) is a Researcher in the Service Innovation Lab at IBM Almaden Research Center and is concurrently pursuing his PhD. He received his bachelor's degree from Vishveshwaraiah Technological University, Bangalore, India in 2003, after which he received a master's degree at the University of Wyoming in 2005. He worked as a Storage Area Networking (SAN) Consultant for EMC2, following which he started pursuing a PhD at University of Minnesota working on storage systems. In 2008, he started working at IBM focussing on systems resiliency management. His research interests range from resiliency management, replication management and data centre power management to data de-duplication.

Sally McClean ([email protected]) is Professor of Mathematics at the University of Ulster, Northern Ireland. Her main research interests are in statistical modelling and optimization, particularly for health care planning, and computer science, particularly databases, sensor technology and telecommunications. She is currently a grant holder on over £7M worth of funding, mainly from the UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) and other government sources. Sally is a Fellow of the Royal Statistical Society, and a past President of the Irish Statistical Association. She is a recipient of Ulster's Senior Distinguished Research Fellowship.

Alemayehu Molla ([email protected]) is currently an Associate Professor of Information Systems, and Convener of the Green IT Research Cluster at the School of Business Information Technology and Logistics, RMIT University. He has previously been a Lecturer at the University of Manchester, United Kingdom and at Addis Ababa University, Ethiopia. His main research areas are green information technology, e-business, enterprise systems and development informatics. His publications appeared in top-tier information systems, e-business and development informatics journals.

Philip Morrow ([email protected]) is a Senior Lecturer at the University of Ulster, Northern Ireland. He has a BSc in applied mathematics and computer science (1981), an MSc in electronics (1982) and a PhD in computing (1993). His research interests lie in image processing and telecommunications. Specific areas of interest include energy efficiency in network management, resource modelling for multimedia distribution and wireless sensor networks. He is co-investigator on the India–UK Centre of Excellence in Next Generation Networks, funded by the UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) and India's Department of Science and Technology (DST). He has over 100 peer-reviewed publications and has been an investigator in a number of other externally funded research projects.

San Murugesan ([email protected]) see his biography under ‘About the Editors’ on page xix.

Igor Nikolic ([email protected]) is an Assistant Professor at the Energy and Industry group, Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management, Delft University of Technology. In his research he specializes in applying complex adaptive systems theory, agent-based modelling and evolutionary theory to model industry and infrastructure network evolution. He takes a heavy hint from evolutionary biology and ecosystem behaviour in his understanding of industrial ecology and sociotechnical system evolution. He is an active networker and promoter of open source and social software that enables collaborative, multidisciplinary research work.

Gerard Parr ([email protected]) holds the Full Chair in Telecommunications Engineering at the University of Ulster, Northern Ireland. Research areas within the group include intelligent mobile agents in xDSL, real-time data analytics for network management systems (NMS), energy-aware infrastructure, resource management protocols, application performance management, bandwidth provision over synchronous optical networking (SONET) and synchronous digital hierarchy (SDH) in the presence of chaotic impulses and fuzzy inference systems for multicriteria hand-off in tactical communications. He is the UK principal investigator of the EPSRC–DST-funded India–UK Centre of Excellence in Next Generation Networks of which BT Group is the lead industrial partner, and he is also principal investigator in the EPSRC-funded project Sensing Unmanned Autonomous Aerial Vehicles (SUAAVE).

Cathryn Peoples ([email protected]) is a Post-Doctoral Research Associate in the Faculty of Computing and Engineering at the University of Ulster, Northern Ireland and works on the EPSRC–DST-funded project ‘Cross-Layer Energy-Aware Network Management: A Green ICT Solution’ with the India–UK Centre of Excellence in Next Generation Networks. She holds a BA (honours) in business and computing (2004), MSc in telecommunications and Internet systems (2005) and PhD in telecommunications (2009) from the University of Ulster. Research interests include cross-layer energy-aware protocol stack optimization and autonomic network operation driven by context awareness and policy-based management, with domains of interest including data centres and delay-tolerant networks.

Joseph Sarkis ([email protected]) is Professor of Operations and Environmental Management at Clark University. He has a PhD in management science from the State University of New York at Buffalo. He was Assistant and Associate Professor at the University of Texas at Arlington School of Business for about five years. His teaching interests cover a wide range of topics including operations management, logistics, supply chain management, corporate environmental management, management of technology, international management, information systems and technology and also some entrepreneurship. He has published over 250 publications.

Charles G. Sheridan ([email protected]) leads Intel Labs Europe's Sustainability and Energy research programme which is focussed on the application of ICTs to drive and enable the shift to a more sustainable economy and society. He is currently involved in research projects related to Smart Buildings and Grids in addition to electromobility, at both the national and European levels. Charlie has worked with Intel for 17 years with important roles in both TMG Automation and IT Innovation before joining Intel Labs Europe. He has published a number of white papers and journal publications and is co-author of the book Creating the Infrastructure for Cloud Computing: An Essential Handbook for IT Professionals (2011).

Bob Steigerwald ([email protected]) is an engineering manager at Intel Corporation. He has over 30 years of industry experience as a software engineer, Associate Professor of Computer Science, program manager and engineering manager. He has spent the past four years leading an Intel team researching methods to improve software performance and energy efficiency. Bob earned a BS in computer science from the US Air Force Academy, a master's degree from the University of Illinois, an MBA from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and a PhD from the Naval Postgraduate School.

Bhuvan Unhelkar ([email protected]) (BE, MDBA, MSc, PhD, FACS) has more than two decades of strategic as well as hands-on professional experience in the ICT industry. As a Founder of MethodScience.com, he has demonstrated consulting and training expertise in business analysis, software engineering, collaborative web services, green IT and mobile business. His domain experience includes banking, financial, insurance, government as well as telecommunication organizations. Dr Unhelkar earned his doctorate in the area of object orientation from the University of Technology, Sydney in 1997. Since then, he has authored or edited 17 books in the areas of collaborative business, globalization, mobile business, software quality, business analysis an processes, Unified Modeling Language (UML) and green ICT, and has extensively presented and published papers and case studies. He is an adjunct Associate Professor at the University of Western Sydney. Dr Unhelkar is a sought-after orator, Fellow of the Australian Computer Society (elected to this prestigious membership grade in 2002 for distinguished contribution to the field of ICT), life member of the Computer Society of India, Rotarian at St Ives (President and Paul Harris Fellow), discovery volunteer at New South Wales Parks and Wildlife and a previous TiE (The Indus Entrepreneurs) Mentor.

Linda R. Wilbanks ([email protected]) serves as Command Information Officer at the US Naval Criminal Investigative Service, where she is responsible for all aspects of information technology at 144 locations worldwide, supporting law enforcement and the US Department of the Navy. Prior to this position she served as Chief Information Officer for the National Nuclear Security Administration within the US Department of Energy and for NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. With over 35 years of experience in information technology, she continues to serve on educational committees at several universities, and contributes as an Associate Editor and Author for the IEEE journal IT Professional. Dr Wilbanks earned her PhD from the University of Maryland Baltimore with research in software engineering.

Pin Zhou ([email protected]) is a Research Staff Member at the Storage Systems Research Group in the IBM Almaden Research Center. She joined IBM Research in 2006 after obtaining her PhD from the Computer Science Department of University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. At IBM, she has been involved with a wide variety of projects on storage systems, such as archive and backup storage, data de-duplication, storage resiliency and management, thermal and power management for data centers and so on. Her research interests are storage and operating systems, and software and system reliability. Her work has been published at various international journals and conferences. She has more than 15 patent applications on various topics in computer science, mostly in storage systems.

Foreword

I am delighted to see Harnessing Green IT by Murugesan and Gangadharan. Sustainability is growing in significance on a global scale. It attracts political attention, public notice, marketing interest, investment, innovation, technology development and more. The IT industry is facing increased scrutiny due to IT products' and services' impact on sustainability throughout their life cycle. Mitigating the risks and exploiting the opportunities that green IT offers require a holistic and strategic approach with sound principles and best practices. Business leaders, policy makers, IT professionals, researchers, students and the general public need practical and useful guidance on how to harness green IT.

Unfortunately, there have been relatively few practical and useful books on green IT. Murugesan and Gangadharan bring to this book accomplished experts from industry and academia who have hands-on experience and in-depth knowledge in specific areas of green IT. Their connections and involvement with business leaders, researchers, IT professionals and IT consumers add a tremendous amount of real-world insight and relevance. Their personal experiences as both practitioners and researchers are also clear throughout the book.

One of the most impressive aspects of this book is its holistic perspective towards greening IT. Modern IT systems rely upon a complicated mix of people, processes and products. Holistically, this book outlines how green-conscious people adopt green processes to produce or consume green products and services. Specifically, the first part of this book details how green IT can be achieved in and by hardware, software, network communication and data centre operations. The second part of this book discusses the strategies, frameworks, processes and management of greening IT initiatives. The third part of this book highlights innovation to enable greater efficiency of IT products and services.

This book is dedicated to all who are interested in learning and harnessing green IT to create a sustainable environment for the benefit of current and future generations. The information here is presented in such a way that one need not be a professional to understand and use it. Some of this information cannot be found in other books as it captures years of practice and lessons learned by industrial practitioners and academic experts who have real-world expertise and keen knowledge in specific areas of green IT.

I had to learn many of the topics covered in this book in real time, and sometimes by making a mistake on the first attempt. Those of us who work in the IT industry play a key role in harnessing green IT. With this book, many IT leaders and professionals will get to learn the extensive and keen insights of Murugesan, Gangadharan and other experts on sound principles and best practices that make tomorrow's IT greener and sustainable.

Whether you are a provider or consumer of IT products and services, arm yourself with the principles and practices required to make the right green IT decisions to create a sustainable society embracing IT power that benefits our current and future generations. This book is an excellent resource for the necessary knowledge and tools to achieve that goal.

Ultimately, this is a remarkable book, a practical testimonial and a comprehensive bibliography rolled into one. It is a single, bright sword that cuts across the various murky green IT topics. And if the mistakes and lessons that I learned through my green IT journey are any indication, this book will be used every day by folks interested in greening IT. I congratulate Murugesan and Gangadharan on this excellent book that provides an invaluable resource. I enjoyed reading the book and found it exceptionally practical and extremely useful. I think you will, too. Enjoy!

Simon Y. Liu, PhD, EdD Editor-in-Chief, IT Professional Magazine, IEEE Computer Society Director, US National Agricultural Library

Preface

Though some disagreement still surrounds the scientific, political and social aspects of global warming, there is growing acceptance regarding the dangerous consequences of not taking action now to address this and other environmental problems. Climate change is a reality, and its main cause is manmade greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, most notably carbon dioxide (CO2). Tackling environmental issues and adopting environmentally responsible practices comprise a new important agenda for enterprises, governments and society at large. And, several other factors including the soaring cost of energy, environmental legislations and regulations, the rising cost of waste disposal, an electric energy shortage and corporate image and public perception concerns are pushing enterprises and individuals to go green.

As part of this global agenda of growing significance, we are called upon to make our information technology (IT) systems and work practices greener and to harness the power of IT to address environmental problems facing us. So chief information officers (CIOs), IT managers, IT professionals and businesses and individuals that use IT as well as government agencies seek answers to questions such as: What are the key environmental impacts arising from IT? What are the major environmental IT issues that we must address? How can we make our IT infrastructure, products, services, operations, applications and practices environmentally responsible? How do we measure and compare the effectiveness of our green efforts? What are the regulations or standards with which we need to comply? What benefits can an organization gain by adopting greener IT practices? How can IT assist businesses and society at large in their efforts to improve our environmental sustainability?

Green IT refers to environmentally sound information technologies and systems, applications and practices and encompasses three complementary IT-enabled approaches to improving environmental sustainability: (i) minimize the energy consumption and environmental impacts of computing resources—hardware, software and communication systems—over their life cycle; (ii) harness the power of IT and information systems (IS) to empower—that is, to support, assist and leverage—other environmental initiatives by businesses and (iii) leverage IT to help create awareness among stakeholders and promote a green agenda and green initiatives. Green IT is an economic as well as environmental imperative. And, as many green advocates will attest, it is our social responsibility.

The green movement is creating new career opportunities for IT professionals, auditors and others with special skills in areas such as green IT, energy efficiency, ethical IT asset disposal, carbon footprint estimation and the reporting and development of green products, applications and services. A few universities and training institutes have taken the lead and offer courses on green IT, and others are expected to follow suit. To help create a more sustainable environment, stakeholders need informed understanding of green IT and its promises. But a disparity exists among companies, as well as IT professionals, students and users, in their level of green IT understanding. Many of them do not know how or where to begin when it comes to implementing green IT.

Harnessing Green IT: Principles and Practices is aimed at helping those in the IT field gain an informed and holistic understanding of green IT, its potential and its adoption.

About the Book

In this book, we comprehensively discuss what green IT is, how IT can be made greener and how IT can help improve environmental sustainability. The book covers a wide range of topics: green technologies, design, standards, maturity models, strategies and adoption methodologies. To help readers explore this new discipline further and keep abreast of ongoing developments, we also provide, for each chapter, a list of additional information resources. The topics and coverage are well aligned with current technology and market trends and with the green movement which is gaining greater awareness and significance.

This book is intended for anyone interested in understanding the principles and practices of green IT and in adopting or deploying green IT in their areas of interest. The book assumes no prior knowledge in this area, and presents in-depth comprehensive coverage. It will be of interest and value to IT professionals, students, academics, researchers, executives and policy makers. It will help them to get better informed about the promise of green IT and create a sustainable environment embracing the power of IT that benefits our current and future generations.

The book features 18 chapters written by green IT experts drawn from academia and industry. The chapters can be read in sequence or the reader, after getting an overview of green IT in Chapter 1, can jump to a selected chapter or chapters of interest. Each chapter also presents a set of review and discussion questions that helps the readers to further examine and explore the green IT domain. The book also features a glossary and a companion Web site at wiley.com. For instructors adopting this book for courses, supplementary PowerPoint presentation material is available (contact the publisher's representative in your area).

Chapter Preview

Chapter 1 introduces the concept of green IT, illustrating the principles and practices of IT by greening and IT for greening. It examines the environmental impacts of IT, outlines a definition of green IT and delineates the notion of green IT 1.0 and 2.0. It presents a holistic approach to greening IT and briefly outlines how data centres, cloud computing, storage systems, software and networks can be made greener. It also highlights how IT could help businesses' environmental initiatives and reduce their carbon emissions, and thus sets the backdrop for the remaining chapters.

The next three chapters illustrate green IT's hardware and software aspects, detailing how sustainability could be achieved in (and by) hardware and software. Chapter 2 provides comprehensive coverage of green hardware including PC power management, energy-efficient power converters, the use of multicore processors, newer types of displays and the use of less toxic materials. Chapter 3 discusses how you can make software greener and energy efficient, and focuses on ways, methods and options by which software can be made greener. As a continuation, Chapter 4 discusses how software characteristics impact the sustainability or greenness of computing applications, and outlines the notion of sustainable software engineering.

Key sustainability challenges associated with data centres and strategies to minimize data centres' energy consumption and carbon footprint are discussed in Chapter 5, which describes a holistic approach to IT and facilities energy management in a data centre. Chapter 6 presents comprehensive coverage of energy-efficient storage technologies and data storage systems. Computer networks and communications can also be made greener. Chapter 7 examines the need for making computer networks and communications energy efficient, and describes emerging greener network protocols and related ongoing developments.

To realize fuller benefits, business goals and green strategies for carbon reduction need to be aligned more closely. Chapter 8 emphasizes the need for this alignment and describes the crucial steps and considerations in developing green IT strategies. Chapter 9 examines the information requirements at multiple levels including the organization, business function, product and service and individual levels, and discusses sustainability frameworks, principles and tools. It also presents a model for assessing an organization's sustainability capability. Chapter 10 proposes a green IT readiness (G-readiness) framework to display the input, transformational and output capabilities of greening IT, offers a series of propositions linking the G-readiness dimensions and shows the framework's utility by drawing on data collected in Australia, the United States and New Zealand.

IT is a key enabler, and can be a primary driver, of an overall corporate sustainability strategy. Chapter 11 discusses sustainable IT services, applications that provide innovative solutions for corporate ecological and societal issues. It also examines the dimensions of sustainable IT services and their value from different stakeholder perspectives, and outlines the criteria for improving the alignment between these services and a sustainability strategy. Chapter 12 highlights the need for the entire enterprise (or as many of its units as possible) to go greener and presents an overview of various green initiatives within and between organizations. It also discusses the role of IT and IS in greening enterprises.

The needs to address and reengineer business processes from an environmental perspective and to make business and physical processes greener are outlined in Chapter 13. Chapter 14 elicits management's role as well as managerial and implementation issues in greening IT and one's enterprise. It also discusses the life cycle of green IT initiatives and illustrates it with a case study. Chapter 15 delineates the mix of regulatory, nonregulatory and other influences affecting business and the IT industry to make them more environmentally sustainable. It describes the global regulations governing green IT and discusses the scope of emerging green IT regulations and public policy.

The next two chapters outline the roles of Semantic Web and cloud computing in the green IT context. Chapter 16 discusses cloud computing in the context of environmental sustainability and various elements of clouds which contribute to total energy consumption, and outlines key concepts in building greener clouds. Chapter 17 deals with information management for sustainability. It discusses how semantic Web technologies and concepts could be applied for collecting and sharing information, and describes an ecosystem of tools, based on Semantic MediaWiki, that enable greater efficiency of data use.

Chapter 18, the concluding chapter, examines how some emerging technologies support green IT initiatives, explores opportunities and challenges in green IT and emerging trends and identifies research directions.

We believe this book, covering a range of key topics and solutions in green IT, would be helpful to a spectrum of readers who wish to gain an informed understanding of the promise and potential of green IT and create a sustainable environment that harnesses the power of IT to benefit current and future generations. You can start making a difference by taking the steps and measures outlined in the book. As Mahatma Gandhi once said, ‘Be the change you want to see in the world’. Now, we're delighted to pass on the book to you. We welcome your comments on the book and suggestions at [email protected].

For more information, please visit the companion website—www.wiley.com/go/murugesan_green

San Murugesan G.R. [email protected] June 2012

Acknowledgements

Publication of this book wouldn't have been possible without the contribution, support and cooperation of several people. We would like to acknowledge them.

We would like to thank each one of the chapter authors for enthusiastically contributing to the book, and thereby sharing their expertise, experiences and insights with the readers. We gratefully acknowledge their support and cooperation. We also extend our gratitude to the reviewers who have provided valuable comments on the book chapters.

We profusely thank Simon Liu, Editor-in-Chief of the IEEE Computer Society's IT Professional magazine, for writing a foreword to this book.

The editorial team at Wiley deserves our commendation for their key roles in publishing this volume and in ensuring its quality. In particular, we would like to thank Anna Smart, Susan Barclay and Mariam Cheok for their excellent enthusiasm, support and cooperation. We would like to thank Cheryl Adam, our copy editor, and Lavanya and her team at Laserwords in India, our typesetter, for their excellent work on this book.

Finally, we would like to thank our family members for their encouragement, support and cooperation which enabled us to make this venture a reality.

San Murugesan G.R. Gangadharan

Chapter 1

Green IT: An Overview

San Murugesan1 and G.R. Gangadharan2

1BRITE Professional Services and University of Western Sydney, Sydney, Australia

2Institute for Development and Research in Banking Technology, Hyderabad, India

Key Points

Explains what green IT is and examines the significance of green IT.

Discusses environmental concerns, global warming and the principles of sustainable development.

Examines the environmental impacts of IT.

Describes the three key dimensions of green IT and explains green IT 1.0 and 2.0.

Presents a holistic approach to greening IT.

Discusses how data centres, cloud computing, storage systems, software and networks can be made greener.

Highlights how IT could help businesses in their environmental initiatives and reduce their carbon emissions.

Outlines enterprise green IT strategy.

1.1 Introduction

Enterprises, governments and societies at large have a new important agenda: tackling environmental issues and adopting environmentally sound practices. Over the years, information technology (IT) has fundamentally altered our work and life and improved our productivity, economy and social well-being. IT now has a new role to play—helping to create a greener, more sustainable environment whilst offering economic benefits. But IT has been contributing to environmental problems which most people do not realize. Computers and other IT infrastructure consume significant amounts of electricity, which is increasing day by day, placing a heavy burden on our electric grids and contributing to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Additionally, IT hardware poses environmental problems during both its production and its disposal.