Heterogeneous Cellular Networks E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 651

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2013

Beschreibung

A timely publication providing coverage of radio resource management, mobility management and standardization in heterogeneous cellular networks

The topic of heterogeneous cellular networks has gained momentum in industry and the research community, attracting the attention of standardization bodies such as 3GPP LTE and IEEE 802.16j, whose objectives are looking into increasing the capacity and coverage of the cellular networks. This book focuses on recent progresses,  covering the related topics including scenarios of heterogeneous network deployment, interference management in the heterogeneous network deployment, carrier aggregation in a heterogeneous network, cognitive radio, cell selection/reselection and load balancing, mobility and handover management, capacity and coverage optimization for heterogeneous networks, traffic management and congestion control.

This book enables readers to better understand the technical details and performance gains that     are made possible by this state-of-the-art technology. It contains the information necessary for researchers and engineers wishing to build and deploy highly efficient wireless networks themselves. To enhance this practical understanding, the book is structured to systematically lead the reader through a series of case-studies of real world scenarios.

Key features:

• Presents this new paradigm in cellular network domain: a heterogeneous network containing network nodes with different characteristics such as transmission power and RF coverage area
• Provides a clear approach by containing tables, illustrations, industry case studies, tutorials and examples to cover the related topics
• Includes new research results and state-of-the-art technological developments and implementation issues

Leseprobe

Contents

Cover

Title Page

Copyright

Dedication

Contributors

Preface

Part I: Radio Resource and Interference Management

Part II: Mobility and Handover Management

Part III: Standardization and Field Trials

Chapter 1: Overview of Heterogeneous Networks

1.1 Motivations for Heterogeneous Networks

1.2 Definitions of Heterogeneous Networks

1.3 Economics of Heterogeneous Networks

1.4 Aspects of Heterogeneous Network Technology

1.5 Future Heterogeneous Network Applications

References

Part I: Radio Resource and Interference Management

Chapter 2: Radio Resource and Interference Management for Heterogeneous Networks

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Heterogeneous Networks Deployment Scenarios and Interference Management Categories Based on Spectrum Usage

2.3 Multi-carrier Inter-cell Interference Management for Heterogeneous Networks

2.4 Co-channel Inter-cell Interference Management for Heterogeneous Networks

2.5 Conclusion

References

Chapter 3: Capacity and Coverage Enhancement in Heterogeneous Networks

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Deployment Scenarios

3.3 Multi-tier Interference Mitigation

3.4 Multi-radio Performance

3.5 Standardization and Future Research Directions

3.6 Conclusion

References

Chapter 4: Cross-tier Interference Management in 3GPP LTE-Advanced Heterogeneous Networks

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Interference Management for LTE and LTE-Advanced Networks

4.3 Conclusions

Appendix: Simulation Models

References

Chapter 5: Inter-cell Interference Management for Heterogeneous Networks

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Conventional Inter-cell Interference Coordination

5.3 Enhanced Inter-cell Interference Coordination

5.4 Conclusion

References

Chapter 6: Cognitive Radios to Mitigate Interference in Macro/femto Heterogeneous Networks

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Information Requirement and Acquisition for Interference Mitigation

6.3 Descriptions of System Models

6.4 Cross-tier Interference Mitigation

6.5 Intra-tier Interference Mitigation

6.6 Interference Mitigation for Machine-to-Machine Communications

6.7 Conclusion

References

Chapter 7: Game Theoretic Approach to Distributed Bandwidth Allocation in OFDMA-based Self-organizing Femtocell Networks

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Distributed Bandwidth Allocation

7.3 Convergence Analysis

7.4 Choice of Utility Function and its Parameters

7.5 Simulation Results

7.6 Extensions and Discussions

7.7 Conclusion

Acknowledgement

References

Part II: Mobility and Handover Management

Chapter 8: Mobility Management and Performance Optimization in Next Generation Heterogeneous Mobile Networks

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Overview of Mobility Management in RRC-connected State

8.3 Mobility Robustness Optimization

8.4 Mobility Load Balancing Optimization

8.5 Cooperation of MRO and MLB

8.6 Mobility Enhancement for Femtocells

8.7 Conclusion

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 9: Connected-mode Mobility in LTE Heterogeneous Networks

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Cell Selection and Problem Statement

9.3 Simulation Methodology

9.4 Handover Modelling

9.5 Results

Reference

Chapter 10: Cell Selection Modes in LTE Macro–Femtocell Deployment

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Distinction of Cells

10.3 Access Control

10.4 Cell Selection and Cell Reselection

References

Chapter 11: Distributed Location Management for Generalized HetNets. Case Study of All-wireless Networks of Femtocells

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Background on Geographic Routing and Geographic Location Management

11.3 All-wireless Networks of Femtocells

11.4 Architecture for Geographic-based All-wireless Networks of Femtocells

11.5 Location Management Procedures

11.6 Summary and Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 12: Vertical Handover in Heterogeneous Networks: a Comparative Experimental and Simulation-based Investigation

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Preliminaries on VHO

12.3 Experimental Investigation

12.4 Simulation-based Investigation

12.5 Discussion on the VHO in HetNets

12.6 Conclusions

Acknowledgment

References

Part III: Deployment, Standardization and Field Trials

Chapter 13: Evolution of HetNet Technologies in LTE-advanced Standards

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Deployment Scenarios for LTE-advanced HetNet

13.3 Inter-cell Interference Coordination for HetNet

13.4 Ongoing Work in Rel-11 LTE-A

13.5 Conclusion

References

Chapter 14: Macro–Femto Heterogeneous Network Deployment and Management

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Frameworks for Macro–Femto Network Deployment and Management

14.3 Revenue Maximization with WSP-deployed Femto-BSs

14.4 Summary

References

Chapter 15: Field Trial of LTE Technology

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Field Trial Overview

15.3 Measurement Results

15.4 Summary Comparison

15.5 Conclusion

References

Index

This edition first published 2013 © 2013 John Wiley & Sons Ltd

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Heterogeneous cellular networks / editors, Rose Qingyang Hu, Yi Qian. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-119-99912-6 (cloth) 1. Cell phone systems. 2. Internetworking (Telecommunication) I. Hu, Rose Qingyang, editor of compilation. II. Qian, Yi, 1969– editor of compilation. TK5103.2.H48 2013 621.3845′6–dc23 2012043611

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

ISBN: 9781119999126

To our respective families.

Contributors

Stefano Busanelli, Guglielmo Srl, Italy

Hsiao-Hwa Chen, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan

Kwang-Cheng Chen, National Taiwan University, Taiwan

Wei-Peng Chen, Fujitsu Laboratories of America, USA

Yanjiao Chen, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, China

Shin-Ming Cheng, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taiwan

Andreas Czylwik, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany

Jaime Ferragut, Centre Tecnològic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya, Spain

Gianluigi Ferrari, University of Parma, Italy

Bo Hagerman, Ericsson Research, Sweden

Jinkyu Han, Samsung Telecommunications America, USA

Nageen Himayat, Intel Corporation, USA

Honglin Hu, Shanghai Research Center for Wireless Communications, China

Rose Qingyang Hu, Utah State University, USA

Nicola Iotti, Guglielmo Srl, Italy

Zichao Ji, New Postcom Equipment Co. Ltd., China

Ming Jiang, New Postcom Equipment Co. Ltd., China

Kerstin Johnsson, Intel Corporation, USA

Zander Zhongding Lei, Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore

Qian (Clara) Li, Intel Corporation, USA

Ying Li, Samsung Telecommunications America, USA

Peng Lin, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, China

Lingjia Liu, University of Kansas, USA

Josep Mangues-Bafalluy, Centre Tecnològic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya, Spain

Marco Martalò, University of Parma, Italy

Pantelis Monogioudis, Alcatel-Lucent, USA

Young-Han Nam, Samsung Telecommunications America, USA

Boon Loong Ng, Samsung Telecommunications America, USA

Zhouyue Pi, Samsung Telecommunications America, USA

Yi Qian, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, USA

Manuel Requena-Esteso, Centre Tecnològic de Telecomunicacions de Catalunya, Spain

Meryem Simsek, University of Duisburg-Essen, Germany

Giovanni Spigoni, University of Parma, Italy

Shilpa Talwar, Intel Corporation, USA

Carl Weaver, Alcatel-Lucent, USA

Zhenzhen Wei, State Grid Electric Power Research Institute, China

Wenkun Wen, New Postcom Equipment Co. Ltd., China

Karl Werner, Ericsson Research, Sweden

Sai Ho Wong, Institute for Infocomm Research, Singapore

Geng Wu, Intel Corporation, USA

Jin Yang, Verizon Communications Inc., USA

Yang Yang, Shanghai Research Center for Wireless Communications, China

Shu-ping Yeh, Intel Corporation, USA

Jiantao Yu, Shanghai Research Center for Wireless Communications, China

Jianzhong (Charlie) Zhang, Samsung Telecommunications America, USA

Jin Zhang, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, China

Qian Zhang, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, China

Xiaoying Zheng, Shanghai Research Center for Wireless Communications, China

Chenxi Zhu, Fujitsu Laboratories of America, USA

Preface

Wireless data traffic has been increasing exponentially in recent years. Driven by a new generation of devices (smart phone, netbooks, etc.) and highly bandwidth-demanding applications such as video, capacity demand increases much faster than spectral efficiency improvement, in particular at hot spots/area. Also as service migrates from voice centric to data centric, more users operate from indoor, which requires increased link budget and coverage extension to provide uniform user experience. Traditional networks optimized for homogeneous traffic face unprecedented challenges to meet the demand cost-effectively. More recently, 3GPP LTE-advanced has started a new study item to investigate heterogeneous cellular network deployments as an efficient way to improve system capacity as well as effectively enhance network coverage. Unlike the traditional heterogeneous networks that deal with the interworking of wireless local area networks and cellular networks, in which the research community has already been studied for more than a decade, in this new paradigm in cellular network domain, a heterogeneous network is a network containing network nodes with different characteristics such as transmission power and RF coverage area. The low power micro nodes and high power macro nodes can be maintained under the management of the same operator. They can share the same frequency carrier that the operator provides. In this case, joint radio resource/interference management needs to be provided to ensure the coverage of low power nodes. In some other cases, the low power and high power nodes can be coordinated to use more than one carrier, e.g., through carrier aggregation, so that strong interference to each other can be mitigated, especially on the control channel. The macro network nodes with a large RF coverage area are deployed in a planned way for blanket coverage of urban, suburban, or rural areas. The local nodes with small RF coverage areas aim to complement the macro network nodes for coverage extension and/or capacity enhancement. In addition to this, global coverage can be further provided by satellites (macro-cells), according to an integrated system concept.

There is an urgent need in both industry and academia to better understand the technical details and performance gains that are made possible by heterogeneous cellular networks. To address that need, this edited book covers the comprehensive research topics in heterogeneous cellular networks. This book focuses on recent advances and progresses in heterogeneous cellular networks. This book can serve as a useful reference for researchers, engineers, and students to understand heterogeneous cellular networks in order to design, build and deploy highly efficient wireless networks.

The scope of topics covered in this book is timely and is a growing area of high interest. The book contains 15 referred chapters from researchers working in this area around the world. It is organized along three parts, together with the preface, with each focusing on a different research topic for heterogeneous cellular networks.

In Chapter 1, Wu et al. give acomprehensive overview of the current activities and future trends in heterogeneous cellular networks. More specifically, the chapter provides a technology and business overview of the heterogeneous networks, the state of the art in technology development, the main challenges and tradeoffs, and the future research and development directions.

Part I: Radio Resource and Interference Management

Heterogeneous networks are usually operated in the interference limited regime due to the overlaid coverage areas of various base stations. Accordingly, radio resource management and interference management are of critical importance to the success of heterogeneous networks. In part I of this book, the recent developments on radio resource and interference management are presented.

In Chapter 2, Liu et al. discuss various deployment scenarios and corresponding interference management categories for heterogeneous networks. For multi-carrier scenario, carrier partitioning, power control, and carrier aggregation based approaches are introduced. For co-channel scenario, time-domain solution and the power setting solutions are discussed.

In Chapter 3, Talwar et al. describe a heterogeneous network architecture, which is composed of a hierarchy of multiple types of infrastructure elements, and one or more radio access technologies. They focus on several use cases, outline the challenges and present a number of promising interference mitigation solutions. This chapter also describes industry trends, standardization activities and future research directions for this rich area of investigation.

In Chapter 4, Wen et al. discuss the interference management issues in the context of LTE-Advanced HetNet scenarios. They study the ICI (Inter-Cell Interference) management techniques for LTE-Advanced HetNet deployments. It is concluded that the existence of cross-tier interference invalids the effectiveness of conventional frequency-domain inter-cell interference coordination (ICIC) methods such as FFR. Therefore, the time-domain based ICIC solution, enhanced inter-cell interference coordination (eICIC), have been proposed and standardized in LTE-Advanced for tackling the ICI issue in HetNet scenarios.

In Chapter 5, Wong and Lei summarize enhanced ICIC techniques that are suitable for handling interference in heterogeneous networks deployment. These techniques are divided into frequency, time, power and spatial domains, and they can be combined when necessary. Information exchange among different cells is performed over the backhaul, and when its latency is very small, dynamic enhanced ICIC is possible.

In Chapter 6, Cheng and Chen provide an overview of the possible cognitive radio-enabled interference mitigation approaches to control cross-tier and intra-tier interference in OFDMA femtocell heterogeneous network. Various approaches have been investigated, including orthogonal radio resource assignment in time-frequency and antenna spatial domains, as well as interference cancellation via novel decoding techniques.

In Chapter 7, Zhu and Chen present a distributed bandwidth allocation scheme based on non-cooperative game theory for OFDMA-based femtocell networks such as LTE or WiMAX. The bandwidth allocation scheme can be implemented using different network control architectures, including fully distributed, hybrid, and centralized architectures.

Part II: Mobility and Handover Management

Mobility management is a key component of the next generation cellular networks, which are expected to support high mobility and high data rates, and are becoming more heterogeneous. Poor mobility management will result in unnecessary handovers, handover failures, radio link failures, and the unbalanced load among cells, where system resources are wasted and user experiences are deteriorated. In Part II of this book, the recent developments on mobility and handover management in the heterogeneous cellular networks are presented.

In Chapter 8, Zheng et al. investigate algorithms and technologies to address the mobility robustness optimization and the mobility load balance optimization, respectively. The two mobility functionalities are coupled since they both need to adjust the handover settings. When they operate together, there might be some conflicts between their respective decisions. The authors propose a coordinated solution to avoid these conflicts and make them collaborated.

In Chapter 9, Weaver and Monogioudis consider networks with Open Subscriber Group (OSG) heterogeneous nodes of two types: macro and metro eNBs, and study connected-mode mobility in LTE heterogeneous networks.

In Chapter 10, Simsek and Czylwik give an overview on various cell selection methods for femto and macro mobile stations together with discussions on their benefits and drawbacks. The chapter provides a study on the impacts of deploying a large number of femtocells into a macro-cellular system.

In Chapter 11, Mangues-Bafalluy et al. extend the concept of heterogeneous cellular networks by introducing additional degrees of heterogeneity, i.e., 3GPP and non-3GPP technologies, as well as the combination of data networking and 3GPP architectures. They conclude that innovative HetNet deployments are feasible if the traditional HetNet vision is generalized.

In Chapter 12, Spigoni et al. study the role of vertical handover (VHO) in future HetNets. In particular, on the basis of internet working experimental results obtained with low-complexity novel VHO algorithms (relying on RSSI and goodput measurements), they draw some conclusions on the potential and limitations of VHO in HetNets.

Part III: Standardization and Field Trials

Standardization, deployments and field trials are the key steps for the success of the large commercial deployments of heterogeneous cellular networks. In Part III of this book, overviews on recent standardization activities, deployment approaches and field trials are given on heterogeneous cellular networks.

In Chapter 13, Nam et al. provide an overview on the evolution of HetNet technologies in LTE-Advanced Standards, in particular, the enhancement on the ICIC techniques introduced in LTE Release 10. They describe the HetNet deployment scenarios and provide detailed descriptions on two newly introduced techniques, namely Carrier Aggregation (CA) based ICIC and Time-domain ICIC. They also provide a glimpse of further evolution of ICIC for the future release of the LTE-Advanced currently being standardised.

In Chapter 14, Lin et al. propose three frameworks for heterogeneous network deployment and management according to the deployment types of femtocells, which are joint-deployment, WSP-deployment and user-deployment frameworks. The unique characteristics, corresponding challenges and potential solutions of these frameworks are further investigated to provide a deeper insight systematically.

In Chapter 15, Hagerman et al. present a field trial in a pre-commercial LTE network with the purpose of investigating how well MIMO works with realistically designed handhelds in 750 MHz band. The trial comprises test drives in urban and suburban areas with different network load levels. The effects of hands holding the devices and the effect of using the device inside a test vehicle are also investigated. The trial has proven that MIMO works very well and gives a substantial performance improvement at the 750 MHz carrier frequency.

This book has been made possible by the great efforts and contributions of many people. First of all, we would like to thank all the contributors for their excellent chapter contributions. Second, we would like thank all the reviewers for their dedicated time in reviewing the book, and for their valuable comments and suggestions for improving the quality of this book. Finally, we appreciate the advice and support of the staff members from Wiley, for putting this book together.

Rose Qingyang Hu Logan, Utah, USA

Yi Qian Omaha, Nebraska, USA

1

Overview of Heterogeneous Networks

Geng Wu,1 Qian (Clara) Li,1 Rose Qingyang Hu,2 and Yi Qian3

1Intel Corporation, USA

2Utah State University, USA

3University of Nebraska – Lincoln, USA

We are living in a rapidly changing world. Every two days now we create as much information as we did from the dawn of civilization up until 2003 [1]. Users want to communicate with each other at any time, anywhere and through any media, including instant messages, email, voice and video. Users want to share their personal life experience, ideas and news with friends through social networking, and use their intelligent mobile devices to produce and to consume content generated by users or by commercial media. In the meantime, mobile internet is rapidly evolving towards embedded internet, expanding its reach from people to machines [2]. In fact, the wireless industry now expects 50 billion machine-type devices connected to the global network by 2020 [3], truly forming an internet of everything.

The advancement of a number of fundamental technologies powers the rapid market growth. Moore's Law continues to provide more transistors and power budget, enabling the semiconductor industry to deliver more powerful signal processing capabilities at lower power consumption and lower cost. Application developers continue to innovate and maximize the benefits of the signal processing technology, with user interface evolving from keypad to touch to gesture, and applications from voice to video to augmented reality. As our society enters the age of ‘Big Data’ [4], our communication infrastructure also needs to evolve to meet the overwhelming demands for capacity and bandwidth. The migration from homogenous to heterogeneous network architecture is therefore essential to support a broad range of connectivity and to deliver unprecedented user experience. The future is coming today.

As one of the main pillars and the future trends of mobile communication technology, heterogeneous networks have received a lot of attention in the wireless industry and in the academic research communities. This chapter is intended to provide a technology and business overview of heterogeneous networks, the state of the art in technology development, the main challenges and tradeoffs, and the future research and development directions. However, we are still at an early stage of development of heterogeneous network technology. As you will find throughout this chapter, there are many more questions than answers at this time, and many questions may have more than one valid answer, depending on the market, the target applications and the exact deployment scenarios and competitive environment. We expect that heterogeneous network technology will continue to evolve along with the convergence of information technology and telecommunication, and increasingly intelligent mobile devices.

1.1 Motivations for Heterogeneous Networks

There are significant economic and technological reasons for the rapid development of heterogeneous networks. The outcomes of this technological development are expected to have profound impacts on the future of telecommunications.

1.1.1 Explosive Growth of Data Capacity Demands

In recent years, mobile internet has witnessed an explosive growth in demand for data capacity [5]. This is largely fuelled by the proliferation of more intelligent mobile devices. Market studies have shown that the data traffic volume is a direct function of the device's screen size, the user-friendliness of its operating system and the responsiveness of wireless network that the device is connected to. For example, a 3G smartphone on average consumes about 30 times the system capacity of a 2G voice phone, and a tablet consumes five times the system capacity of a smartphone. As the mobile devices continue to increase in screen size, image resolution and battery life, and as the network infrastructures continue to improve in peak data rate and network latency, the growth in data capacity demand will continue.

In addition to this organic growth in capacity, demand from the improved mobile devices and communication infrastructure, user-generated content and social networking add significant additional burden to the network. In fact, mobile devices are an ideal platform for social networking applications such as Facebook since they offer ubiquitous coverage with its always-on and always-connected connectivity. Social networking and other similar applications usually produce small but frequent data transmissions. A network may have to frequently set up and tear down the radio links to conserve precious radio resources in order to accommodate a large number of users. This often results in an excessive amount of control messages over the control plane. On the other hand, as watching YouTube videos on mobile devices gains popularity, the capacity demand on the data plane is also growing rapidly, and often in an asymmetric fashion between the uplink and the downlink. Finally, depending on how cloud and client partition the signal processing load, cloud-based services may further accelerate demand, as information is shipped between the mobile devices to the cloud for cloud computing and network storage. One such example is Apple's Siri voice reorganization application software. Since the popularity of mobile applications is often difficult to predict, we start to see drastically different capacity demands between the control plane and the data plane, between the uplink and the downlink. We also start to see network congestion expanding from the access network (the traditional capacity bottleneck) to the core network and even to the backbone network and connections.