Heterogeneous Networks in LTE-Advanced E-Book

Joydeep Acharya

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 475

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2014

Beschreibung

A comprehensive summary of theoretical and practical developments in LTE Heterogeneous Networks

The last decade has witnessed the proliferation of mobile broadband data and the trend is likely to increase in the coming years. Current cellular networks are ill equipped to deal with this surge in demand. To satisfy user demand and maximize profits, a new paradigm to operate networks is needed. Heterogeneous networks, that deploy an overlay of small cells with limited coverage and transmit power, over a macro coverage area is the solution by providing capacity and coverage where it is needed.

This book presents a comprehensive overview of small cell based heterogeneous networks within the framework of 3GPP LTE-Advanced which is the major enabler of current and future heterogeneous networks. The book first establishes the basics of LTE standards 8 -10. Wherever relevant, the underlying theory of wireless communications is explained and the signaling and protocol aspects of LTE Releases 8-10 are presented. Next the book presents a systematic study of the inter cell interference (eICIC and FeICIC) mechanisms that have been standardized in LTE releases 10 and 11 to mitigate the interference arising in heterogeneous networks. From simple blank subframe design and implementation, the book discusses more advanced transceiver signal processing and carrier aggregation (CA) based mechanisms to improve performance. Besides data, control channel enhancements such as enhanced PDCCH (ePDCCH) are also discussed.

Subsequently the book discusses the possibility of base stations being allowed to coordinate to manage interference. This technique, called CoMP, has the potential of vastly improving network performance. However several practical challenges first have to be overcome before this potential can be realized. The book presents the different CoMP categories introduced in LTE release 11, the required signal processing and the changes that were introduced in Release-11 for supporting CoMP. The book then presents the state of the art developments in heterogeneous networks that are currently taking place in 3GPP with the initiation of Release 12. A whole array of new technologies have been introduced such as dynamic switching of small cells, new carrier types with reduced control signaling, dynamic reconfiguration of TDD-LTE, joint configuration of TDD and FDD via carrier aggregation and lastly advanced MIMO signal processing with three dimensional beamforming. All these technologies will work in unison leading to efficient operations of small cells.

The authors thus comprehensively summarize the advances in heterogeneous networks over the last couple of years as reflected in various LTE releases and then look ahead at what to expect in the future. Fully illustrated throughout and with an accompanying website including Matlab code for simulating heterogeneous networks, LTE channel models, and References to 3GPP specifications, contributions, and updates on recent standardization activities. The authors, being involved in LTE standardization, are well placed to give an excellent view on this topic, including valuable background and design rationale.

• A comprehensive summary of wireless communications theory and practical developments in LTE heterogeneous networks.
• Authors are experts in this field and are active members in standardization proceedings, enabling up-to-date coverage of current developments
• Multiple case studies explain network design optimization of various heterogeneous network deployments.
• Accompanying website includes Matlab code for simulating heterogeneous networks, LTE channel models, and References to 3GPP specifications, contributions, and updates on recent standardization activities

Essential reading for Engineers and practitioners in wireless industry.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Title Page

Copyright

About the Authors

Foreword

Preface

Acknowledgements

List of Acronyms

Chapter 1: An Introduction to Heterogeneous Networks

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Heterogeneous Network Deployments

References

Part One: Overview

Chapter 2: Fundamentals of LTE

2.1 Introduction

2.2 LTE Core Network

2.3 LTE Radio Access Network

2.4 Connectivity Among eNodeBs: The X2 Interface

2.5 Technologies in LTE

References

Chapter 3: LTE Signal Structure and Physical Channels

3.1 Introduction

3.2 LTE Signal Structure

3.3 Introduction to LTE Physical Channels and Reference Signals

3.4 Resource Block Assignment

3.5 Downlink Physical Channels

3.6 Uplink Physical Channels

References

Chapter 4: Physical Layer Signal Processing in LTE

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Downlink Synchronization Signals

4.3 Reference Signals

4.4 Channel Estimation and Feedback

4.5 Design Paradigm of LTE Signaling

4.6 Scheduling and Resource Allocation

References

Part Two: Inter-Cell Interference Coordination

Chapter 5: Release 10 Enhanced ICIC

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Typical Deployment Scenarios

5.3 Time Domain Techniques

5.4 Power Control Techniques

5.5 Carrier Aggregation-Based eICIC

References

Chapter 6: Release 11 Further Enhanced ICIC: Transceiver Processing

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Typical Deployment Scenarios

6.3 Techniques for Mitigating CRS Interference

6.4 Weak Cell Detection

6.5 Non-Zero-Power ABS

References

Chapter 7: Release 11 Further Enhanced ICIC: Remaining Topics

7.1 Carrier-Based Interference Coordination

7.2 Enhanced PDCCH for Interference Coordination

References

Part Three: Coordinated Multi-Point Transmission Reception

Chapter 8: Downlink CoMP: Signal Processing

8.1 Introduction

8.2 CoMP Scenarios in 3GPP

8.3 CoMP Sets

8.4 CoMP Transmission in 3GPP

8.5 Comparison of Different CoMP Categories

References

Chapter 9: Downlink CoMP: Standardization Impact

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Modification of Reference Signals

9.3 CSI Processes

9.4 PDSCH Rate Matching

9.5 Quasi-Co-Location of Antenna Ports

9.6 New Transmission Mode and DCI Format

9.7 Backhaul Support for CoMP

9.8 Summary

References

Part Four: Upcoming Technologies

Chapter 10: Dense Small Cell Deployments

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Evolution of Small Cells

10.3 Efficient Operation of Small Cells

10.4 Control Signaling Enhancement

10.5 Reference Signal Overhead Reduction

References

Chapter 11: TD-LTE Enhancements for Small Cells

11.1 Enhancements for Dynamic TDD

11.2 FDD-TDD Joint Operation

References

Chapter 12: Full Dimension MIMO

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Antenna Systems Architecture: Passive and Active

12.3 Antenna Patterns

12.4 FD-MIMO Deployment Scenarios

12.5 Conclusion

References

Chapter 13: Future Trends in Heterogeneous Networks

13.1 Summary

13.2 Small Cells and Cloud RAN

13.3 Small Cells, Millimeter Wave Communications and Massive MIMO

13.4 Small Cells and Big Data

13.5 Concluding Remarks

References

Index

This edition first published 2014

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ISBN: 978-1-1185-1186-2 (hardback)

ISBN: 9781118511862

About the Authors

Joydeep Acharya achieved his PhD degree in Electrical Engineering at Rutgers University in 2009. He is currently a staff research engineer at Hitachi America's Wireless Systems Research Lab (WSRL) where he is involved in physical layer research and standardization in LTE-Advanced. Previously, he worked as a research consultant at GS Sanyal School of Telecommunications, Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur on physical layer design of WCDMA. He has been participating in 3GPP RAN 1 and 2 meetings since 2009. He is the author of several IEEE conference and journal papers and inventor of several patents filed worldwide. His research topics include MIMO signal processing, base station coordination, massive MIMO, and spectrum regulation and resource allocation for wireless systems.

Long Gao achieved his BS degree at Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China, in 2003 and his MS degree at Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing, China, in 2006, both in Electrical Engineering. He achieved his PhD degree in Electrical Engineering at Texas A&M University, College Station, TX and joined Hitachi America Ltd., Santa Clara, CA in 2010. Since then, he has been involved in 3GPP LTE/LTE-Advanced standardization activities with focus on cooperative communication and heterogeneous networks. He has published several IEEE papers and submitted several technical contributions to 3GPP RAN 1 conference. He has served as a TPC member at major IEEE conferences such as Globecom 2010–2013, and has presented tutorials on LTE-Advanced heterogeneous network at VTC 2012 and WCNC 2013.

Sudhanshu Gaur has over 10 years of research and industry experience in the field of wireless communications. He is currently the Principal Research Engineer at Hitachi America's WSRL where he leads LTE-Advanced standardization activities. Previously, he was also involved with IEEE 802.11aa standardization and contributed to Hitachi's wireless HD video system which was demonstrated at CES 2008. Prior to joining Hitachi, he attended the Georgia Institute of Technology where he achieved his PhD degree (2005) and received MS and BTech degrees from Virginia Tech (2003) and Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur (2000), respectively. He is a Senior Member of IEEE, has authored several peer-reviewed publications in wireless communications, and holds several patents.

Foreword

The launch of the first LTE networks in 2009 provided a dramatic increase in the data-carrying capacity of mobile communications systems. Coupled with the rising availability and capability of smartphones, this has facilitated the uptake of new services and applications, leading to an exponential growth in mobile data traffic. As consumer expectations are fuelled by these expanding possibilities, it is forecast that this exponential trend will continue for the foreseeable future, for example by a factor of 25–50 in the next 5 years.

A variety of techniques will contribute to satisfying this rapid growth in demand. New spectrum assignments will be essential, but will only provide capacity growth which is linear with respect to the amount of spectrum allocated. Radio interface technology advances, most notably in the field of multiple antennae and coordinated multipoint operation (CoMP), will play a part; these provide only incremental advances in spectral efficiency however, and certainly not the orders of magnitude that the observed trends require. The delivery of exponential capacity growth necessitates a new approach to mobile network design, in which small cells are progressively deployed to augment the capacity of the traditional macrocellular network and to offload traffic from it. Small cells uniquely have the ability to provide exponential capacity growth for data traffic.

Heterogeneous networks, comprising macrocells complemented by large numbers of small cells, are therefore becoming increasingly important. Key to their successful deployment is the development of an understanding of the characteristics of such networks; this book is therefore both timely and apposite.

Heterogeneous networks differ from traditional homogeneous macrocellular networks in some significant respects. Unlike the macrocells, which are situated by cell planning in order to provide complete coverage, small cells are typically located according to the expected density of traffic, in so-called hotspots or hotzones. This gives rise to different and potentially stronger interference conditions which need to be managed between the macrocells and small cells, as well as between the small cells themselves in dense small cell deployments. This book explains in detail the features built into LTE Releases 8–11 to control and coordinate such interference in order to ensure successful operation of heterogeneous networks.

To get the most out of small cell deployments, it is also important to understand how to optimize the association of user equipment to cells and to balance the load between the macrocells and small cells in a way that maximizes the total system capacity. This book describes the latest research being conducted into such aspects in the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) for LTE Release 12, as well as giving some views of possible future changes to the LTE specifications to further optimize the support of small cell deployments in heterogeneous networks.

The authors are regular participants of the standardization activities at 3GPP and are therefore well equipped to explain these features and techniques. This book will be a valuable resource for anyone needing to understand how to dramatically increase the capacity of LTE networks in practice.

Professor Matthew Baker3GPP RAN 1 Chairman 2009–2013 & Vice-Chairman 2013–presentOctober, 2013 Cambridge, UK

Preface

The pace of applied science trudged at a relatively slow pace since its inception, before finally exploding in the past few decades. Few technologies embody this better than the field of wireless communications. In 1895, when in a first-ever public demonstration of its kind, Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose used millimeter waves to ring a bell remotely and ignite gunpowder, little could anyone have imagined the impact that wireless communications were destined to have in our lives. Fast forward the next hundred years and we find a technology-driven society where ubiquitous communication between human beings has been made possible by the rapid advances in wireless systems. Nowadays, we can film a high-definition video, upload it to a social networking website using a wireless network connection and receive almost instant feedback from friends all over the globe. Among all wireless technologies, we are most reliant on our cellular phones, a trend that shows no signs of abating.

A study of modern-day cellular wireless communications is not only an exercise in technology but also has social and economic aspects. Applications and services provided by cellular providers consume more bandwidth than before and we want them to be fast, reliable and affordable. According to industry forecasts, the demand for cellular broadband data will rise to unforeseen levels in the very near future. Network operators will have to fundamentally re-think the ways they operate their networks to cope with this demand. Over the past few years, it has become apparent that one important way to achieve this is to densify the network by deploying an overlay of small cells with low transmit powers and coverage over the macro coverage area. Such hybrid systems, referred to as heterogeneous networks, will see rapid proliferation and optimization in the coming years.

As with most cellular technologies, heterogeneous networks are being developed under the auspices of the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), the global collaborative effort between all interested companies and organizations. 3GPP pioneers the standardization of many theoretical solutions for wireless communications problems and enables their practical implementation through a consensus-driven process after many rounds of technical discussions and demonstrations. The present standardization activities in 3GPP are mostly centered around Long-Term Evolution (LTE). To understand the trends in current and future heterogeneous networks, an understanding of LTE and of 3GPP working procedures are required.

We have been regular attendees of the 3GPP standardization meetings over the last five years. This, coupled with our background in wireless communication research and development, puts us in the perfect position to understand the nuances of the LTE standardization process. The experiences that we have gathered over the years in 3GPP have prompted us to write this book.

Standardization in 3GPP is dynamic and evolving. Unlike classical science and engineering fields, the knowledge base of 3GPP is still evolving; published literature can therefore lag behind the state of the art in the field. To the best of our knowledge, our book is one of the very few that covers topics in LTE Releases 11 and 12 (which is the latest at the time of writing) pertaining to heterogeneous networks. We have also tried to emphasize the decision-making process in 3GPP in detail, and not limit ourselves to the final outcomes. The intermediate agreements, disagreements and discussions that lead to the final consensus on adopting a specific technology often provide valuable insights about what to expect for future standards and, by extension, feature in upcoming deployments of heterogeneous networks.

This book is not a comprehensive documentation of different LTE Releases such as 11 and 12. Instead, it takes selected topics in heterogeneous networks and attempts to describe the intuition behind the myriad agreements that comprise a 3GPP standard. Indeed, the reader is encouraged to seek supplemental knowledge about the latest agreements by reading contributions and chairman's notes of the latest 3GPP meetings.

On a final note, we would like to say that writing this book has been a challenging but rewarding experience. We have been through lots of memorable times, involving late-night shifts, intense discussions, and planning sessions. We have ourselves learnt and unlearnt much in the process of writing. Our hope now is to share some of that with the reader.

Joydeep Acharya, Long Gao, Sudhanshu GaurSanta Clara, California

Acknowledgements

We would like to thank the many individuals and groups who, in their own ways, have contributed towards the completion of this book. First mention goes to our collaborators in 3GPP, who are actively expanding the frontiers of LTE. Specifically, for various technical discussions, we would like to thank Rakesh Tamrakar, Pekka Kyosti, Sharat Chander, Kevin Lu, Matthew Baker, Kazuaki Takeda, Bishwarup Mondal, Hidetoshi Suzuki, Xiang Yun, Nadeem Akhtar, Lars Lindbom, Ruyue Li, Satoshi Nagata, Krishna Gomadam, Weimin Xiao, and Elean Fan.

We would like to thank our managers in Hitachi America Ltd. for their support and guidance. Special thanks go to Seishi Hanaoka for his support during the writing of this book. Thanks are also due to Norihiro Suzuki, Naonobu Sukegawa, Takahiro Onai and Ryoji Takeyari. We would also like to thank our colleagues in other Hitachi divisions, in particular the Central Research Laboratory, Japan and Hitachi China Research and Development, Beijing. In particular we would like to thank Tsuyoshi Tamaki, Hitoshi Ishida, Lu Geng and Zheng Meng for numerous discussions related to the LTE standard and its deployment. We also thank Kenichi Sakamoto, Katsuhiko Tsunehara, Kenzaburo Fujishima, Rintaro Katayama, Keizo Kusaba, Shigenori Hayase, and Hirotake Ishii.

We would like to thank Narayan Parameshwar and John McKeague for sharing their vast knowledge of LTE E-UTRAN and EPC, respectively. We would like to express our gratitude to Salam Akoum and Jayanta Kumar Acharya for providing feedback on the manuscript. Thanks to Amitav Mukherjee for providing some of the figures in the small cell deployments chapter. For the initial review of the book proposal, we would like to express our thanks to Leo Razoumov, Todor Cooklev, Nilesh Mehta and Andreas Maeder. For providing valuable content for the book and helping to obtain copyright permissions we would like to thank Patrick Merias, Nitesh Patel and Keith Mallinson. For various technical discussions about the topics covered in the book we thank Jasvinder Singh and Rahul Pupala.

Last, but not the least, we would like to thank the wonderful staff at Wiley. It has been a great experience working with them as they have been helpful and friendly at each stage of the publishing, despite our irregular delivery schedule. Special thanks go to Mark Hammond, Liz Wingett, Sandra Grayson and Susan Barclay. Many thanks also to Claire Bailey and Richard Davies.

Joydeep Acharya, Long Gao, Sudhanshu Gaur

List of Acronyms

3GPP

Third Generation Partnership Project

AAS

Active Antenna Systems

ABS

Almost Blank Subframe

ACK

Acknowledgement

AE

Antenna Element

AMC

Adaptive Modulation and Coding

ANRF

Automatic Neighbor Recognition Function

AP

Antenna Port

ARQ

Automatic Repeat Request

AS

Access Stratum

BBU

Baseband Unit

BLER

Block Error Rate

BPSK

Binary Phase Shift Keying

BSC

Base Station Controller

BSR

Buffer Status Report

BTS

Base Transceiver Station

BW

Bandwidth

C-RAN

Cloud Radio Access Network

CA

Carrier Aggregation

CAPEX

Captial Expenditure

CC

Component Carrier

CCE

Control Channel Element

CCIM

Cell Clustering Interference Mitigation

CDF

Cumulative Density Function

CDM

Code Division Multiplexing

CDMA

Code Division Multiple Access

CFI

Control Format Indicator

CIF

Carrier Indicator Field

CN

Core Network

CoMP

Coordinated Multi-Point Transmission Reception

CP

Cyclic Prefix

CP

Control Plane

CQI

Channel Quality Indicator

CRC

Cyclic Redundancy Check

CRE

Cell Range Expansion

CRS

Cell-Specific Reference Signal

CRS-IC

Cell-Specific Reference Signal Interference Cancellation

CSG

Closed Subscriber Group

CSI

Channel State Information

CSS

Common Search Space

DAS

Distributed Antenna System

DC

Direct Current

DCI

Downlink Control Information

DFT

Discrete Fourier Transform

DFT-S-OFDM

DFT Spread OFDM

DL

Downlink

DMRS

Demodulation Reference Signal

DPB

Dynamic Point Blanking

DPS

Dynamic Point Selection

DSL

Digital Subscriber Line

DTCH

Dedicated Traffic Channel

DTX

Discontinuous Transmission

DwPTS

Downlink Pilot Time Slot

ECCE

Enhanced Control Channel Element

eICIC

Enhanced Inter-Cell Interference Coordination

eNB

Evolved NodeB

eNodeB

Evolved NodeB

EPC

Evolved Packet Core

EPDCCH

Enhanced Physical Downlink Control Channel

EPS

Evolved Packet System

EREG

Enhanced Resource Element Group

FD-MIMO

Full Dimension Multiple-Input Multiple-Output

FDD

Frequency Division Duplex

FDM

Frequency Division Multiplexing

FDMA

Frequency Division Multiple Access

FEC

Forward Error Correction

FeICIC

Further Enhanced Inter-Cell Interference Coordination

FFT

Fast Fourier Transform

GP

Guard Period

GSM

Global System for Mobile Communications

HARQ

Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request

HII

High-Interference Indicator

HO

Handover

HOF

Handover Failure

HSPA

High-Speed Packet Access

ICIC

Inter-Cell Interference Coordination

IDFT

Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform

IEEE

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

IFFT

Inverse Fast Fourier Transform

IMR

Interference Measurement Resource

IMS

Internet Protocol Multimedia Subsystem

IP

Internet Protocol

ISI

Inter-Symbol Interference

ISIM

Interference Suppressing Interference Mitigation

ITU

International Telecommunication Union

JP

Joint Processing

JT

Joint Transmission

LMDS

Local Multipoint Distribution Service

LMMSE

Linear Minimum Mean Square Error Estimator

LOS

Line of Sight

LTE

Long-Term Evolution

M-LWDF

Maximum-Largest Weighted Delay First

MAC

Medium Access Control

MBMS

Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service

MBSFN

Multicast-Broadcast Single-Frequency Network

MCS

Modulation and Coding Scheme

MIB

Master Information Block

MIMO

Multiple-Input Multiple-Output

MISO

Multiple-Input Single-Output

ML

Maximum Likelihood

MLE

Medium to Large Enterprises

MME

Mobility Management Entity

MMSE

Minimum Mean Square Error Estimator

MR

Maximum Rate

MWC

Mobile World Congress

NACK

Negative Acknowledgement

NAS

Non-Access Stratum

NCT

New Carrier Type

NDI

New Data Indicator

OAM

Operations Administration and Maintenance

OCC

Orthogonal Cover Code

OCS

Operational Carrier Selection

OFDM

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

OFDMA

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access

OI

Overload Indicator

OLLA

Outer Loop Link Adaptation

OMADM

Open Mobile Alliance Device Management

OPEX

Operating Expense

OTA

Over The Air

PAPR

Peak to Average Power Ratio

PBCH

Physical Broadcast Channel

PCell

Primary Cell

PCFICH

Physical Control Format Indicator Channel

PCI

Physical Cell Identity

PDCCH

Physical Downlink Control Channel

PDCP

Packet Data Convergence Protocol

PDN

Public Data Network

PDSCH

Physical Downlink Shared Channel

PDU

Protocol Data Unit

PF

Proportional Fair

PHICH

Physical Hybrid-ARQ Indicator Channel

PHR

Power Headroom Report

PHY

Physical Layer

PLMN

Public Land Mobile Network

PMCH

Physical Multicast Channel

PMI

Precoding Matrix Indicator

PQI

PDSCH Rate Matching and Quasi-Co-Location Indicator

PRACH

Physical Random Access Channel

PRB

Physical Resource Block

PRG

Precoding Resource Group

PS

Packet Switched

PSS

Primary Synchronization Signal

PSTN

Public Switched Telephone Network

PUCCH

Physical Uplink Control Channel

PUSCH

Physical Uplink Shared Channel

QAM

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

QCL

Quasi Co-Location

QPSK

Quadrature Phase Shift Keying

RACH

Random Access Channel

RAN

Radio Access Network

RAR

Random Access Response

RB

Resource Block

RBG

Resource Block Groups

RE

Resource Element

REG

Resource Element Group

RF

Radio Frequency

RI

Rank Indicator

RLC

Radio Link Control

RLF

Radio Link Failure

RLM

Radio Link Monitoring

RNC

Radio Network Controller

RNTI

Radio Network Temporary Identifier

RNTP

Relative Narrowband Transmit Power

RR

Round Robin

RRC

Radio Resource Control

RRH

Remote Radio Head

RRM

Radio Resource Management

RS

Reference Signal

RSRP

Reference Signal Received Power

RSRQ

Reference Signal Received Quality

RSSI

Received Signal Strength Indicator

S-TMSI

SAE Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity

SAE

Service Architecture Evolution

SB

Sub-Band

SC-FDMA

Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access

SCell

Secondary Cell

SCTP

Stream Control Transmission Protocol

SDIM

Scheduling-Dependent Interference Mitigation

SE

Spectral Efficiency

SFBC

Space Frequency Block Code

SFN

Single Frequency Network

SIB

System Information Block

SIC

Successive Interference Cancelation

SIM

Subscriber Identification Module

SIMO

Single-Input Multiple-Output

SINR

Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio

SISO

Single-Input Single-Output

SLNR

Signal to Leakage and Noise Ratio

SMB

Small and Medium Businesses

SME

Small and Medium Enterprises

SNR

Singal to Noise Ratio

SOHO

Small Office/Home Office

SON

Self-Organizing Networks

SPS

Semi-Persistent Scheduling

SR

Scheduling Request

SRS

Sounding Reference Signal

SSS

Secondary Synchronization Signal

SVD

Singular Value Decomposition

TA

Tracking Area

TB

Transport Block

TDD

Time Division Duplexing

TDM

Time Division Multiplexing

TDMA

Time Division Multiple Access

TM

Transmission Mode

TPC

Transmit Power Control

TPMI

Transmitted Precoding Matrix Indicator

TTI

Transmission Time Interval

TTT

Time to Trigger

UCI

Uplink Control Information

UDP

User Datagram Protocol

UE

User Equipment

UL

Uplink

ULA

Uniform Linear Array

UMTS

Universal Mobile Telecommunications System

UpPTS

Uplink Pilot Time Slot

USS

UE-Specific Search Space

UTRAN

Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network

VoIP

Voice over Internet Protocol

VRB

Virtual Resource Block

WCDMA

Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

WiFi

Wireless Fidelity

WiMAX

Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access

ZC

Zadoff Chu