High Temperature Corrosion E-Book

César A. C. Sequeira

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Serie: Wiley Series in Corrosion
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 2152

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2018

Beschreibung

Reviews the science and engineering of high-temperature corrosion and provides guidelines for selecting the best materials for an array of system processes High-temperature corrosion (HTC) is a widespread problem in an array of industries, including power generation, aerospace, automotive, and mineral and chemical processing, to name a few. This book provides engineers, physicists, and chemists with a balanced presentation of all relevant basic science and engineering aspects of high-temperature corrosion. It covers most HTC types, including oxidation, sulfidation, nitridation, molten salts, fuel-ash corrosion, H2S/H2 corrosion, molten fluoride/HF corrosion, and carburization. It also provides corrosion data essential for making the appropriate choices of candidate materials for high-temperature service in process conditions. A form of corrosion that does not require the presence of liquids, high-temperature corrosion occurs due to the interaction at high temperatures of gases, liquids, or solids with materials. HTC is a subject is of increasing importance in many areas of science and engineering, and students, researchers, and engineers need to be aware of the nature of the processes that occur in high-temperature materials and equipment in common use today, especially in the chemical, gas, petroleum, electric power, metal manufacturing, automotive, and nuclear industries. * Provides engineers and scientists with the essential data needed to make the most informed decisions on materials selection * Includes up-to-date information accompanied by more than 1,000 references, 80% of which from within the past fifteen years * Includes details on systems of critical engineering importance, especially the corrosion induced by low-energy radionuclides * Includes practical guidelines for testing and research in HTC, along with both the European and International Standards for high-temperature corrosion engineering Offering balanced, in-depth coverage of the fundamental science behind and engineering of HTC, High Temperature Corrosion: Fundamentals and Engineering is a valuable resource for academic researchers, students, and professionals in the material sciences, solid state physics, solid state chemistry, electrochemistry, metallurgy, and mechanical, chemical, and structural engineers.

Leseprobe

WILEY SERIES IN CORROSION

R. Winston Revie, Series Editor

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Pierre R. Roberge

Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion ·

Brenda J. Little and Jason S. Lee

Corrosion Resistance of Aluminum and Magnesium Alloys: Understanding, Performance, and Testing ·

Edward Ghali

Metallurgy and Corrosion Control in Oil and Gas Production ·

Robert Heidersbach

Green Corrosion Inhibitors: Theory and Practice ·

V. S. Sastri

Heterogeneous Electrode Processes and Localized Corrosion ·

Yongjun Tan

Stress Corrosion Cracking of Pipelines ·

Y. Frank Cheng

Corrosion Failures: Theory, Case Studies, and Solutions ·

K. Elayaperumal and V. S. Raja

Challenges in Corrosion: Costs, Causes, Consequences and Control ·

V. S. Sastri

Metallurgy and Corrosion Control in Oil and Gas Production, Second Edition

· Robert Heidersbach

High Temperature Corrosion: Fundamentals and Engineering

· César A. C. Sequeira

High Temperature Corrosion

Fundamentals and Engineering

César A. C. Sequeira

Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal

Copyright

This edition first published 2019

© 2019 John Wiley & Sons

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The right of César A. C. Sequeira to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with law.

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Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data

Names: Sequeira, C. A. C., author.

Title: High temperature corrosion : fundamentals and engineering / César A. C.

  Sequeira.

Description: First edition. | Hoboken, NJ : Wiley, 2018. | Series: Wiley

  series in corrosion | Includes bibliographical references and indexes. |

  Identifiers: LCCN 2018048729 (print) | LCCN 2018049203 (ebook) | ISBN

  9781119474425 (Adobe PDF) | ISBN 9781119474449 (ePub) | ISBN 9780470119884

  (hardcover)

Subjects: LCSH: Corrosion and anti‐corrosives. | Metallurgy. |

  Electrochemistry.

Classification: LCC TA462 (ebook) | LCC TA462 .S3948 2018 (print) | DDC

  620.1/1223–dc23

LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018048729

Cover design by Wiley

Cover image: Courtesy of César A. C. Sequeira

Dedication

Dedicated to

Maria Elisa,

my eternal wife

Preface

The science and engineering of gas–solid, liquid–solid, and solid–solid processes, which can involve high temperature reactions with oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, water vapor, molten sulfates, chlorides, carbonates, vanadates, fluorides, etc., has evolved greatly over the past 50–60 years. Numerous symposia and colloquia have been held on the subject and have been widely attended by researchers from all over the world. One of the many factors enabling advancement of our understanding of the field is the creation and evolution of new, sophisticated instruments and techniques that allow a better analysis of scale compositions and structures.

The numerous details of high temperature corrosion (HTC) have led to thousands of publications over the years and to the writing of only relatively few books on the subject. Moreover, the early books suffered from lack of extensive data on various metals and alloys, the nonexistence of good experimental equipment, and an emphasis on materials that were important in the era in which the books were written. Many universities now have courses on oxidation and other forms of HTC, but the availability of texts continues to be limited. The following books have been very useful:

N. Birks, G.H. Meier, and F.S. Pettit, Introduction to the High‐Temperature Oxidation of Metals, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK (2006).

E. Fromm, Kinetics of Metal‐Gas Interactions at Low Temperature – Hydriding, Oxidation, Poisoning, Springer‐Verlag, Berlin, Germany (1998).

A.S. Khanna, High Temperature Oxidation and Corrosion, ASM International, Materials Park, Ohio, USA (2002).

P. Kofstad, High Temperature Oxidation of Metals, John Wiley, New York, USA (1966).

P. Kofstad, High Temperature Corrosion, Elsevier, London, UK (1988).

G.Y. Lai, High‐Temperature Corrosion and Materials Applications, ASM International, Materials Park, Ohio, USA (2007).

S. Mrowec, Defect and Diffusion in Solids, Elsevier Science Publications, London, UK (1980).

M. Schütze, Protective Oxide Scales and Their Breakdown, The Institute of Corrosion, John Wiley, Chichester, UK (1997).

M. Schütze and H.J. Grabke, eds., Metal Dusting, Carburization and Nitridation, EFC 41, Woodhead Publishing Ltd., Cambridge, UK (2006).

The main differences between the present book and the competitive books listed above are:

None of them cover most of the HTC types (e.g. oxidation, sulfidation, nitridation, molten salts, fuel‐ash corrosion, H

2

S/H

2

corrosion, molten fluoride/HF corrosion, carburization).

Many books on HTC concern fundamental studies of material‐gas processes. In other words, aspects related to diffusion in HTC oxidation are well treated, but the books provide little engineering data to help engineers make informed material selection decisions.

The present book covers fundamental science and engineering of HTC, in a balanced way, so that an academic researcher or PhD student or an engineer in industry will find it of interest.

The present book includes up‐to‐date information accompanied by more than 1500 references, 80% of which cover the last 25 years.

The present book includes details on systems of particular engineering importance at this time, namely, on the corrosion of high temperature fuel cells, and nuclear power plants.

The present book includes an up‐to‐date summary of experimental methods, many of which have not been covered in earlier books.

The current book has 20 chapters, whose contents are briefly described hereafter.

The first chapter begins to examine historical aspects of the development of HTC. Then, the three key components of the corrosion phenomena frequently encountered in high temperature industrial processes are summarized. In the following sections, materials and their design for use at high temperatures, common and not so common hostile environments at high temperature, and the barriers (films, scales) that separate the material and environment and that, in many situations, are necessary to develop the desired corrosion resistance are presented. HTC occurs behind walls as high temperature processes are usually shielded from their environment. However, it can be lifetime and performance determining in a number of everyday examples, its minimization requiring a proper understanding of the underlying principles of corrosion, which involve plant engineering, metallurgy, chemistry, materials science, system design, or failure analysis. So, the academic and industrial impacts of HTC form the themes of the following sections. In this context, corrosion economics, safety, environment damage, and corrosion management are aspects of particular concern.

Basic high temperature phenomena that require attention are changes in dimensions, microstructures, mechanical properties, and other topics under the heading of physical metallurgy. It is no longer possible to neglect the metallurgical aspects of the corrosion problem. Imperfections in an essentially perfect structure, solidification, alloys, iron and steel, deformation and recrystallization, and fracture and fatigue are described in Chapter 2. It is expected to provide an introduction to physical metallurgy primarily intended for undergraduate students at universities and polytechnics, but, additionally, industrial technicians or engineers will be aided in identifying their in‐plant corrosion problems. Seventy‐three figures fully support the text, illustrating the fundamental points.