History Minute by Minute E-Book

Norman Ferguson

• Herausgeber: The History Press
• Kategorie: Geisteswissenschaft
• Sprache: Englisch
• Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2011

Beschreibung

- At what time was Guy Fawkes discovered underneath the Palace of Westminster? - Just when was Einstein's Theory of Relativity proved? - What time was on the clock when Titanic sunk? - When was President John F. Kennedy assassinated? All these questions and 400 more are answered in History Minute by Minute, breaking down history into a round-the-clock timeline of fascinating and vital moments from around the world. From battles and assassinations to crimes, deaths and disasters – and everything else that makes up our vivid and unique history – you will find that no minute lacks some significance. So, whether you want to find out what time an event happened or if anything noteworthy happened at the time of your birth, anniversary or the time on the clock right now, you are sure to delight in this quirky take on world history.

Leseprobe

For MCK & CFF – 9.38

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Researching the information for Chronologia was appropriately a time-consuming task. It would have been impossible but for the resources of the following main sources: BBC, The Times, the Guardian, Eyewitnesstohistory.com, history.com, NASA.

CONTENTS

Title

Dedication

Acknowledgements

Introduction

Notes

Midnight to 12.59 a.m.

1.00 a.m. to 1.59 a.m.

2.00 a.m. to 2.59 a.m.

3.00 a.m. to 3.59 a.m.

4.00 a.m. to 4.59 a.m.

5.00 a.m. to 5.59 a.m.

6.00 a.m. to 6.59 a.m.

7.00 a.m. to 7.59 a.m.

8.00 a.m. to 8.59 a.m.

9.00 a.m. to 9.59 a.m.

10.00 a.m. to 10.59 a.m.

11.00 a.m. to Midday

Midday to 12.59 p.m.

1.00 p.m. to 1.59 p.m.

2.00 p.m. to 2.59 p.m.

3.00 p.m. to 3.59 p.m.

4.00 p.m. to 4.59 p.m.

5.00 p.m. to 5.59 p.m.

6.00 p.m. to 6.59 p.m.

7.00 p.m. to 7.59 p.m.

8.00 p.m. to 8.59 p.m.

9.00 p.m. to 9.59 p.m.

10.00 p.m. to 10.59 p.m.

11.00 p.m. to Midnight

Copyright

INTRODUCTION

On 11 November 1918, the First World War was due to end. The armistice, signed earlier that morning, indicated that the four-year war was to finish at exactly 11.00 a.m. Fighting continued up until that time, and one man was shot and killed in the last minute of the war. As Private Henry Gunther advanced on a German machine-gun post, he was waved back by the German soldiers, who were desperate to avoid one more death so close to peace. Gunther continued and they were left with no option but to fire. He died at 10.59 a.m. and it was reported that the rest of the guns on the whole front fell silent almost immediately after.

The fact that one aspect of the conflict – the futile deaths of so many on the Western Front – could be defined in one specific moment in time, served as an inspiration for this book. We are accustomed to history being arranged by era, century, decade, year or specific dates. Chronologia takes a different approach, arranging events by the time of day. It includes around 400 moments of history, sport and culture, going as far back as 55 BC.

Human history is as chaotic and random as human life, and this book attempts to reflect some of that.

Norman Ferguson

8.12 a.m.

2 November 2011

NOTES

Note on the Times

Where possible, all times included are ‘local’ from where the event took place. Where it has proved impossible to pin down the time zone in use, GMT is used. Space missions are entered using GMT, apart from launches and Earth landings, which follow the convention of following the time in the location involved. For example, NASA missions use Eastern Daylight/Summer Time as their flights were launched from Florida.

Note on Accuracy

The author has tried to be as accurate as possible, both in terms of the description of events and when they happened. Where he has failed, lay the failure on him. As with all human endeavours errors will inevitably creep in. If any are spotted the author would be grateful to hear about them at [email protected].

Standardisation

In the interests of commonality all times are presented in a standard format. Of course some events could never be recorded to the exact minute, especially the further back in time you go, but they are presented here in a standard way for ease of reading.

MIDNIGHT TO 12.59 A.M.

12.00 a.m.

A fleet of ships sets sail from northern France. They are heading for Britain under the command of a Roman governor of Gaul called Julius Caesar. Caesar’s forces land near Deal in Kent and, despite ferocious attacks by the Britons, are able to maintain a foothold. However, when his cavalry are unable to land, Caesar orders a retreat back across the English Channel. He makes another attempt the following year but the Romans do not establish a dominating presence in Britannia until 100 years later. During their occupation, they encounter the rebellion under Boudicca and are forced to build a wall that forms the northernmost boundary to their empire.

(23 August 55 BC)

12.00 a.m.

Sir Thomas Knyvett searches the cellar underneath London’s Palace of Westminster and discovers thirty-six barrels of gunpowder. He also finds a man claiming to be John Johnson, who is in fact Guy Fawkes, one of a band of English Catholic conspirators planning to blow up Parliament and kill King James VI and I. Fawkes is tortured and confesses to committing treason. He escapes the horrors of being hanged, drawn and quartered by jumping off the scaffold and hanging himself. Despite this, the punishment is still carried out on his corpse. Bonfires are lit to celebrate the survival of the king.

(Tuesday 5 November 1605)

12.01 a.m.

The first baby is born under Britain’s new National Health Service. Aneira Thomas is named after Minister for Health Aneurin Bevan who, on the same day, accepts the keys to Park Hospital in Manchester as a symbolic start to a scheme free and available to all citizens. The NHS forms part of new social security measures including sickness and unemployment benefit and better pensions for those who have paid National Insurance. Child benefit is brought in, as is income support for the needy. Labour Prime Minister Clement Attlee described it as: ‘the most comprehensive system of social security ever introduced into any country.’ Aneira Thomas goes on to become a nurse.

(Monday 5 July 1948)

12.01 a.m.

Millions of computer users relax when they find the threatened ‘Millennium Bug’ has not struck. The potential problem is a result of computer programmes only using two digits for year dates. Whether machines and vehicles would continue to work after midnight occupies much discussion and re-engineering beforehand. No major systems are affected and no planes fall out of the sky.

(Saturday 1 January 2000)

12.01 a.m.

Bookshops open to sell Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, the last novel in the popular series. It becomes the fastest-selling book of all time with 2.7 million copies sold in the UK in 24 hours. J.K. Rowling’s series of seven adventures featuring Hermione, Ron and the troubled boy wizard Harry, has sold over 450 million copies and inspired untold numbers of young readers.

(Saturday 21 July 2007)

12.04 a.m.

Oil supertanker Exxon Valdez runs aground in Alaska. Eight of the ship’s eleven oil tanks are breached. The spill is the largest the United States has ever seen, with 1,300 miles of coastline affected by 11 million gallons of crude oil. Crew negligence is found to be the cause.

(Friday 24 March 1989)

12.10 a.m.

The first of the trapped Chilean miners is rescued. Florencio Avalos is slowly pulled up through a 2,300ft-long narrow tunnel specially drilled to take the ‘Phoenix’ capsule. Avalos is the first of the thirty-three men trapped underground to be brought to the surface. The miners have spent ten weeks in the San Jose copper and gold mine in northern Chile. Their story of endurance captures the imagination of a watching world.

(Wednesday 13 October 2010)

12.10 a.m.

Lieutenant Colonel Claus von Stauffenberg is shot by firing squad. Along with other conspirators he has been executed for his role in an unsuccessful coup that depended on the death of Adolf Hitler. The day before, von Stauffenberg had placed a bomb hidden in a briefcase under a conference table near to the Führer. The bomb detonated but only wounded Hitler. The plot was an attempt to install a new government that would have negotiated an armistice with the Allies in order to prevent the Russians from entering Germany. Some of the conspirators commit suicide, while others are killed in barbarous ways.

(Friday 21 July 1944)

12.10 a.m.

Ten minutes late, Big Ben chimes to bring in the New Year 1963. Snow has affected the clock’s hands, slowing the mechanism. Since its construction in 1858, London’s landmark clock has been slowed, silenced or stopped by maintenance, heat, birds, war and metal fatigue. Although the whole tower is known as ‘Big Ben’ the nickname was intended only for the 13-ton bell.

(Tuesday 1 January 1963)

12.10 a.m.

East Sussex police are called to Brian Jones’ house. The musician, who had been sacked from rock group the Rolling Stones just days before, is found at the bottom of a swimming pool. Whether Jones died by accident or was murdered remains a topic for discussion years afterwards.

(Thursday 3 July 1969)

12.14 a.m.

Torpedoes hit the USS Indianapolis. The US Navy ship is returning from dropping off uranium for the Hiroshima atomic bomb when it is seen by chance by a Japanese submarine. With not enough time to launch sufficient life rafts, the sailors have only their life jackets for buoyancy. They suffer dehydration, exposure and attacks by sharks for five days. Out of the 1,197 sailors and marines on board, only 317 survive. Captain McVay is the only US Navy captain to be court martialled for losing his ship. Although cleared, he is found dead in 1968, his death caused by self-inflicted gunshot wounds.

(Monday 30 July 1945)

12.15 a.m.

Gas starts to leak from a pesticide plant in Bhopal, India. The cloud of toxic methyl isocyanate is blown across the local area and several thousand are killed immediately with more dying in the following years. The Indian government estimates that 500,000 people have suffered injuries from exposure to the gas. The owners of the factory, the American company Union Carbide, attempt to avoid responsibility and when they do pay compensation it is viewed as being insufficient for such a devastating tragedy. Bhopal becomes a byword for corporate negligence.

(Monday 3 December 1984)

12.15 a.m.

A 42-year-old Austrian woman called Elisabeth Fritzl finishes giving a statement to police. On the promise that she never has to see her father again, she tells police about her twenty-four years of incarceration in a small cellar under the family home. She reveals that she has been raped around 3,000 times by her father Joseph Fritzl, and had seven children by him, one of whom died as Fritzl wouldn’t seek medical help. He is tried and sentenced to life imprisonment for his crimes. The director of intensive medicine at the hospital says of Elisabeth: ‘I have rarely seen such a strong woman.’

(Sunday 27 April 2008)

12.20 a.m.

A Mercedes limousine carrying Diana, Princess of Wales, and her partner Dodi Fayed, crashes into a pillar in a Parisian underpass. The 65mph smash kills Diana, Fayed and the driver Henri Paul, who is later found to be over the legal drink-driving alcohol limit. Diana’s bodyguard Trevor Rees-Jones survives but his memory of the incident is impaired. The Princess of Wales’s death provokes unprecedented scenes of national mourning.

(Sunday 31 August 1997)

12.28 a.m.

The first bouncing bomb of the Dambusters raid is dropped. Wing Commander Guy Gibson’s Lancaster begins the low-level attack on Germany’s Ruhr dams using this unique weapon. The raid is costly: eight of 617 Squadron’s nineteen planes do not return and fifty-three of its men are killed. Over 1,300 German civilians, foreign labourers and Allied prisoners of war also die. While the mission is an operational success, its chief achievement is in its propaganda value.

(Monday 17 May 1943)

12.28 a.m.: First bomb is dropped in the Dambusters raid. (Arpingstone)

12.30 a.m.

The first of Captain Scott’s men dies in the Antarctic. Seaman Edgar Evans has been suffering from concussion and may have had a nervous breakdown. Returning from the disheartening discovery that they have been beaten to the South Pole by the Norwegians, Scott and four others are in the middle of facing the ‘800 miles of solid dragging’ that Scott described as lying ahead of them on their return. The British party have already been walking back from the Pole for a month when Evans dies, and continue for another month before being stopped by bad weather. In their last camp, on 29 March, Scott writes in his diary: ‘I do not think we can hope for any better things now. We shall stick it out to the end, but we are getting weaker, of course, and the end cannot be far. It seems a pity, but I do not think I can write more.’

(Sunday 18 February 1912)

12.30 a.m.

Rasputin leaves his St Petersburg apartment for an assignation with the wife of Prince Felix Yussupov. It is a ruse by the prince and other conspirators to get the ‘Mad Monk’ to a place where they hope to poison him. The attempt fails and in desperation Rasputin is beaten, shot and eventually dumped into the Neva River. Russians have become alarmed at the effect the ex-peasant has had on the country and the reputation of the monarchy. There are later claims that because Rasputin favoured withdrawing Russian troops from the fight against Germany and thereby increasing the amount of German soldiers to fight on the Western Front, a British Secret Service agent fires the fatal last shot.

(Saturday 17 December 1917)

12.44 a.m.

Timothy Leary dies of cancer. His exhortation to ‘Turn On, Tune In and Drop Out’ had been the clarion call for the psychedelic sixties. His advocation of expanding consciousness through the use of illegal drugs made him the target of federal authorities. President Nixon called Leary ‘the most dangerous man in America’. In 1973, the ex-Harvard lecturer is recaptured following a jail escape. He finds Charles Manson in a neighbouring cell. Manson tells him: ‘I’ve been waiting to talk to you for years.’

(Friday 31 May 1996)

12.45 a.m.

Joe Simpson reaches base camp. He is met by his climbing partner Simon Yates who cannot believe that Simpson is alive. The two had made the first ascent of the western face of the 21,000ft Peruvian Andes mountain Siula Grande but had run into difficulties on their descent. Simpson had fallen and shattered his leg and then had become stuck, suspended over a crevasse. Yates cut Simpson’s rope to save himself before making his own way off the mountain. Simpson falls 150ft into the crevasse and then crawls for three and a half days, dehydrated and in abject agony. When he reaches help he is near to death. Their experiences are related in the book and film Touching the Void.

(Tuesday 11 June 1985)

12.50 a.m.

After being chased through the streets of Los Angeles by police, Rodney King stops his car. He is subjected to a heavy beating by police officers. The incident is videotaped by a bystander and when the footage is shown on television it becomes a major story. The officers’ acquittal triggers riots that lead to fifty-three people being killed in Los Angeles. Two of the officers are later found guilty at a federal trial and King wins $3.8 million in damages.

(Sunday 3 March 1991)

12.55 a.m.

A light aircraft takes off from Mason City Municipal Airport in Iowa. On board are musicians Buddy Holly, Ritchie Valens and ‘The Big Bopper’ Jiles P. Richardson. The flight only lasts a few minutes, as the plane crashes into a field. All on board are killed. Buddy Holly only released three albums before his death but has had a huge influence on popular music. Singer-songwriter Don McLean later sang of this event as ‘the day the music died’.

(Tuesday 3 February 1959)

1.00 A.M. TO 1.59 A.M.

1.00 a.m.

A fire breaks out in a bakery in London’s Pudding Lane. It spreads and destroys eight tenths of the city within days. Despite the scale of the inferno, loss of life from the Great Fire of London is remarkably low. One positive benefit is the eradication of the plague that had been in the city since 1665, as the fire kills most of the rat population. London is rebuilt and one of its iconic landmarks is created: the new St Paul’s Cathedral. Designed by Christopher Wren, the cathedral survives another inferno in the Blitz of the Second World War.

(Sunday 2 September 1666)

1.00 a.m.

A resident of Abbottabad in Pakistan reports on social networking site Twitter that he can hear a helicopter. The helicopter is carrying American Special Forces soldiers, who enter a house inside a walled compound in the town. They find and shoot dead Osama Bin Laden, the leader of Islamic terrorist group Al-Qaeda.

(Monday 2 May 2011)

1.17 a.m.

Bobby Sands dies. The IRA prisoner has been on hunger strike for sixty-six days inside Belfast’s Maze prison. Nine more Irish republican hunger strikers follow him to their deaths. Their protests are aimed at improving conditions inside the prison. After the crisis is over, some of their demands are granted by the British government. Sands had been jailed for possession of a firearm used in a gunfight with Northern Ireland’s police force.

(Tuesday 5 May 1981)

1.00 a.m.: The Great Fire of London begins. (Yale Center for British Art)