Horticultural Reviews, Volume 42 E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Serie: Horticultural Reviews
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 990

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2014

Beschreibung

Horticultural Reviews presents state-of-the-art reviews on topics in horticultural science and technology covering both basic and applied research. Topics covered include the horticulture of fruits, vegetables, nut crops, and ornamentals. These review articles, written by world authorities, bridge the gap between the specialized researcher and the broader community of horticultural scientists and teachers.

Leseprobe

CONTENTS

Cover

Series Page

Title Page

Copyright

Contributors

Dedication: Pinhas Spiegel-Roy

Chapter 1: Ornamental Palms: Biology and Horticulture

I. Introduction

II. Palm Biology

III. Palm Production

IV. Landscape Management

V. Interiorscape Management

VI. Palm Problems

Literature Cited

Chapter 2: Nitric Oxide Applications for Quality Enhancement of Horticulture Produce

Abbreviations

I. Introduction

II. Nitric Oxide Chemistry and Biology

III. Nitric Oxide Effects on Postharvest Quality

IV. Nitric Oxide and Plant Hormones Cross Talk

V. Nitric Oxide in Disease Resistance

VI. Conclusions

Acknowledgments

Literature Cited

Chapter 3: Molecular Regulation of Storage Root Formation and Development in Sweet Potato

I. Introduction

II. Root System

III. Endogenous Growth Regulators Affecting Storage Root Formation and Development

IV. Storage Root Development

V. Gene Expression During Storage Root Formation and Development

VI. Conclusions and Prospects

Literature Cited

Chapter 4: Foliar Anthocyanins: A Horticultural Review

I. Introduction

II. Coloration in Horticultural Crops

III. Anthocyanins in Flowers and Fruits

IV. Foliar Anthocyanins

V. Anthocyanin Biosynthesis and Regulation

VI. Environmental Factors and Anthocyanin Accumulation

VII. Physiological Functions in Leaves

VIII. Anthocyanins Affect Leaf Photosynthetic Rate

IX. Future Research

Literature Cited

Chapter 5: Variability in Size and Soluble Solids Concentration in Peaches and Nectarines

I. Introduction

II. Environment and Tree Management Effects on Variation in Fruit Size and Soluble Solids

III. Fruit Sink Strength and Dry Matter Accumulation

IV. Flesh Anatomy, Fruit Size and Soluble Solids

V. Conclusions

Acknowledgments

Literature Cited

Chapter 6: Physiological Disorders of Mango Fruit

I. Introduction

II. Physiological Disorders

III. Storage Disorders

IV. Future Research Needs

Acknowledgments

Literature Cited

Chapter 7: Fusarium Wilt of Watermelon: 120 Years of Research

Abbreviations

I. Introduction

II. Physiological Specilaization in F. oxysporum

III. Effects of Inoculum and Root-Knot Nematodes on Wilt Resistance

IV. Infection, Colonization, and Survival

V. Management of Fusarium Wilt

VI. Concluding Remarks

Literature Cited

Subject Index

Cumulative Subject Index

Cumulative Contributor Index

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Table 1.1

Table 1.2

Table 1.3

Table 1.4

Table 2.1

Table 2.2

Table 4.1

Table 5.1

Table 6.1

Table 7.1

List of Illustrations

Plate 1.1

Fig. 2.1

Fig. 4.1

Fig. 4.2

Fig. 5.1

Fig. 5.2

Fig. 5.3

Fig. 6.1

Fig. 6.2

Fig. 6.3

Fig. 6.4

Fig. 7.1

Fig. 7.2

Fig. 7.3

Guide

Cover

Table of Contents

Begin Reading

Chapter 1

Pages

iii

iv

ix

x

xi

xii

xiii

xiv

xv

xvi

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

58

59

60

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

70

71

72

73

74

75

76

77

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

108

109

110

111

112

113

114

115

116

117

118

119

120

121

122

123

124

125

126

127

128

129

130

131

132

133

134

135

136

137

138

139

140

141

142

143

144

145

146

147

148

149

150

151

152

153

154

155

156

157

158

159

160

161

162

163

164

165

166

167

168

169

170

171

172

173

174

175

176

177

178

179

180

181

182

183

184

185

186

187

188

189

190

191

192

193

194

195

196

197

198

199

200

201

202

203

204

205

206

207

208

209

210

211

212

213

214

215

216

217

218

219

220

221

222

223

224

225

226

227

228

229

230

231

232

233

234

235

236

237

238

239

240

241

242

243

244

245

246

247

248

249

250

251

252

253

254

255

256

257

258

259

260

261

262

263

264

265

266

267

268

269

270

271

272

273

274

275

276

277

278

279

280

281

282

283

284

285

286

287

288

289

290

291

292

293

294

295

296

297

298

299

300

301

302

303

304

305

306

307

308

309

310

311

312

313

314

315

316

317

318

319

320

321

322

323

324

325

326

327

328

329

330

331

332

333

334

335

336

337

338

339

340

341

342

343

344

345

346

347

348

349

350

351

352

353

354

355

356

357

358

359

360

361

362

363

364

365

366

367

368

369

370

371

372

373

374

375

376

377

378

379

380

381

382

383

384

385

386

387

388

389

390

391

392

393

394

395

396

397

398

399

400

401

402

403

404

405

406

407

408

409

410

411

412

413

414

415

416

417

418

419

420

421

422

423

424

425

426

427

428

429

430

431

432

433

434

435

436

437

438

439

440

441

442

443

444

445

446

447

448

449

450

451

452

453

454

455

456

457

458

459

460

461

462

463

464

465

466

467

468

469

470

471

472

473

474

475

476

477

478

479

480

481

482

483

484

485

486

487

488

Horticultural Reviews is sponsored by:

American Society for Horticultural Science

International Society for Horticultural Science

Editorial Board, Volume 42

Mary Hochenberry MeyerMichael S. ReidDariusz Swietlik

Horticultural Reviews

Volume 42

edited by Jules Janick

Purdue University

A John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Publication

Copyright © 2014 by Wiley-Blackwell. All rights reserved

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey

Published simultaneously in Canada

Wiley-Blackwell is an imprint of John Wiley & Sons, Inc., formed by the merger of Wiley’s global Scientific, Technical, and Medical business with Blackwell Publishing.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, [phone], fax [phone], or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, [phone], fax [phone], or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permission.

Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.

For general information on our other products and services or for technical support, please contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at [phone], outside the United States at [phone] or fax [phone].

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic formats. For more information about Wiley products, visit our web site at www.wiley.com.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

ISBN 978-1-118-91679-7

Contributors

Jennifer K. Boldt, Application Technology Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Toledo, OH 43606, USA

T.K. Broschat, Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Davie, FL 33314, USA

S.K. Chakrabarti, Central Tuber Crops Research Institute, Sreekariyam, Thiruvananthapuram 695017, Kerala, India

M.L. Elliott, Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Davie, FL 33314, USA

John E. Erwin, Department of Horticultural Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA

John Golding, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Gosford NSW 2250, Australia

Ian Goodwin, Department of Environment & Primary Industries, AgriBio Centre, Latrobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia

Kapuganti J. Gupta, Biochemistry & Systems Biology, Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3RB, UK

D.R. Hodel, University of California, Cooperative Extension Alhambra, CA 91801, USA

Paul Holford, School of Science and Health, University of Western Sydney, Penrith NSW 2751, Australia

Veeresh Lokesh, Department of Plant Cell Biotechnology, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore 570020, Karnataka, India

John Lopresti, Department of Environment & Primary Industries, AgriBio Centre, Latrobe University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia

T. Makeshkumar, Central Tuber Crops Research Institute, Sreekariyam, Thiruvananthapuram 695017, Kerala, India

Girigowda Manjunatha, Department of Plant Pathology, University of Horticultural Sciences, Bagalkot 587102, Karnataka, India

Ray D. Martyn Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA

Barry McGlasson, School of Science and Health, University of Western Sydney, Penrith NSW 2751, Australia

Mary H. Meyer, Department of Horticultural Science, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA

Bhagyalakshmi Neelwarne, Department of Plant Cell Biotechnology, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore 570020, Karnataka, India

V. Ravi, Central Tuber Crops Research Institute, Sreekariyam, Thiruvananthapuram 695017, Kerala, India

R. Saravanan, Central Tuber Crops Research Institute, Sreekariyam, Thiruvananthapuram 695017, Kerala, India

S. Shivashankar, Division of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bangalore 560089, Karnataka, India

Zora Singh, Department of Environment and Agriculture/Horticulture, School of Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Curtin University, Perth, Australia

Pinhas Spiegel-Roy

Dedication: Pinhas Spiegel-Roy

This volume is dedicated to Dr. Pinhas Spiegel-Roy, Professor of Horticulture, in appreciation of his outstanding achievements in the genetics of fruit trees and the breeding of prime quality fruit tree cultivars. His novel citrus, table grapes, and almond cultivars, in particular, play currently an immense role in the Israeli and international fruit tree industry.

Pinhas was born in Mukachevo, Czechoslovakia in 1922 and graduated from high school with distinction. At the age of 18, in the midst of World War II (1940), he managed to immigrate to Israel (then Palestine) with a group of youth. In 1942 he attempted to enroll for Chemistry at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem but was not admitted, so he turned to Agriculture. His studies were interrupted by the 1948 Israeli War of Independence, in which he was injured. Soon afterward he joined the Department of Horticulture in the Israeli Government Experiment Station, now the Agricultural Research Organization (ARO) and completed his Ph.D. at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in 1954. In 1959 he came to the United States for a series of scientific visits at the University of California, Davis, and other leading agricultural institutions. This visit focused his interest on the genetics of fruit trees and paved the way for his major breeding research. Dr. Spiegel-Roy held a series of administrative positions, serving as Deputy Head of the Volcani Center (1966–1969) and Director of the ARO Institute of Horticulture (1969–1975). In 1969 he established the Fruit Crop Breeding Department in the ARO and served as its Head until his retirement in 1989.

Dr. Spiegel-Roy engaged in a broad array of international activities. He organized and chaired the 18th International Horticultural Congress (Tel Aviv, 1970) and served as Honorary President of the International Society for Horticultural Science (1966–1970). Spiegel-Roy served as a Professor of Horticulture at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and lectured also at the Technion, Israel Institute of Technology. He published over 100 articles in scientific journals and numerous notes and book chapters in local Israeli publications (in Hebrew). His Biology of Citrus (with E.E. Goldschmidt, Cambridge University Press, 1996) became an acknowledged citrus textbook worldwide. Dr. Spiegel-Roy's intellectual breadth and biotechnological breeding expertise made him a preferred invited speaker in international scientific conferences and symposia. When he attended a meeting, there was usually no need for an interpreter, since he mastered a large number of languages.

Although the foundations of the Israeli fruit tree introduction and breeding research approaches already existed, Dr. Spiegel-Roy may be righteously regarded as the initiator of modern fruit tree breeding research in Israel. He foresaw the future needs of the Israeli fruit industry and combined biotechnological approaches with classical breeding methods in an attempt to obtain new, productive, high-quality cultivars. The genetics of fruit trees self-incompatibility, parthenocarpy, and seedlessness were subject to penetrating research. Dr. Spiegel-Roy's broad horizons were revealed in a 1975, now classical, study of the origins and domestication of Old World fruit trees. He also identified the chimeral nature of ‘Shamouti’, the original Israeli ‘Jaffa’ orange.

Dr. Spiegel-Roy's seminal contribution to the breeding of table grapes deserves special attention. The importance of seedless grapes became evident at the beginning of the 1980s. Market demands for seedlessness grew constantly, and grape breeders worldwide tried to develop technologies to achieve this goal. Until that time breeders of grapes were able to cross only two seeded parents or a seeded maternal parent and a seedless paternal pollen donor. Using either of these combinations resulted in up to 80% of seeded F1 offspring among the progeny, thus rendering the development of truly seedless cultivar almost impossible. The hybridization of two seedless parents was impossible as an embryo rescue technology was not available to the grape breeders worldwide. His pioneering research (Spiegel-Roy, P., N. Sahar, J. Baron, and U. Lavi. 1985. In vitro culture and plant formation from grape cultivars with abortive ovules and seeds. J. Am. Soc. Hortic. Sci. 110:109–112) paved the way to the establishment of an in vitro, in-ovule embryo rescue procedure. This newly discovered technology enabled the use of both seedless maternal and paternal lines in a specific cross followed by embryo rescue. Even today, after several decades of scientific and practical scrutiny, this protocol is considered highly efficient, synchronous, and nonlaborious, enabling production of thousands of F1 grape plantlets annually. Numerous patented international cultivars were developed using this technology, including ‘Prime’, ‘Mystery’, ‘Rocky’, ‘Black Glory’, and ‘Big Pearl’. Dr. Spiegel-Roy's initial table grapes breeding program has been further developed and extended and is currently led by his former student Dr. Avichai Perl.

One of Dr. Spiegel-Roy's special talents was his ability to identify the needs and foresee the future prospects of every fruit crop. He understood that increasing yield and fruit quality are crucial for the developing almond industry and devised useful approaches to achieve these goals. Breeding for efficient pollinators that will cover the entire flowering season of the main Israeli cultivar ‘Um El Fahem’ and will be genetically compatible with its self-incompatibility genes was one major project. Another line of research consisted of breeding for new, self-compatible cultivars with high yield and large tasty kernel that do not require pollinator cultivars. Both of these activities have resulted in the establishment of several new cultivars and pollinators that constitute today the modern almond orchard in Israel. The array of self-compatible cultivars bred by Dr. Spiegel-Roy is currently used as a source for breeding new self-compatible cultivars that will eliminate the need for pollinators in the almond orchard altogether, and perhaps reduce the dependence on bees. All in all, Dr. Spiegel-Roy registered several novel almond cultivars, including ‘Gilad’, ‘Kochav’, ‘Kochva’, ‘Shefa’, and ‘Levad’; most of these cultivars are commercially grown in modern Israeli orchards. The almond breeding work is presently headed by Dr. Doron Holland.

Dr. Spiegel-Roy revolutionized the objectives of the Israeli citrus breeding research, identifying the production of seedless, easy-peeling mandarin cultivars as the major target for the future of the Israeli citrus industry. He developed a regenerative cell culture system, based on the natural regenerative potential of citrus nucellar cells. Further sophistication of the system enabled isolation, regeneration, and fusion of protoplasts, production of cybrids, plants from somatic fusion, and somaclonal variants. A peroxidase isozyme system was developed in order to distinguish between nucellar and zygotic seedlings of polyembryonic cultivars. A key role in this extensive research, as well as in the following breeding of new cultivars, was played by Dr. Spiegel-Roy's dedicated collaborator, Dr. Aliza Vardi, who also continued the project after his retirement. The breeding project is presently headed by Dr. Nir Carmi.

However, the real breakthrough in practical breeding of citrus cultivars did not emerge from the cell culture research, but rather from a combination of conventional breeding and irradiation-induced mutations. Although the initial idea of Dr. Spiegel-Roy was to irradiate cell cultures, irradiation of bud wood became the standard technique. Buds from old cultivars as well as newly released high-quality selections were irradiated with 60Co, with the aim of inducing seedlessness. An efficient protocol for shortening of the juvenile period and rapid screening for parthenocarpic ability was developed. This focused effort resulted in a series of high-quality mandarin (Citrus reticulata) hybrid cultivar releases (15 patented cultivars), several of which reached commercialization and export. Of particular significance is the highly praised ‘Orri’ mandarin cultivar. ‘Orri’ was developed from a selection of plants grown from irradiated bud wood of ‘Orah’, a ‘Kinnow’ × ‘Temple’ hybrid. ‘Orri’ is currently the major citrus export cultivar of Israel and is already grown in Spain and South Africa.

Pinhas Spiegel-Roy is currently in his early nineties. He is remembered by all his colleagues and former students as a warm, kind, welcoming, bright, and highly inspiring person, very supportive and always ready to help. His broad vision and penetrating scientific research culminated in remarkable breeding achievements, which place him as a founder of the modern Israeli fruit industry and a leader of world horticulture.

Eliezer E. Goldschmidt

The Hebrew University of Jerusalem Israel

1Ornamental Palms: Biology and Horticulture

T.K. Broschat and M.L. Elliott

Fort Lauderdale Research and Education CenterUniversity of Florida,Davie, FL 33314, USA

D.R. Hodel

University of CaliforniaCooperative Extension Alhambra,CA 91801, USA

Abstract

Ornamental palms are important components of tropical, subtropical, and even warm temperate climate landscapes. In colder climates, they are important interiorscape plants and are often a focal point in malls, businesses, and other public areas. As arborescent monocots, palms have a unique morphology and this greatly influences their cultural requirements. Ornamental palms are overwhelmingly seed propagated, with seeds of most species germinating slowly and being intolerant of prolonged storage or cold temperatures. They generally do not have dormancy requirements, but do require high temperatures (30–35°C) for optimum germination. Palms are usually grown in containers prior to transplanting into a field nursery or landscape. Because of their adventitious root system, large field-grown specimen palms can easily be transplanted. In the landscape, palm health and quality are greatly affected by nutritional deficiencies, which can reduce their aesthetic value, growth rate, or even cause death. Palm life can also be shortened by a number of diseases or insect pests, some of which are lethal, have no controls, or have wide host ranges. With the increasing use of palms in the landscape, pathogens and insect pests have moved with the palms, both between and within countries, with some having spread virtually worldwide.

KEYWORDS: Arecaceae; insect pests; nursery production; nutrient deficiencies; plant diseases; propagation; transplanting

I. Introduction

II. Palm Biology

A. What Is Palm?

B. Taxonomy and Distribution

C. Growth and Development

D. General Architectural Model

E. Morphological and Anatomical Features

1. Stems

2. Leaves

3. Inflorescences, Flowers, and Fruits

4. Roots

III. Palm Production

A. Propagation

1. Seed Propagation

2. Vegetative Propagation

3. Tissue Culture

B. Nursery Production

1. Container Production

2. Field Production of Palms

IV. Landscape Management

A. Transplanting

1. Root Regeneration in Palms

2. Palm Maturity Effects

3. Auxin Effects on Rooting

4. Seasonal Effects

5. Root Ball Size

6. Digging Palms

7. Transport and Handling

8. Planting

9. Planting Hole Amendments

10. Leaf Removal and Tying

11. Transplanting Container-Grown Palms

B. Fertilization and Irrigation

C. Pruning

D. Growth Regulator Effects

V. Interiorscape Management

A. Palm Selection for Interiorscape Use

B. Installation

C. Soil or Planting Substrate

D. Light

E. Relative Humidity

F. Temperature

G. Water

H. Fertilization

VI. Palm Problems

A. Physiological Disorders

1. Chemical Toxicities

2. Temperature-Related Disorders

3. Water-Related Problems

4. Salt Injury

5. Root Suffocation

6. Shallow Planting (Inverted Root Cone)

7. Lightning Injury

8. Powerline Decline

9. Sunburn

10. Wind Damage