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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
- Sprache: Englisch
Comprehensive guide to hybrid communication systems using visible light communication, radio over fiber, and auto channel switching technologies
Hybrid Communication Systems for Future 6G and Beyond explores the future of wireless communication and discusses how we can create more efficient and reliable ways to communicate by unlocking the potential of three specific technologies: visible light communication (VLC), radio over fiber (RoF) technology, and auto channel switching.
This book begins by exploring the potential of VLC technology, which is currently considered the best alternative to wireless communication. It then moves on to describe how RoF technology can provide a powerful backhaul solution for VLC. Later chapters cover auto channel switching and how it can facilitate data traffic sharing between WiFi and LiFi technologies.
Case studies of successful hybrid communication system implementations are included throughout the text to showcase real-world applications and aid in reader comprehension.
Written by a highly qualified author with experience in both academia and industry, Hybrid Communication Systems for Future 6G and Beyond includes information on:
- The evolution, advantages, and disadvantages of hybrid systems, as well as their current limitations and potential solutions to these limitations
- RoF modulation techniques, including direct and external modulation, and RoF configuration, including intermediate frequency over fiber, baseband over fiber, and millimeter-wave signal generation
- RoF system level analysis, covering encoding formats, PIN and APD photodiodes, and various experiments and simulations
- Hybrid communication technology that incorporates wireless Wi-Fi and Visible Light Communication (VLC) such as Li-Fi, to support the upcoming 6G and beyond high-speed communication networks
Hybrid Communication Systems for Future 6G and Beyond is an invaluable resource for students, researchers, and professionals in the fields of telecommunications and electronic networking who are interested in designing and implementing hybrid communication systems.
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Seitenzahl: 178
Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2024
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Table of Contents
Cover
Table of Contents
Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
About the Author
Acknowledgments
Introduction
1 Introduction
1.1 Overview
1.2 Radio Frequency Communication
1.3 Optical Communication
1.4 Hybrid System
1.5 History of Visible Light Communication
1.6 Visible Light Communication
References
2 Visible Light Communication
2.1 Overview
2.2 Background
2.3 VLC for Indoor Communication
2.4 Opportunities and Limitations
2.5 Modulation Techniques
2.6 Light Fidelity and Wireless Fidelity Comparison
2.7 VLC Transmitter and Receiver
References
3 Radio over Fiber System
3.1 Overview
3.2 Radio over Fiber Link Configuration
3.3 Radio over Fiber System-Level Analysis
3.4 Simulation
3.5 Future Multifunctional RoF Home Network
References
4 Digital Coherent Integration with Radio over Fiber
4.1 Digital Coherent System Analysis
4.2 Software Implementation
4.3 Digital Coherent RoF System Analysis
References
5 Proposed Hybrid System for Indoor VLC
5.1 Overview
5.2 Proposed System Design
5.3 Proposed Auto Channel Switching Unit (ACSU)
5.4 Feasibility Analysis
References
6 Proposed Indoor Hybrid System Modeling
6.1 Modeling of Indoor Hybrid System for VLC
6.2 VLC and RoF Indoor Downloading
6.3 Wi-Fi and RoF for Indoor Purposes
7 Conclusion and Future Work
7.1 Conclusion
7.2 Future Work
7.3 Applications of VLC in 6G and Above Communication
8 The Role of AI and Machine Learning in 6G
8.1 Overview of AI and ML Concepts
8.2 Evolution of AI in Telecommunications
8.3 Why AI and ML are Critical for 6G
8.4 Applications of AI and ML in Wireless Networks
8.5 6G and Visible Light Communication (VLC)
9 Future Research Directions for Visible Light Communication (VLC) in 6G Networks
9.1 VLC with Terahertz
9.2 Enhanced Modulation and Coding Schemes
9.3 Hybrid VLC-RF Networks
9.4 Massive MIMO and Beamforming Techniques
9.5 Network Slicing and Service Differentiation
9.6 Energy-Efficient VLC Systems
9.7 Security and Privacy Enhancements
Index
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
Chapter 3
Table 3.1 Millimeter-wave signal generation techniques.
Chapter 5
Table 5.1 Simulation parameters.
Table 5.2 Bandwidth for different applications.
Chapter 6
Table 6.1 Experiment parameters.
List of Illustrations
Chapter 1
Figure 1.1 Growth of wireless connected devices.
Figure 1.2 Electromagnetic spectrum chart.
Figure 1.3 Radio frequency system block diagram.
Figure 1.4 Optical system block diagram.
Figure 1.5 Optical and wireless hybrid network.
Figure 1.6 Pure Li-Fi device with Ethernet connection.
Figure 1.7 A USB device with IR connectivity. pureLiFi / https://factsc.com/...
Chapter 2
Figure 2.1 Visible light communication spectrum.
Figure 2.2 Bell’s photo-phone. Bommervoice.ca / https://boomervoice.ca/explo...
Figure 2.3 VLC architecture.
Figure 2.4 Li-Fi bulb.
Figure 2.5 Increases in indoor wireless communication.
Figure 2.6 Li-Fi & Wi-Fi comparison.
Figure 2.7 Li-Fi & Wi-Fi throughput versus distance.
Chapter 3
Figure 3.1 Radio over fiber base station (a) without EAM (b) with EAM.
Figure 3.2 RoF direct modulation.
Figure 3.3 Radio over fiber externa modulation.
Figure 3.4 RoF link configuration (a) RF over fiber (b) IF over fiber (c) BB...
Figure 3.5 NRZ and RZ simulation setup.
Figure 3.6 Oscilloscope analysis (a) NRZ (b) RZ.
Figure 3.7 Spectrum analysis (a) NRZ (b) RZ.
Figure 3.8 Radio over fiber system in OptiSystem.
Figure 3.9 PIN & APD
Q
-factor graph.
Figure 3.10 PIN & APD eye diagram.
Figure 3.11 Multifrequency RoF system.
Figure 3.12 Experiment RoF system overview.
Figure 3.13 Multifrequency RoF system in OptiSystem.
Figure 3.14 Eye diagram for (a) 2.5 GHz and (b) 29 GHz.
Chapter 4
Figure 4.1 Optical commercial development map.
Figure 4.2 Digital coherent optical transceiver system overview.
Figure 4.3 Optical and electrical signal flow in digital coherent optical tr...
Figure 4.4 Digital coherent transmitter.
Figure 4.5 Digital coherent receiver.
Figure 4.6 A DSP module in a digital coherent receiver.
Figure 4.7 DP-QPSK (a) modulation (b) receiver schematic.
Figure 4.8 System design for 115 Gbps.
Figure 4.9 Constellation diagram (1, 3) before DSP (2, 4) after DSP.
Figure 4.10 Proposed digital coherent RoF block diagram.
Figure 4.11 Proposed digital coherent radio over fiber system level architec...
Figure 4.12 Digital coherent radio over fiber system design in OptiSystem.
Figure 4.13 110 GB, 60–140 km (a) DP-QPSK (b) 16 QAM.
Figure 4.14 Eye diagram (a) 2.4 GHz (b) 5 GHz.
Chapter 5
Figure 5.1 Future hybrid fiber network.
Figure 5.2 Indoor visible light hybrid system.
Figure 5.3 Proposed hybrid system block diagram.
Figure 5.4 Proposed hybrid system architecture.
Figure 5.5 OFDM coherent RoF system modeling in OptiSystem.
Figure 5.6 Coherent TX.
Figure 5.7 Coherent RX.
Figure 5.8 APD and PIN diode performance analysis.
Figure 5.9 PIN and APD
Q
-factor analysis.
Figure 5.10 Signal constellation results: (a) DP-QPSK, (b) 16-QAM, (c) 4-QAM...
Figure 5.11 Hybrid system with auto channel switching unit.
Figure 5.12 Auto channel switching unit architecture.
Figure 5.13 Indoor hybrid network.
Figure 5.14 Auto channel switching unit flow chart.
Figure 5.15 ACSU signal flow diagram.
Figure 5.16 ACSU signal simulation.
Figure 5.17 Simplifies ACSU signal diagram.
Chapter 6
Figure 6.1 Overview of hybrid system.
Figure 6.2 VLC system model for hybrid system simulation.
Figure 6.3 Eye diagram (a) 1 m (b) 2 m (c) 3 m.
Figure 6.4 16-QAM constellation diagram for (a) 1 m (b) 2 m (c) 3 m.
Figure 6.5
Q
-factor analysis of VLC.
Figure 6.6 Hybrid system downlink transmission.
Figure 6.7 16-QAM constellation diagram (a) 1 m (b) 2 m (c) 3 m.
Figure 6.8 Downlink system performance.
Figure 6.9 Wi-Fi uploading test.
Figure 6.10 Wi-Fi signal over radio over fiber.
Figure 6.11 Wi-Fi over RoF with and without DPD.
Guide
Cover
Table of Contents
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
About the Author
Acknowledgments
Introduction
Begin Reading
Index
End User License Agreement
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IEEE Press445 Hoes LanePiscataway, NJ 08854
IEEE Press Editorial BoardSarah Spurgeon, Editor-in-Chief
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Brian Johnson
Hai Li
James Lyke
Joydeep Mitra
Desineni Subbaram Naidu
Tony Q. S. Quek
Behzad Razavi
Thomas Robertazzi
Diomidis Spinellis
Hybrid Communication Systems for Future 6G and Beyond
Visible Light Communication & Radio over Fiber Technology
Rao Kashif
Faculty of Engineering & Computing National University of Modern Languages, Pakistan
Copyright © 2025 by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Kashif, Rao, author.
Title: Hybrid communication systems for future 6G and beyond : visible light communication & radio over fiber technology / Rao Kashif.
Description: Hoboken, New Jersey : Wiley, [2025] | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2024035048 (print) | LCCN 2024035049 (ebook) | ISBN 9781394230280 (hardback) | ISBN 9781394230303 (adobe pdf) | ISBN 9781394230297 (epub)
Subjects: LCSH: Optical communications. | FiWi access networks. | 6G mobile communication systems.
Classification: LCC TK5103.59 .K367 2025 (print) | LCC TK5103.59 (ebook) | DDC 621.382/7–dc23/eng/20240819
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2024035048
LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2024035049
Cover Design: WileyCover Image: © elen_studio/Shutterstock
To my beloved parents, siblings, and cherished wife,
Throughout every chapter of my life and in the creation of this work, your unwavering love, support, and encouragement have been my guiding lights. You have stood by me with boundless patience, understanding, and belief in my abilities, inspiring me to reach new heights and pursue my dreams relentlessly.
To my parents, your sacrifices and wisdom have paved the path for my journey, instilling in me values of perseverance, integrity, and compassion that continue to shape my character and endeavors.
To my siblings, your camaraderie and shared experiences have enriched my life immeasurably, reminding me of the importance of kinship and the strength found in unity.
And to my beloved wife, your unwavering love, patience, and unwavering belief in me have been my constant source of strength and inspiration. Your support has been my anchor, grounding me in times of uncertainty and propelling me forward with renewed determination.
This work is dedicated to you, with deepest love, gratitude, and appreciation for the profound impact you have had on my life and the creation of this endeavor.
About the Author
Dr. Rao Kashif is a distinguished figure in the field of wireless communication, renowned for his expertise in wireless optical system design, particularly in the domains of visible light communication (VLC) and radio-over-fiber (RoF) technology. He earned his PhD in wireless communication from the University of Science and Technology of China (USTC), a prestigious institution ranked among the top 100 universities worldwide by the QS World University Rankings.
With a wealth of experience and accolades to his name, Dr. Kashif has made significant contributions to the advancement of wireless communication technologies. During his tenure at Huawei Technologies, he served as a technical project manager, where his innovative approaches and leadership skills led to the successful implementation of numerous network designs. His exemplary performance earned him the Huawei Future Star Award, recognizing his outstanding contributions to the field.
Currently, Dr. Kashif holds the position of assistant professor and head of department at the National University of Modern Languages, Pakistan, within the Faculty of Engineering and Computing. In addition to his academic responsibilities, he served as the managing director of the Center to Advance Level Research and Development in Information and Communication Technology Research Center. In these roles, Dr. Kashif continues to drive cutting-edge research initiatives and mentor the next generation of engineers and researchers.
Dr. Kashif’s research interests lie at the intersection of wireless communication and optical systems, with a particular focus on VLC and RoF technology. His groundbreaking work in these areas has garnered international recognition and has been published in esteemed journals and conferences.
Through his book, Hybrid Communication Systems for Future 6G and Beyond, Dr. Rao Kashif aims to share his expertise and insights with fellow researchers, engineers, and practitioners, providing a comprehensive resource for those seeking to explore the frontiers of indoor wireless networks.
Acknowledgments
First and foremost, I extend my heartfelt gratitude to Allah Almighty for granting me the strength and resilience throughout the process of writing this book. I am deeply indebted to my beloved parents and sibling for their unwavering support, encouragement, and understanding, which have been my pillars of strength.
I am immensely thankful to the National University of Modern Languages, Pakistan, for providing me with the conducive environment and resources essential for the fruition of this endeavor. The academic atmosphere fostered by NUML has been instrumental in shaping my thoughts and ideas.
I extend my sincere appreciation to the Center to Advance Level Research and Development (SMC-PVT) Ltd. for their invaluable experimental support, which significantly enriched the content of this work.
Special gratitude is extended to my alma mater, the University of Science and Technology of China, and the Micro-/Nano-Electronic Integration Center (MESIC) for their profound impact on my academic journey. I am particularly indebted to my esteemed PhD supervisor, Prof. Fujiang Lin, for his exceptional guidance, mentorship, and expertise in the realm of visible light communication. His unwavering support and encouragement have been instrumental in shaping my research endeavors and scholarly pursuits.
Introduction
In the ever-evolving landscape of wireless communication, the quest for efficient, reliable, and high-speed data transmission has become increasingly paramount. As the demand for seamless connectivity burgeons, particularly within indoor environments, novel technologies are essential to surmount the prevailing challenges and usher in a new era of communication infrastructures.
Hybrid Communication Systems for Future 6G and Beyond serves as a comprehensive exploration into the realm of cutting-edge communication technologies, with a particular focus on hybrid systems designed to optimize indoor wireless networks. This book delves into the convergence of various communication mediums, ranging from radio frequency (RF) and optical communication to visible light communication (VLC), to address the escalating data traffic demands in indoor environments.
The journey begins with an insightful overview of existing communication mediums, highlighting the potential of hybrid systems as a promising solution to overcome the limitations inherent in traditional wireless communication. This introductory section explores the exponential growth in indoor wireless communication and the necessity for novel technologies to manage the escalating data traffic. Emphasis is placed on the pivotal role of hybrid systems in optimizing indoor wireless communication networks, elucidating the synergy between various communication technologies to meet the evolving demands of modern communication infrastructures.
Subsequent sections delve into specialized domains, exploring advanced topics such as indoor VLC, radio-over-fiber systems, digital coherent integration, and proposed hybrid systems for indoor communication. These sections meticulously dissect the intricacies of system components, digital signal processing technologies, modulation schemes, and practical implementation considerations. Through comprehensive simulations, analysis, and real-world experiments, the book offers insights into the design and optimization of advanced communication infrastructures tailored for indoor environments.
With its interdisciplinary approach and forward-thinking perspectives, Hybrid Communication Systems for Future 6G and Beyond promises to be an invaluable resource for researchers, engineers, and practitioners striving to shape the future of wireless communication in indoor environments. By bridging the gap between theory and practice, this book provides a roadmap for the development and deployment of innovative communication solutions to meet the evolving demands of indoor wireless networks.
1Introduction
1.1 Overview
Over the past 30 years, mobile networks have revolutionized the way in which we are connected. Mobile is and continues to be the world’s most rapidly adopted technology, from education and entertainment to innovative new applications and services that are transforming how business is conducted around the world. Mobile is boosting our economies, transforming our communities, and empowering people in ways impossible to predict just a few years ago. The spectrum is the lifeblood that fuels this mobile connectivity; however, it is a finite resource. Every four years, the world’s governments come together to agree on how the radio spectrum may be used during treaty negotiations of the World Radiocommunication Conference. It can take a decade before any new mobile spectrum can be used in new services and devices. With increasing smartphone adoption and advances in mobile technology enabling faster networks, people are using an ever-increasing amount of data. This always-on, always-connected demand will require access to a much wider mobile spectrum. The growth prediction of the Internet of Things (IoT) is illustrated in Figure 1.1. According to reference [1], there will be approximately 28 billion connected devices by 2021. The IoT will connect all indoor devices to the Internet, and we can imagine that the number of indoor communication devices will increase by a substantial amount.
1.2 Radio Frequency Communication
Radio frequency (RF) is a form of energy in the modification of time-dependent electronic and magnetic fields. In short, it is an electromagnetic wave that propagates readily in a vacuum, in space, or in solid-state media such as metal on a circuit board or through a coaxial cable, or it can propagate out of an antenna into space. In former times, people referred to it as a medium to carry electromagnetic waves; however, that notion was incorrect – it simply takes space. Our three-dimensional world carries these types of waves. We said RF is an electromagnetic wave; more specifically, only wave frequencies between 1 MHz and 3 GHz are called RF. Waves above 3 GHz and up to 30 GHz are referred to as microwaves. Higher frequencies between 30 and 300 GHz are termed as millimeter waves. Figure 1.2[2] presents a chart of the electromagnetic spectrum. Along with frequency and wavelength, power is another crucial parameter to consider. The power of waves is directly proportional to the coverage. From cellular communication to Wi-Fi, Zigbee, BLE, and RF are serving the modern world in all fields of life. RF is currently the most widely used medium of communication. However, as we are moving toward faster and more secure communication for the IoT and other applications, there are several issues that the RF industry is facing. Researchers are always trying to provide the best solutions with updates to the spectrum and technologies. Figure 1.3 illustrates a typical RF transceiver.
Figure 1.1 Growth of wireless connected devices.
Figure 1.2 Electromagnetic spectrum chart.
Figure 1.3 Radio frequency system block diagram.
1.2.1 Limitations for Future RF Communication
In future 6G communication networks, RF communication may encounter several limitations, including.
1.2.1.1 Spectrum Congestion
With the increasing demand for wireless connectivity and the proliferation of connected devices, the available RF spectrum is becoming increasingly congested. This congestion can lead to interference and reduced network performance.
1.2.1.2 Limited Bandwidth
RF communication is constrained by the available bandwidth in the RF spectrum. As data rates continue to increase with emerging applications such as virtual reality, augmented reality, and high-definition video streaming, the limited bandwidth of RF communication may become a bottleneck.
