Hybrid Nanomaterials E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 852

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2017

Beschreibung

The book highlights applications of hybrid materials in solar energy systems, lithium ion batteries, electromagnetic shielding, sensing of pollutants and water purification. A hybrid material is defined as a material composed of an intimate mixture of inorganic components, organic components, or both types of components. In the last few years, a tremendous amount of attention has been given towards the development of materials for efficient energy harvesting; nanostructured hybrid materials have also been gaining significant advances to provide pollutant free drinking water, sensing of environmental pollutants, energy storage and conservation. Separately, intensive work on high performing polymer nanocomposites for applications in the automotive, aerospace and construction industries has been carried out, but the aggregation of many fillers, such as clay, LDH, CNT, graphene, represented a major barrier in their development. Only very recently has this problem been overcome by fabrication and applications of 3D hybrid nanomaterials as nanofillers in a variety of polymers. This book, Hybrid Nanomaterials, examines all the recent developments in the research and specially covers the following subjects: * 3D hybrid nanomaterials nanofillers * Hybrid nanostructured materials for development of advanced lithium batteries * High performing hybrid nanomaterials for supercapacitor applications * Nano-hybrid materials in the development of solar energy applications * Application of hybrid nanomaterials in water purification * Advanced nanostructured materials in electromagnetic shielding of radiations * Preparation, properties and application of hybrid nanomaterials in sensing of environmental pollutants * Development of hybrid fillers/polymer nanocomposites for electronic applications * High performance hybrid filler reinforced epoxy nanocomposites * State-of-the-art overview of elastomer/hybrid filler nanocomposites

Leseprobe

Contents

Cover

Title page

Copyright page

Preface

Chapter 1: Hybrid Nanostructured Materials for Advanced Lithium Batteries

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Battery Requirements

1.3 Survey of Rechargeable Batteries

1.4 Advanced Materials for Electrodes

1.5 Future Battery Strategies

1.6 Limitations of Existing Strategies

1.7 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 2: High Performing Hybrid Nanomaterials for Supercapacitor Applications

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Scope of the Chapter

2.3 Characterization of Hybrid Nanomaterials

2.4 Hybrid Nanomaterials as Electrodes for Supercapacitor

2.5 Applications of Supercapacitor

2.6 Conclusions

References

Chapter 3: Nanohybrid Materials in the Development of Solar Energy Applications

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Significance of Nanohybrid Materials

3.3 Synthetic Strategies

3.4 Application in Solar Energy Conversion

3.5 Summary

References

Chapter 4: Hybrid Nanoadsorbents for Drinking Water Treatment: A Critical Review

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Status and Health Effects of Different Pollutants

4.3 Removal Technologies

4.4 Hybrid Nanoadsorbent

4.5 Issues and Challenges

4.6 Conclusions

References

Chapter 5: Advanced Nanostructured Materials in Electromagnetic Interference Shielding

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Theoretical Aspect of EMI Shielding

5.3 Experimental Methods in Measuring Shielding Effectiveness

5.4 Carbon Allotrope-Based Polymer Nanocomposites

5.5 Intrinsically Conducting Polymer (ICP) Derived Nanocomposites

5.6 Summary

Acknowledgement

References

Chapter 6: Preparation, Properties and the Application of Hybrid Nanomaterials in Sensing Environmental Pollutants

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Hybrid Nanomaterials: Smart Material for Sensing Environmental Pollutants

6.3 Synthesis Methods of Hybrid Nanomaterials

6.4 Basic Mechanism of Gas Sensors Using Hybrid Nanomaterials

6.5 Hybrid Nanomaterials-Based Conductometric Gas Sensors for Environmental Monitoring

6.6 Conclusion

References

Chapter 7: Development of Hybrid Fillers/Polymer Nanocomposites for Electronic Applications

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Factors Influencing the Properties of Filler/Polymer Composite

7.3 Hybridization of Fillers in Polymer Composites

7.4 Hybrid Fillers in Polymer Nanocomposites

7.5 Fabrication Methods of Hybrid Fillers/Polymer Composites

7.6 Applications of Hybrid Fillers/Polymer Composites

References

Chapter 8: High Performance Hybrid Filler Reinforced Epoxy Nanocomposites

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Reinforcing Fillers

8.3 Necessity of Hybrid Filler Systems

8.4 Epoxy Resin

8.5 Preparation of Hybrid Filler/Epoxy Nanocomposites

8.6 Characterization of Hybrid Filler/Epoxy Polymer Composites

8.7 Properties of the Hybrid Filler/Epoxy Nanocomposites

8.8 Summary and Future Prospect

References

Chapter 9: Recent Developments in Elastomer/Hybrid Filler Nanocomposites

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Preparation Methods of Elastomer Nanocomposites

9.3 Hybrid Fillers in Elastomer Nanocomposites

9.4 Mechanical Properties of Hybrid Filler Incorporated Elastomer Nanocomposites

9.5 Dynamical Mechanical Analysis (DMA) of Elastomer Nanocomposites

9.6 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) of Hybrid Filler Incorporated Elastomer Nanocomposites

9.7 Differential Scanning Calorimetric (DSC) Analysis of Hybrid Filler Incorporated Elastomer Nanocomposites

9.8 Electrical Conductivity of Hybrid Filler Incorporated Elastomer Nanocomposites

9.9 Thermal Conductivity of Hybrid Filler Incorporated Elastomer Nanocomposites

9.10 Dielectric Properties of Hybrid Filler Incorporated Elastomer Nanocomposits

9.11 Shape Memory Property of Hybrid Filler Incorporated Elastomer Nanocomposites

9.12 Summary

Acknowledgment

References

Index

Guide

Cover

Copyright

Contents

Begin Reading

List of Tables

Chapter 1

Table 1.1 Commonly used rechargeable battery systems. (Adapted from with kind permission from [26]; Copyright © 2012 Royal Society of Chemistry)

Chapter 2

Table 2.1 Electrochemical performance of different metal-based hybrid materials.

Table 2.2 Electrochemical performance of different conducting polymer-based hybrid materials.

Chapter 4

Table 4.1 Sources of arsenic, fluoride, and several heavy metals in water.

Table 4.2 Health effects of several water pollutants and the associated risk-based standards for safe drinking water.

Table 4.3 Disadvantages of some popularly adopted methods used for contaminant removal in drinking water treatment.

Table 4.4 Adsorption capacity of macro- and nanoscale adsorbents.

Table 4.5 Hybrid nanoadsorbent for arsenic removal.

Table 4.6 Hybrid nanoadsorbent for fluoride removal.

Table 4.7 Hybrid nanoadsorbent for heavy metal removal.

Chapter 5

Table 5.1 Preparative method, percolation threshold (wt%), wt/vol % filler in polymer film, its thickness, conductivity, EMI SE (Dominant shielding mechanism) and frequency range for polymer nanocomposites of SWCNT and MWCNT

Table 5.2 Preparative method, percolation threshold (wt%), filler (wt/vol %) in polymer film, its thickness, conductivity, frequency range and EMI SE including dominant shielding mechanism for nano composites of graphene, reduced graphene oxide.

Table 5.3 Preparative method, percolation threshold (wt%), wt/vol % filler in polymer film, its thickness, conductivity, EMI SE (Dominant shielding mechanism) and frequency range for nanocomposites of conducting polymers.

Chapter 8

Table 8.1 The mechanical properties of the hybrid filler epoxy nanocomposites.

Table 8.2 The electrical and thermal conductivity of the hybrid filler epoxy nanocomposites.

Table 9.1 Details of 3D and other hybrid fillers used in preparation of elastomer nanocomposites.

Table 9.2 Summary of mechanical properties of neat TPU and its composites. (Reproduced from [49] with permission from Elsevier).

Table 9.3 Mechanical performance of HBPU and its NCs. (Reproduced from [61] with permission from Royal Society of Chemistry).

Table 9.4 Summary of mechanical properties of VMQ and its nanocomposites. (Reproduced from [113] with permission from Wiley).

Table 9.5 Summery of the mechanical properties of SR and its composites. (Reproduced from [116] with permission from Elsevier).

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Scrivener Publishing100 Cummings Center, Suite 541JBeverly, MA 01915-6106

Publishers at ScrivenerMartin Scrivener ([email protected])Phillip Carmical ([email protected])

Hybrid Nanomaterials

Advances in Energy, Environment and Polymer Nanocomposites

Edited by

Suneel Kumar Srivastava

Vikas Mittal

This edition first published 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA and Scrivener Publishing LLC, 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J, Beverly, MA 01915, USA© 2017 Scrivener Publishing LLCFor more information about Scrivener publications please visit www.scrivenerpublishing.com.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataISBN 978-1-119-16034-2

Preface

A hybrid material is defined as a material composed of an intimate mixture of inorganic components, organic components, or both types of components. In this regard, 3D hybrid materials have been receiving continuous attention. They can be prepared by hybridizing 1D (MWCNTs, CNF, etc.) and 2D (molybdenum disulfide, titanium disulfide, tungsten disulfide, Na-montmorillonite, layered double hydroxide, graphene, etc.) materials. In addition, formation of hybrid materials has also been reported considering other combinations. These different types of hybrid materials have currently been garnering tremendous attention for their possible use in developing materials for efficient energy harvesting. Nanostructured hybrid materials have also seen many significant advances in providing pollutant-free drinking water, sensing of environmental pollutants, energy storage and conversion. In addition, they have also been used in shielding material to interfere with electromagnetic waves originating from different electronic instruments and appliances, which deteriorate their performance and adversely affect human health. Ever since it was first reported that the work done by a group of researchers at Toyota dramatically improved the properties of polyamide 6 by incorporating modified low content of montmorillonite, immense interest has been generated in developing such high performing polymer nanocomposites for applications in the automotive, aerospace and construction sectors, among others. However, the aggregation of many types of fillers, such as clay, LDH, CNT, graphene, etc., remains a major barrier to their development. Recently, this problem has been overcome by the fabrication and application of 3D hybrid nanomaterials as nanofillers in a variety of polymers. More importantly, these 3D hybrid-filled polymer nanocomposites exhibit synergistic properties, unlike individual phases or their microcomposites alone. Therefore, the development of simple, convenient and efficient methods for the fabrication of hybrid nanomaterials and the realization of their applications in energy, environment and polymer nanocomposites remain a challenging task.

In view of this, the chapters of this book entitled Hybrid Nanomaterials: Advances in Energy, Environment and Polymer Nanocomposites, introduce readers to the following emerging research topics:

Chapter 1: Hybrid nanostructured materials for development of advanced lithium batteries

Chapter 2: High performing hybrid nanomaterials for supercapacitor applications

Chapter 3: Nanohybrid materials in the development of solar energy applications

Chapter 4: Application of hybrid nanomaterials in water purification

Chapter 5: Advanced nanostructured materials in electromagnetic interference shielding

Chapter 6: Preparation, properties and application of hybrid nanomaterials in sensing of environmental pollutants

Chapter 7: Development of hybrid fillers/polymer nanocomposites for electronic applications

Chapter 8: High performance hybrid filler reinforced epoxy nanocomposites

Chapter 9: Recent developments in elastomer/hybrid filler nanocomposites

It is expected that these simple, attractive, versatile, technological developments in hybrid materials and their applications will provide a better understanding of the currently ongoing research in related fields.

Finally, support from Mr. Martin Scrivener, publisher and our family members are gratefully acknowledged.

Suneel Kumar Srivastava and Vikas Mittal March 2017

Chapter 1Hybrid Nanostructured Materials for Advanced Lithium Batteries

Soumyadip Choudhury* and Manfred Stamm*

Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research, Dresden, Dresden, Germany

*Corresponding authors: [email protected]; [email protected]

Abstract

Efficient energy storage devices are progressively gaining importance due to the limited reserve of fossil fuels and advancement of alternative energy sources. Lithium-based battery systems have acquired a leading position in electrochemical energy storage and have become an important element in the replacement of conventional gasoline-driven vehicles with electrically driven ones. State-of-the-art lithium-ion batteries still cannot fulfill capacity requirements, and lithium-sulfur and lithium-air batteries might be promising for the high-energy-density batteries of the future. In this chapter, a brief overview of common lithium-ion batteries as well as of advanced battery systems is provided, including principles of operation, methods of fabrication utilizing nanohybrids for improved performance, and some aspects for further improvements.

Keywords: Nanostructured materials, hybrid materials, lithium-ion batteries, lithium-sulfur batteries, lithium-air batteries

1.1 Introduction

In our society, the worldwide demand for electric energy consumption is progressively increasing day by day, and energy is being exploited in everything from mobile electronics to portable electronic gadgets and, ultimately, electrically driven vehicles. This increasing demand has caused a rapid rise of both primary and secondary batteries. In the 21st century, the steep growth of energy demand and environmental concerns associated with global warming, and a limited reserve of fossil fuels, has brought a serious note to the work of politicians and researchers in finding alternatives to the sole dependency on fossil fuels. Energy resources, such as hydroelectric, nuclear, and renewable resources like sun, wind, biological and tidal powers, are competing candidates as alternatives to fossil fuels. Hydroelectric power is a clean source of energy that requires storage of the potential energy of water in dams in suitable regions which are not available everywhere. Nuclear power, although used in different countries at large scale, causes radioactive hazards associated with long-term storage of radioactive wastes, and safety aspects are primary hindrances to be taken care of, especially in the wake of the Fukushima disaster. Although renewable sources offer clean energy, the intermittent nature of sources like the sun, wind or tidal waves practically restricts the continuous production of energy from these sources [1]. In that case, the renewable energies have to be stored when they are available and supplied on demand. These systems can only be operated reasonably with powerful energy storage units, like thermal or chemical storage units including high-energy batteries, to strategically balance source variability and power requirement.

The accumulators (or secondary or rechargeable batteries) can be exploited as a component of energy storage system for giant electric grids, but mostly for local energy storage for smart grids in localized communities; in addition, they are used in consumer electronics to a large extent and are essential for the progress of e-mobility. Nowadays, the rechargeable batteries find applications in laptops, cell phones, medical implants, power tools, toys and many different portable electronic gadgets. In recent years, there has been a strong drive towards research and development to replace gasoline-driven cars with e-cars with rechargeable batteries. So, secondary batteries are now being exploited in high-end applications; for example, in transportation sectors, defense, or aerospace applications as well. State-of-the-art lithium-ion battery technology suffices for batteries for electronic gadgets, but to broaden the prospects of batteries in transportation sectors, a dramatic boost in the current battery technology has to be executed [2].

In particular, to bring the global electrified transportation venture to reality, development of cheap, environmentally friendly, safe, and high-energy-density batteries is the challenge for the near future. However, the state-of-the-art Li-ion batteries presently existing in the market are limited to the energy density of 150 Wh/kg which is, taking weight limitations into account, below the performance of the gasoline-driven vehicles (Figure 1.1). Most advanced e-cars like Tesla Model S have now extended the range with a big battery pack to 500 km. Significant uplift of energy densities by a factor of 2–5 are required to reach the desired performance of