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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
- Sprache: Englisch
This book presents an in-depth guide to the subject matter and main points of hydrostructural pedology, as theorized for the first time. The authors focus on the underlying concepts, the purpose and role this field plays within agroenvironmental sciences. It is divided into two parts: Part 1 presents the theory behind hydrostructural pedology. The systemic approach applied to the soil is presented, showing how this leads to the thermodynamic formulation of water in the soil's organized medium and to the systemic modeling of soil-water-coupling in natural or anthropic organizations. Part 2 presents the methodology to complement the first part. In it, the authors determine the hydrostructural characteristics of the pedostructure, characteristic parameters of equilibrium state equations and the hydrostructural functioning of the soil.
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Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2016
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Table of Contents
Cover
Title
Copyright
Preface
Realizing the need for a change in the paradigm to quantitatively describe water–soil structure interactions
Formalization of equations in the new paradigm and completion of the theory of physical and systemic modeling of the water–soil coupling
The pedostructure and pedostructural water, “green water” of the soil: new objects of study and research in agro-eco-environmental sciences
A radical stance: the natural organization can only be known after its transformation into a system (organized) by the systemic approach
The systemic physics of water (gravitational and thermodynamic) in the natural environment constitutes the transdisciplinary language of agro-eco-environmental sciences
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
PART 1: Theory of Systemic Modeling of the Pedostructure within the Hierarchal Hydrofunctional Organization of the Natural Environment
1 Introduction to Part 1
2 Inherent Problems of Soil Science
2.1. History of pedology
2.2. Modeling of water transfers in the soil: supremacy of pedotransfer functions
2.3. Absence of a unitary theory of the description of soil
3 The Systemic Approach Applied to Pedology
3.1. The Bertalanffy project and Le Moigne’s general system model
3.2. The systemic description of the soil organization
3.3. Systemic physics of the organized soil medium defined on axis III
3.4. Systemic mapping of soil in the landscape
4 The General System (GS): General Model of Scientific Disciplines Related to the Study and Management of Natural Areas
4.1. The human system, system of study or management of a natural area, isomorphic to the general system
4.2. Natural systems, OSs of the GS
4.3. Information systems of human systems implemented for the study or management of natural systems
4.4. Hydrostructural pedology and its own spatial reference information system: the SIRS-Soils
5 Emergence of a New Scientific Discipline: Hydrostructural Pedology
5.1. Where hydrostructural pedology fits into the natural sciences
5.2. Specificity of the hydrostructural pedology laboratory
6 Implications for Agro-environmental Sciences
6.1. A unitary theory on the systemic and thermodynamic approaches within the natural environment
6.2. The new challenge to agro-environmental modeling
PART 2: Hydrostructural Characterization of Soil Pedostructure
7 Introduction to Part 2
8 Theoretical Recall
8.1. Pinpointing the problem
8.2. Modeling micro- and macro-water types by the shrinkage curve
8.3. New principle for determining the micro-and macro-water types using the retention curve
9 Methods for Determining the Characteristic Parameters
9.1. Soil water retention curve “WRC”
9.2. The shrinkage curve
9.3. The hydric conductivity curve of the pedostructure
Conclusion
Bibliography
Index
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
3 The Systemic Approach Applied to Pedology
Table 3.1. The four precepts of the new discourse on the method as outlined by Le Moigne in [LEM 94, p. 43] (bold passages highlighted by the authors)
Table 3.2. Descriptive variables of the hierarchical internal organizations of the pedon
Table 3.3. Descriptive variables based on the distinction of three ordered phases of the pedostructure
Table 3.4. Organization variables of the pedostructure into the micro- and macroporal systems
Table 3.5. List of the hydrofunctional subsystems of a pedon SREV, internal components and corresponding parameters. Parameters are explained in the text
9 Methods for Determining the Characteristic Parameters
Table 9.1. Meaning of parameters and state variables at transition points of the shrinkage phase, and means of obtaining them
Guide
Cover
Table of Contents
Begin Reading
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Series Editor
André Mariotti
Hydrostructural Pedology
Erik Braudeau
Amjad T Assi
Rabi H Mohtar
First published 2016 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address:
ISTE Ltd
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www.iste.co.uk
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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© ISTE Ltd 2016
The rights of Erik Braudeau, Amjad T Assi and Rabi H Mohtar to be identified as the authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
Library of Congress Control Number: 2016939643
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 978-1-84821-994-6
Preface
This book aims to define as completely as possible the subject matter and main points of this new discipline, hydrostructural pedology, as theorized now for the first time: the underlying concepts, the purpose and role that it has to play within the agro-environmental sciences. It is divided into two parts:
– a theoretical part, where the systemic approach applied to the soil is presented, showing how this leads to the thermodynamic formulation of water in the soil’s organized medium and to the systemic modeling of soil–water–coupling in natural or anthropic organizations;
– a methodological part, dedicated to determining the hydrostructural characteristics of a
pedostructure
1
, characteristic parameters of equilibrium state equations and the hydrostructural functioning of soil.
Below we give a brief overview of the key points in the emergence of this discipline up to the development of a physical theory of soil–water; one might indeed wonder and ask why only now, in 2015, is the theory presented as new and complete?
Realizing the need for a change in the paradigm to quantitatively describe water–soil structure interactions
Only after it became possible to continuously and accurately measure the shrinkage curve [BRA 88] did the hydrostructural properties of the soil medium organization become accessible in laboratory-based experimental studies and their physical modeling possible, in particular those of the pedostructure – the first hydrofunctional level of a soil horizon. Considering the shrinkage curve as proof of the interaction between water and the soil structure has logically led us to conceive another paradigm for soil characterization, which involved adopting another system of descriptive soil variables than that currently used, to allow us to take into consideration the hierarchical organization of the soil medium. Being one of the few to possess a measuring instrument (retractometer), we were effectively the only lab at IRD to work on the shrinkage curve produced by the water–soil structure interaction, and thus, to perceive the need for a change in paradigm. A new paradigm of the characterization and modeling of the soil hydrostructural functioning was finally theorized, in a close relationship with the systemic approach, which consequently needed revision and clarification of its principles in order to be applied to pedology and the description of natural organizations. This is explained in sections 3.1 and 3.2 of the book.
Formalization of equations in the new paradigm and completion of the theory of physical and systemic modeling of the water–soil coupling
However, measuring a shrinkage curve alone, i.e. without the other soil moisture characteristic curve, the water retention curve, did not allow for determining of the validity of the equations of the water–soil interaction theory occurring in the new paradigm. We still lacked a laboratory apparatus that could continuously and simultaneously measure the two characteristic curves of soil moisture, namely the soil shrinkage curve and the soil-water retention curve, in order to be able to finalize the theory. This device, TypoSoil®, was built in 2012 at the soil hydrophysics laboratory at IRD in Bondy [BEL 13] in collaboration with Valorhiz. It was tested at Qatar Environment and Energy Research Institute (QEERI) – Qatar Foundation in 2013 [BRA 13]. The use of the TypoSoil® has effectively allowed exact thermodynamic formulation of state equations of the pedostructure: the soil shrinkage curve and the water retention curve written in the new systemic paradigm where the concept of a thermodynamic system, with regard to soil structure, was established. These major scientific advances in soil–water thermodynamics are explained in sections 3.3 and 3.4.
The pedostructure and pedostructural water, “green water” of the soil: new objects of study and research in agro-eco-environmental sciences
Hydrostructural pedology integrates classical pedology, the descriptive science of soil’s internal organizations throughout the soil profile and the horizontal organization of soil types (pedological cover), with the physics of soil–water in a single, physical, systemic model – hydrofunctioning of soil organizations at different levels of hydrofunctional scale.
Water is, in fact, omnipresent in the environment. Water not only plays a pivotal role in the formation of the hierarchal organization of soil’s hydrofunctional units (relief units, geomorphological units, soil units, pedon, horizons, aggregates, and primary peds), but also controls the activities and equilibriums within these units. Water is, therefore, omnipresent in this ecosystem: in the air above the vegetal cover, in the plant that leads the soil–water back into the atmosphere, and in the soil that receives rainwater, part of, which is stored and reserved to the plant and part of, which percolates deeply by gravity to supply groundwater. These two water cycles do not have the same function and must be distinguished from one another in the soil. In fact, the natural exchange between the two types of water “gravitational” (rain, irrigation) that travels downwards and “thermodynamic” (absorbed and retained by soil clays) that the plants introduce into the upwards water cycle of the soil–plant–atmosphere system of the critical zone. Agronomists have given the name “green water” to this thermodynamic water stored in the soil and then released back into the atmosphere through the plant. Unfortunately, the distinction between the two water cycles within the soil medium, and thus the mechanical exchange between the two, are impossible to formulate with the current paradigm of soil physics that is based on the REV principle: Representative Elementary Volume. Current soil–water models are generally based on this principle to deal with the soil structure and are not capable of identifying the green water of the soil; they continue to use the former “water reserve” concepts that are estimated empirically (calculated between two standard fixed retention pressures).
Knowing how to quantify this water and its dynamics in the soil has always been a challenge of great importance in agriculture: it is linked to the water demands of the plant, survival conditions of an ecosystem, resilience in case of climate change, etc. It is only in the new paradigm, where the modeling and the hydrostructural characterization of the soil takes into account the soil structure and its internal organization into aggregates, that this challenge has been overcome. We have recently been able to identify the “green water” of soil to the water of the pedostructure (or pedostructural water) and thus to model the thermodynamic and hydrostructural properties of this green water using physically established equations (non-empirical). Therefore, we can say that the only soil–water model that takes into account the pedostructure and its hydrostructural properties, including pedostructural water, is the Kamel® model elaborated in the new paradigm of hydrostructural modeling of soil mentioned above.
A radical stance: the natural organization can only be known after its transformation into a system (organized) by the systemic approach
Here we explain why an understanding of the activity mechanisms in the natural environment, or of natural objects such as soils and their physical modeling, requires one to take a clear stance from the beginning with regard to the distinction between organization and system. The systemic approach serves to transform the organization into an organized system available to man to understand its internal functioning, external activity, management, use, etc. We follow the footsteps of Bertalanffy and his companions, who founded the general systems theory (1932–1950), in particular by readjusting the work of the contemporary systemician J.L. Le Moigne [LEM 94] to the issue of the physical modeling of the soil organization functioning with water. A new adaptation has put back the theory of systemic modeling in Cartesian logic, abandoning “the four precepts of the new discourse of the method” proposed by Le Moigne, as the basis for his theory, and replacing them by the four precepts of Descartes that he had refuted “radically”.
The discovery of the correct thermodynamic formulation of the soil–water retention curve, and consequently that of the shrinkage curve, would not have been possible without adopting the systemic “Cartesian” approach and that of the new concept proposed in this approach, the SREV: Structural Representative Elementary Volume. The SREV is the base concept of the new paradigm of the physics of water in the organized soil medium. It will replace what lies at the base of the current paradigm of soil–water physics, namely, the REV or Representative Elementary Volume, a concept which was posed as fundamental hypothesis in the physics of continuous porous mediums. Each of the two paradigms has its own system of well-defined descriptive variables of the soil medium, but both are exclusive of one another. Thus, there is a change in paradigm when we assume that the SREV replaces REV, because the system of descriptive variables radically changes. With the SREV hypothesis, we use the set of systemic variables, allowing us to write equations describing the physical processes, and not only, as is the case currently with the REV hypothesis, equations of data using normalized, or averaged variables, which are non-systemic.
The systemic physics of water (gravitational and thermodynamic) in the natural environment constitutes the transdisciplinary language of agro-eco-environmental sciences
The systemic approach of the organized soil medium, as we have redefined by proposing the concept of SREV, logically generates the definition of “natural thermodynamic system” that is closed for the solid phase forming the structure of the organization that it represents, and open to the flows of other phases (water, air) which pass through. The new physics of soil–water that emerges is clearly the transdisciplinary language that allows the interdisciplinary coupling of Kamel® with models of the other disciplines modeling the life and activity of their object of study, which lives in the soil or in association with it. The Kamel® model can in fact be coupled with all abiotic and biotic systems known in the environmental sciences by using variables, equations and parameters of the systemic physics of the water of the soil–plant atmosphere continuum.
Conclusion
The proposed systemic modeling paradigm and the hydrostructural characterization of soil allows for the distinct and quantitative description of three essential properties of soil: 1) the swelling-shrinkage of the soil with the wetting-drying cycles; 2) the coupled dynamics of the pedostructural water (green water) and the gravitational water within the soil; 3) the thermodynamic and hydrostructural equilibrium of the micro- and macro-water couple that constitutes the pedostructural water (water inside and outside of the primary aggregates of the pedostructure).
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank David Pouvreau for his help in proofreading our book and for advising us on various aspects of the General System Theory. A large part of this book, particularly Chapter 6 which offers a historical summary of the evolution of physics over two centuries, would not have been possible without the providential publishing of his thesis on the history of Ludwig von Bertalanffy’s general systemology in 2013.
Erik BRAUDEAU
Amjad T ASSI
Rabi H MOHTAR
April 2016
1
If the primary peds form the first aggregation level of fine soil particles, the assembly of these primary peds with other skeleton grains forms the
pedostructure;
