Imported Skin Diseases E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 444

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2012

Beschreibung

Global movement of people leads to the global movement of disease

International travel enables skin diseases to move around the world with increasing ease. Skin diseases transmitted through casual contact with people, animal vectors and a foreign environment are particularly prone to transport. Dermatologists need to recognize the signs and symptoms of disease not native to their environment to enable proper diagnosis and care.

Imported Skin Diseases provides a clinical guide to the foreign diseases increasingly seen in ‘Western’ clinics. With a focus on accurate diagnosis and effective therapy, the book covers:

• Differences between pigmented and non-pigmented skin
• Viral, bacterial and fungal Infections
• Parasitic infestations
• Sexually transmitted diseases
• Aquatic diseases

Written by an international team of experts, with practical tips throughout, Imported Skin Diseases prepares you for the unusual skin diseases you are increasingly likely to see in your clinic.

Leseprobe

Contents

Cover

Title Page

Copyright

Author Biography

Contributors

Chapter 1: Introduction

References

Chapter 2: Precautions and Protection

Introduction

Sun exposure

Insects

References

Chapter 3: Pigmentary Disorders in Black Skin

Introduction

Normal variations in ethnic skin

Abnormal hyper- and hypopigmentations

References

Chapter 4: Difference Between Pigmented and Nonpigmented Skin

Introduction

Erythema

Pigment changes

Cohesion

Keloid formation

Pigmentation and skin cancer

Pigmentation and immunity

Other differences

Hair

References

Chapter 5: Influence of the New Environment on the Skin

Introduction

Environment, adaptation, and skin disorders

Skin disorders in immigrants

Skin disorders in tourists

References

Chapter 6: Fungal Infections

Introduction

Superficial mycoses

Subcutaneous mycoses

Systemic mycoses

References

Chapter 7: Mycobacterial Infections

Introduction

Tuberculosis

M. marinum infection (swimming pool granuloma)

M. fortuitum infections

M. chelonae infections

M. abscessus infections

M. avium-intracellulare infections

M. szulgai infections

M. kansasii infections

Mycobacterium hemophilum infections

General comments

Cutaneous mycobacterial infections and immune suppression

References

Chapter 8: Leprosy

Introduction

Epidemiology

Clinical spectrum

Diagnosis and classification

Laboratory tests

Diagnosis of reactions

Antimycobacterial treatment

Treatment of reactions

Rehabilitation

References

Chapter 9: Buruli Ulcer

Introduction

Epidemiology

Clinical picture

Diagnosis

Treatment

Prevention

Conclusion

References

Chapter 10: Ulcerating Pyodermas

Introduction

Epidemiology

Clinical aspect

Diagnosis

Treatment

References

Chapter 11: Rickettsioses

Introduction

The organism

Clinical manifestations

Diagnosis

Treatment

Prevention

Rickettsioses in travelers

Specific diseases

Typhus group

Spotted fever group

Scrub typhus

References

Chapter 12: Viral Diseases

Introduction

Chikungunya virus

Dengue fever

Yellow fever

West Nile virus

Hemorrhagic fevers

Hepatitis

Herpes virus

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

Human T-cell lymphotrophic virus

Human papilloma virus (HPV)

Measles

Parvovirus B19

Pox virus

Rubella

References

Chapter 13: Sexually Transmitted Infections

Introduction

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic

Practicalities of managing STIs as imported skin disease

Recent trends

Chlamydia among backpackers

World Health Organization STI Diagnostic Initiative (SDI)

Take-home message

References

Chapter 14: Endemic Treponematoses

Introduction

Clinical picture

Laboratory tests

Treatment

Conclusion

References

Chapter 15: American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis

Introduction

Epidemiology

Etiology and pathogenesis

Immunological response

Clinical features

Differential diagnosis

Diagnosis

Prophylaxis

Treatment

Further reading

Chapter 16: Leishmaniasis: Old World

Introduction

L. major

L. tropica

L. aethiopica

L. d. donovani and L. d. infantum

PKDL

Epidemiology, geographic distribution, etiology, and mode of infection in OWCL

Differential clinical diagnosis

Diagnostic procedures

Treatment

Prevention

References

Chapter 17: Onchocerciasis/Filariasis

General

Onchocerciasis

Acute papular onchodermatitis (APOD)

Chronic papular onchodermatitis (CPOD)

Lichenified onchodermatitis (LOD)

Atrophy

Lymphatic filariasis

Loiasis

Mansonelliasis

References

Chapter 18: Schistosomiasis

Introduction

Life cycle and epidemiology

Clinical features

Diagnosis

Skin manifestations

Treatment

References

Chapter 19: Tungiasis

Introduction

Epidemiology: geographic distribution, mode of infection

Clinical picture

Diagnosis

Treatment and prevention

Key features

References

Chapter 20: Cutaneous Larva Migrans

Introduction

Epidemiology: geographic distribution, mode of transmission

Clinical picture

Diagnosis

Treatment and prevention

References

Chapter 21: Myiasis

Introduction

Pathogenesis

Other genera

Clinical features

Diagnosis

Treatment

References

Chapter 22: Persistent Insect Bites

Introduction

Epidemiology

Pathogenesis

Clinical picture

Histopathology

Treatment and prevention

References

Chapter 23: Beetle Dermatitis

Introduction

Epidemiology and geographic distribution of beetles inducing skin reactions

Pathomechanisms and clinical appearance of beetle dermatitis

Diagnostic procedures

Differential diagnosis

Prevention and treatment

References

Chapter 24: Aquatic Skin Disorders

Introduction

Cnidarian envenomations

Sponge dermatitis

Seaweed dermatitis

Primary infections

Secondary infections

Venomous and nonvenomous fish stings and wounds

References

Further reading

Chapter 25: Geographic Distribution

Chapter 26: Clinical Problems

Index

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Imported skin diseases / edited by William R. Faber, Roderick J. Hay, Bernard Naafs. – 2nd ed. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-470-67226-6 (hardback : alk. paper) I. Faber, William Richard, 1940- II. Hay, R. J. (Roderick J.), 1947- III. Naafs, B. (Bernard) [DNLM: 1. Skin Diseases–diagnosis. 2. Skin Diseases–epidemiology. 3. Disease Transmission, Infectious. 4. Emigration and Immigration. 5. Rare Diseases–diagnosis. 6. Travel. WR 141] 616.5–dc23

2012021653

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books.

Cover image: main image © iStockphoto.com/Petrovich9 Small images (left to right) with kind permission from the authors of Chapter 3 (image 1); Chapter 14 (image 2); Chapter 10 (images 3) Cover design by Meaden Creative

William R. Faber MD, PhD studied medicine at the University of Leiden. Thereafter, he was a medical officer in Uganda and practiced as a general practitioner in the Netherlands. He was trained as a dermatovenereologist at the Binnengasthuis, Amsterdam (Professor Dr R.H. Cormane). He completed his PhD from the University of Amsterdam. Thereafter, he was a consultant dermatologist at the Meander Medisch Centrum, Amersfoort, and Professor in Tropical Dermatology at the Academic Medical Centre (AMC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands. At present, he is Emeritus Professor of Tropical Dermatology at University of Amsterdam.

Bernard Naafs MD, PhD was trained as a dermatovenereologist by Professor Cormane at the Binnengasthuis in Amsterdam. He worked during 1974-1979 in Ethiopia and during 1983-1986 in Zimbabwe. For 14 years, he has divided his time between the Netherlands (Antonius hospital, Emmeloord and Diaconessenhuis, annex Steenwijk), and the developing countries, particularly, each year 3 months at the Regional Dermatology Training Centre in Moshi, Tanzania, and 3 months at the Instituto Lauro de Souza Lima, Bauru, SP, Brazil.

Roderick J. Hay DM, FRCP, FRCPath is the Chairman of the International Foundation for Dermatology, Consultant Dermatologist, Skin Infection Clinic, Kings College Hospital, London, and Professor of Cutaneous Infection, Kings College London. He is Emeritus Professor of Dermatology, Queens University Belfast (QUB) and Honorary Professor in the Clinical Research Unit, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine. He was previously Head of the School of Medicine and Dentistry and Dean of the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Queens University Belfast. Before this, he was Mary Dunhill Professor of Cutaneous Medicine at the St Johns Institute of Dermatology, London. He currently coordinates the dermatology submission for the Global Burden of Disease Project (WHO).

Contributors

Sadhanna Badeloe MD, PhD

Dermatovenerologist

Department of Dermatology

Medical Centre Haaglanden

The Hague, the Netherlands

Annette Chrusciak-Talhari PhD

Dermatologist

Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado

Manaus, Brazil

Jorge Augusto de Oliveira Guerra PhD

Infectologist

Fundação de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado

Manaus, Brazil

Henry de Vries MD, PhD

Professor of Skin Infections

Department of Dermatology

Academic Medical Center

University of Amsterdam

Amsterdam, the Netherlands

Dirk Elston MD

Director

Ackerman Academy of Dermatopathology

New York, NY, USA

Herman J.H. Engelkens MD, PhD

Department of Dermatology and Venereology

Ikazia Hospital

Rotterdam, the Netherlands

William R. Faber MD, PhD

Emeritus Professor of Tropical Dermatology

Department of Dermatology

Academic Medical Center

University of Amsterdam

Amsterdam, the Netherlands

Hermann Feldmeier MD, Ph.D.

Professor of Tropical Medicine

Institute of Microbiology and Hygiene

Charité University Medicine

Berlin, Germany

Menno T.W. Gaastra MD

Dermatologist

Centrum Oosterwal

Clinic for Dermatology and Flebology

Alkmaar, the Netherlands

Martin Glatz MD

Resident in Dermatology

Department of Dermatology

University Hospital of Zürich

Zürich, Switzerland

Rachel A. Gordon MD

Clinical Research Fellow

Center for Clinical Studies

Department of Dermatology

University of Texas Medical School

Houston, TX, USA

Roderick J. Hay DM, FRCP, FRCPath

Professor of Cutaneous Infection

Kings College London

London, UK

Jörg Heukelbach MD, MScIH, PhD

Professor of Epidemiology

Department of Community Health

School of Medicine

Federal University of Ceará

Fortaleza, Brazil; and

Adjunct Professor

Anton Breinl Centre for Public Health

and Tropical Medicine

School of Public Health

Tropical Medicine and Rehabilitation Sciences

James Cook University

Townsville, Australia

Saba Javed BS

Medical Student

University of Texas Medical School at Houston

Houston, TX, USA

Piet A. Kager

Emeritus Professor of Tropical Medicine

Department of Medicine

Division of Infectious Diseases, Unit of Tropical Medicine

Academic Medical Center

University of Amsterdam

Amsterdam, the Netherlands

Roger Kapoor MD, MBA

Dermatology Resident

Dermatology Department

Massachusetts General Hospital

Harvard Medical School

Boston, MA, USA

Natalie A. Kjar BS

Medical Student

University of Texas Medical School

Houston, TX, USA

Whitney J. LaPolla MD

Dermatology Resident

Center for Clinical Studies

Department of Dermatology

University of Texas Medical School

Houston, TX, USA

Lisette van Lieshout PhD

Associate Professor

Human Parasitology

Leiden University Medical Center

Leiden, the Netherlands

Paulo Roberto Lima Machado PhD

Dermatologist

University Hospital Prof. Edgard Santos Universidade Federal da Bahia

Salvador, Brazil

Rana M. Mays MD

Fellow

Internal Medicine Attending Clinical Research

Department of Dermatology

Baylor College of Medicine

Houston, TX, USA

Timothy A. McGraw MD

Chief of Dermatology

U.S. Air Force Academy, CO, USA

Henk E. Menke MD, PhD

Dermatologist

History of Medicine Department

Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care

University Medical Center (UMC)

Utrecht, the Netherlands

Wayne M. Meyers MD, PhD

Former Chief

Microbiology Division

Armed Forces Institute of Pathology

Washington, DC, USA

Michele E. Murdoch BSc, FRCP

Consultant Dermatologist

Watford General Hospital

Watford, UK

Bernard Naafs MD, PhD

Visiting Professor

Regional Dermatology Training Center (RDTC)

Moshi, Tanzania; and

Invited Professor

Instituto Lauro de Souza Lima (ILSL)

Bauru, Brazil; and

Consultant

Stichting Tropen-Dermatologie

Munnekeburen, the Netherlands

L. Nieuweboer-Krobotova MD

Head, Outpatient0.'s Clinic

Netherlands Institute for Pigment Disorder

Academic Medical Center

University of Amsterdam

Amsterdam, the Netherlands

Anton M. Polderman PhD

Associate Professor of Parasitology (Retired)

Leiden University Medical Center

Leiden, the Netherlands

Françoise Portaels PhD

Emeritus Professor

Former Head

Mycobacteriology Unit

Department of Biomedical Sciences

Institute of Tropical Medicine

Antwerp, Belgium

Hans G. Schipper MD, PhD

Retired, staffmember

Department of Internal Medicine

Academic Medical Center

University of Amsterdam

Amsterdam, the Netherlands

Peter Schmid-Grendelmeier MD

Head, Allergy Unit

Associate Professor of Dermatology

Department of Dermatology

University Hospital of Zürich

Zürich, Switzerland

Carolina Talhari PhD

Professor of Dermatology

Faculty of Medicine

State University of Amazonas

Manaus, Brazil

Sinésio Talhari PhD

Professor of Dermatology

Faculty of Medicine

State University of Amazonas

Manaus, Brazil

Stephen K. Tyring MD, PhD

Director

Center for Clinical Studies

Associate Professor

Department of Dermatology

University of Texas Medical School

Houston, TX, USA

J.P.W. van der Veen MD, PhD

Director

Netherlands Institute for Pigment Disorders

Academic Medical Center

University of Amsterdam

Amsterdam, the Netherlands

Colette L.M. van Hees MD

Dermatologist

Consultant Tropical Dermatology

Department of Dermatology

Erasmus Medical Center

Rotterdam, the Netherlands

Francisco Vega-López MD, PhD

Professor and Consultant

Dermatologist at the Dermatology Department

University College Hospital and the Hospital for Tropical Diseases

London

Douglas S. Walsh MD, MS

Department of Immunology and Medicine

United States Army Medical Component

Armed Forces Research Institute of Medical Sciences (USAMC-AFRIMS)

Bangkok, Thailand

and

Adjunct Associate Professor of Dermatology

Uniformed Services

University of the Health Sciences (USUHS) Bethesda, MD, USA

Michael Waugh MB, FRCP, FAChSHP

Emeritus Consultant

Genitourinary Medicine

Leeds General Infirmary

Leeds, UK; and

Former Hon. Senior Lecturer

Faculty of Medicine

University of Leeds

Leeds, UK

Janice M. Wilson BS

Medical Student

University of Texas Medical School

Houston, TX, USA

Jim E. Zeegelaar MD, PhD

Department of Dermatology

Flevoziekenhuis

Almere, the Netherlands

CHAPTER 1

Introduction

William R. Faber1, Roderick J. Hay2, & Bernard Naafs3,4,5

1Department of Dermatology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands2Kings College London, London, UK3Regional Dermatology Training Center (RDTC), Moshi, Tanzania4Instituto Lauro de Souza Lima (ILSL), Bauru, Brazil5Stichting Tropen-Dermatologie, Munnekeburen, the Netherlands

International tourism is one of the largest and fastest growing economic sectors in the world with continuous expansion and diversification, and many new destinations, often to less privileged areas.

International tourist visits in 2010 were estimated to be 940 million, and are expected to increase by 4–5% in 2011. In 2020, 1.6 billion international visits are expected. Expenditure on international tourism had reached $919bn (€693bn) in 2010. International tourism is the fourth global export category and accounts for 30% of world exports of commercial services. It is estimated to contribute 5% to the worldwide gross domestic product [1].

As the world develops into a global village, people travel daily from continent to continent and infectious diseases may travel with them. On the one hand, someone with an infection acquired under “tropical” conditions abroad may visit the health services in Europe or North America within 24 hours of his or her departure from the country visited. On the other hand, in some diseases, clinical signs and symptoms may develop weeks to months after return, so the relationship with the past travel is not obvious.

There are three main reasons why patients with “tropical or exotic skin diseases” have been seen more frequently in recent years.

First, leisure time in affluent societies is increasing, and more and more people, including those in the older age groups, take holidays in far-off places. More and more adventure holidays are being taken to places where the risk of acquiring a disease is much greater than in a more protected environment.

Second, there are large immigrant groups in most Western countries, originating from other continents. They may present with skin diseases months or years after settling into their new home country. Also, these people may regularly visit their family in their country of origin and acquire a skin disease.

Third, there is a group of professional travelers visiting, regularly or for a long periods, countries in other continents; this includes members of the military going for training or peace-keeping missions.

Skin diseases are found in a considerable number of travelers. It was reported that among 2004 patients attending an Institute for Tropical Medicine in Berlin, Germany, 14% of the consultations were for skin diseases [2]. From the United States of America, a 2-year survey of 784 travelers to developing countries reported skin problems during travel in 8% of the travelers. In 3% of them these problems continued or had an onset within 14 days after return [3]. Of 12,437 travelers to Nepal, 12.44% were found to have skin diseases in which bacterial skin diseases, fungal skin diseases, scabies, and “skin allergy” were the most prevalent [4]. More recently, in a study from 30 GeoSentinel sites, which are specialized travel or tropical medicine clinics, of travelers returning from six developing regions of the world, it was found that dermatological disorders ranked third in frequency [5].

French researchers reported in a prospective study of French travelers to tropical countries, of whom 38% had visited sub-Saharan Africa, that the most common diagnoses in 269 patients were cutaneous larva migrans (25%) and pyoderma (18%), followed by insect bites, myiasis, tungiasis, urticaria, fever and rash, and cutaneous leishmaniasis in 10% or less. In 39% of the patients the skin lesions developed after the return to France. The median onset after departure from the tropics was 7 days (range 0–52 days) [6]. The most common skin-related diagnoses in 4595 patients seen in GeoSentinel clinics were cutaneous larva migrans (9.8%), insect bites (8.2%), skin abscess (7.7%), and superinfected insect bites (6.8%) [7].

This book has been written and illustrated for the health professionals living in western Europe and North America in order to help in the diagnosis and management of patients with diseases acquired in another, often tropical, environment. In this respect, the book deals with skin diseases that are not common in the Western world.

A wide spectrum of imported skin diseases, the majority infectious in origin, is covered. Sexually transmitted infections as well as dermatological diseases are also discussed.

Skin signs may provide a clue to the diagnosis of sometimes life-threatening systemic infections, and should therefore be recognized as soon as possible by the attending physician. As travel these days is often not only terrestrial but also involves water exposure in the ocean or rivers, a chapter on aquatic skin disorders is included.

The book also deals with emerging diseases such as cutaneous leishmaniasis, which is being diagnosed with increasing frequency in travelers and also in the military sector, and Buruli ulcer, which is still rare in travelers.

The influence of environmental factors, the characteristics of pigmented skin, which influence the clinical expression of diseases in the colored skin, and disorders of the pigmentary system itself are also addressed. Tables and flow charts of important clinical conditions and the relationship of those skin diseases to the different geographical areas will be helpful in the diagnosis and management of patients with imported skin diseases.

The contributions of the authors, all experts in their respective fields, are greatly appreciated.

References

1. UNWTO (2011) Tourism Highlights 2011 edition, World Health Organization.

2. Harms, G., Dorner, F., Bienzle, U. & Stark, K. (2002) Infections and diseases after travelling. Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift, 127, 1748–1753.

3. Hill, D.R. (2000) Health problems in a large cohort of Americans travelling to developing countries. Journal of Travel Medicine, 7, 259–266.

4. Caumes, E., Brucker, G., Brousse, G., Durepaire, R., Danis, M. & Gentilini, M. (1991) Travel-associated illness in 838 French tourists in Nepal in 1984. Travel Medicine International, 9, 72–76.

5. Freedman, D.O., Weld, L.H., Kozarsky, P.E. et al. (2006) GeoSentinel surveillance network spectrum of disease and relation to place of exposure among ill returned travelers. The New England Journal of Medicine, 354, 119–130.

6. Caumes, E., Carriere, J., Gwermonpieze, G., Bricaire, F., Danis, M. & Gentilini, M. (1995) Dermatoses associated with travel to tropical countries: a prospective study of the diagnosis and management of 269 patients presenting to a tropical disease unit. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 20, 542–548.

7. Lederman, E.R., Weld, L.H., Elyazar, I.R.F. et al. (2008) Dermatologic conditions of the ill returned traveler: an analysis from the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 12, 593–602.

CHAPTER 2

Precautions and Protection

William R. Faber1, Roderick J. Hay2, & Bernard Naafs3,4,5

1Department of Dermatology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands2Kings College London, London, UK Regional Dermatology Training Center (RDTC), Moshi, Tanzania Instituto Lauro de Souza Lima (ILSL), Bauru, Brazil Stichting Tropen-Dermatologie, Munnekeburen, the Netherlands