Infectious Diseases E-Book
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- Herausgeber: Bentham Science Publishers
- Kategorie: Fachliteratur
- Serie: Herbal Medicine Back to the Future
- Sprache: Englisch
Herbal Medicine: Back to the Future compiles expert reviews on the application of herbal medicines (including Ayurveda, Chinese traditional medicines and alternative therapies) to treat different ailments. The book series demonstrates the use of sophisticated methods to understand traditional medicine, while providing readers a glimpse into the future of herbal medicine.
This volume presents reviews of plant based therapies useful for treating different infectious diseases. The reviews highlight different sources of antiviral, antibacterial and antifungal herbs. The volume concludes with a review on the therapeutic potential of herbs for treating rheumatoid arthritis. The chapters included in this volume are as follows:
- Brazilian Siparuna species as a Source of antiviral agents
- Antimicrobial and antifungal potential of Indian spices
- Role of herbal medicines in the treatment of infectious diseases
- Herbal medicine: traditional approach to treat infectious diseases
- Exploring the therapeutic potential of medicinal plants for rheumatoid arthritis
This volume is essential reading for all researchers in the field of natural product chemistry and pharmacology. Medical professionals involved in internal medicine who seek to improve their knowledge about herbal medicine and alternative therapies for tropical and other infectious diseases will also benefit from the contents of the volume.
Readership
Students, researchers and professionals in the field of medicinal chemistry and general medical practice.
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Seitenzahl: 233
Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2024
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PREFACE
Herbal Medicine: Back to the Future presents expert reviews on the applications of herbal medicines (including Ayurveda, Traditional Chinese Medicines, and alternative therapies) for health benefits. This series of volumes was initiated under the co- Editorship and guidance of late Prof. Ferid Murad who passed away recently. His monumental contributions to science, particularly the role of nitric oxide in health snd well being, will always be remembered. He is greatly missed.
This volume demonstrates the use of sophisticated methods to explore traditional medicine while providing readers with a glimpse into the future of herbal medicine. The book should prove to be a valuable resource for pharmaceutical scientists and postgraduate students seeking updated and critically important information regarding natural product chemistry and the pharmacology of natural materials in the treatment of infectious diseases. The chapters are written by eminent experts in the field.
Leitão et al., in Chapter 1, highlights the possible application of compounds isolated from Siparuna species as antiviral agents. In Chapter 2, Vadia et al., emphasise the use of Indian spices and explore their key antimicrobial components for their antibacterial activity and modes of action. Chaughule and Barve in the next chapter discuss the role of herbal medicines in the treatment of infectious diseases. Singh et al., in Chapter 4, focus on the traditional approach to treating infections. In the last chapter of the book, Nawaz et al. explore the therapeutic potential of medicinal plants for rheumatoid arthritis. Some important plants that show antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties against rheumatoid arthritis are discussed in this chapter.
We hope that the readers involved in the study of infectious diseases will again find these reviews valuable and thought-provoking so that they may promote further research on herbal medicines and alternative therapies.
We are grateful for the timely efforts made by the editorial personnel, especially Mr. Mahmood Alam (Editorial Director), and Ms. Asma Ahmed (Senior Manager Publications), at Bentham Science Publishers for the publication of this book.
List of Contributors
Brazilian Siparuna Species as a Source of Antiviral Agents
Carla M. Leal1,Diégina A. Fernandes2,Rosineide Costa Simas3,Suzana G. Leitão4,Gilda G. Leitão2,*Abstract
Influenza is an acute viral infection of the respiratory tract caused by the Alphainfluenzavirus whose subtypes were responsible for historical pandemics. Recent- ly, the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has also affected the world, causing acute respiratory syndrome, thus rendering the search for anti-influenza and anti-SARS-CoV-2 compounds an urgent task. Plants of the genus Siparuna are used in Brazilian folk medicine for treating colds, fever, headaches, and rheumatic pain as well as gastrointestinal disorders. S. apiosyce (“Limão Bravo”) is mentioned in the first Brazilian Pharmacopeia due to its importance as an ingredient in syrup and cough drops. Alkaloids, methylated and glycosylated flavonoids stand out as secondary metabolites described for these species, being also well described in the literature for their antiviral activity. During our investigation of Brazilian plants active against viral infections, the anti-influenza activity of five Amazonian Siparuna (S. cristata, S. decipiens, S. glycycarpa, S. reginae and S. sarmentosa) were investigated, showing the n-butanol extracts of S. glycycarpa and S. sarmentosa as the most active. Dereplication of these extracts pointed alkaloids, O- and C-glycosylated flavonoids as well as dihydrochalcones and a procyanidin dimer as potential active metabolites. On the other hand, the dichloromethane extract from S. cristata containing methylated flavonoids was able to inhibit the in vitro replication of SARS-CoV-2, where it was shown that retusin and kumatakenin presented a higher selectivity index than lopinavir/ritonavir and chloroquine controls. Further in-silico studies showed the potential interaction between these flavonoids and the virus proteases 3CLpro and PLpro. Here we highlight the possible application of compounds isolated from Siparuna species as antiviral agents.
1. INTRODUCTION
Several chronic and acute diseases in both humans and animals may be caused by viral infections such as dengue, influenza, measles, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), and West Nile virus outbreaks [1]. Several viral diseases e.g. acquired immunodeficiency and respiratory syndromes, as well as hepatitis are still associated with high morbidity and mortality rates in humans around the world, despite all the progress made by Medicine in the last years [2]. The lack of effective therapies and/or vaccines for several viral infections, allied to the fast emergence of new drug-resistant viruses has made the need for new and effective chemotherapeutic agents an urgent one to treat viral diseases [3].
Natural products from plants or other organisms offer a large array of structurally diverse chemical compounds that could serve as antivirals, some of which have been shown to have great potential as drug candidates in preclinical and clinical trials. Many potentially useful medicinal plants and herbs are yet to be evaluated for further applications as therapeutic agents against diverse virus families [3-5].
In this context, we can highlight the Siparunaceae family, represented by two genera: Glossocalyx Benth and Siparuna Aublet. Glossocalyx, with 70 species is native to West Africa and occurs in shady primary forests and along roadsides. Siparuna is composed of 72 species occurring from Mexico to the north of South America, Bolivia, and Paraguay and is recognized in the field by its citrus smell. In general, shrubs are dioecious plants that occur in Central America and the Andes, while monoecious plants are large trees (about 15 species) that occur in the Amazon basin [6, 7]. So far, Siparuna is the genus with the largest number of reported studies, and a comprehensive review of its chemistry and biological activities was recently published [8].
Species of Siparuna occur in tropical and subtropical regions of the Southern hemisphere, with Brazil being considered a center of diversity for harboring these species in all its biomes. Plants of this genus are used in folk and traditional indigenous medicines in both South and Central America for treating colds, fever, headache, and rheumatic pain as well as gastrointestinal disorders [7, 9, 10]. The heated bark of S. sessiliflora and S. thecaphora is used to accelerate the healing of herpes sores, while the leaves of S. guajalitensis and S. schimpffii are used in tea preparation to help with fatigue [7].
Siparuna brasiliensis (synonymy: S. apiosyce) is a popular medicine in Brazil where it is usually called “limão bravo” and “negramina”. A monograph on this plant species was included in the first Brazilian Pharmacopoeia (1926), due to its importance as an ingredient in syrup and cough drops sold by pharmaceutical companies in the past [10]. Given these facts, Siparuna species may be a potential source of antiviral compounds [8, 11, 12].
2. BRAZILIAN SIPARUNA SPECIES
2.1. Occurrence
Approximately 47 species of the genus Siparuna occur in the Brazilian territory, distributed in five different biomes: the Amazon, Caatinga, Pantanal, the Atlantic Forest and Cerrado. The epicenter of occurrence is in the Amazon region, where the genus comprises the great majority of species as shrubs and small trees (Fig. 1) [7, 13].
Fig. (1))Siparuna plants: (A)S. brasiliensis, (B)S. thecaphora, (C)S. guianensis, (D)S. decipiens, (E)S. reginae, (F)S. pauciflora, (G)S. grandiflora, (H)S. lepidota and (I)S. echinata. Source: https://www. gbif.org/species/48938992.2. An Overview on the Chemistry of Siparuna
Among the classes of secondary metabolites present in nature, free and glycosylated flavonoids with kaempferol and quercetin aglycones, aporphine and benzylisoquinoline alkaloids, and terpenoids have been previously reported in the genus Siparuna (Table 1, Fig. 2) [7-10]. The composition of the essential oils of many Siparuna species has been the aim of several studies reported in the literature as can be seen in Table 2, showing that mono and sesquiterpenes are the major identified compounds, occurring either as hydrocarbons of common structural types (e.g. elemene, caryophyllene, cubebene, copaene, germacrene etc series) or as alcohol derivatives of these skeletal types. The flavonoid 3,7,4'- tri-O-methyl-kaempferol (Fig. 2) from leaves and bark of S. apiosyce (S. brasiliensis), was the first report of an O-methyl flavonoid aglycone in the genus Siparuna [9], followed by the report of the same compound in S. gigantotepala [14] and S. guianensis [15], as well as other O-methylated aglycones in S. cristata (3,3’,4’-tri-O-methyl quercetin, retusin and kumatakenin, this latter being also reported for S. gigantotepala) [11]. Two chalcone derivatives (2',6'-dihydroxy- 4,4'-di-O-methyl-dihydrochalcone and 2’,6’-dihydroxy-4’-O-methyl-dihydro- chalcone) have been described until now only in the leaves of S. glycycarpa [12, 16, 17]. Liriodenine, an oxoaporphyne alkaloid (Fig. 2), has been found in different species of Siparuna, and its presence in the leaves of S. brasiliensis may be responsible for its use as an antitussive medicine [7].
2.3. An Overview of Biological Activities Described for Siparuna
Some biological activities have been described for extracts of different polarities of several Siparuna species, focusing on in vivo and in vitro antimicrobial (including antifungal) and antiparasitic (antimalarial, antiplasmodial, leishmanicidal and tripanocidal) assays. Larvicidal activities, as well as anthelmintic, antioxidant, anticholinesterase and cytotoxicity against cancer cells, are also reported. Furthermore, anti-inflammatory and antiviral activities are reported for extracts from plants of this genus [8, 11, 12, 40].
3. ANTIVIRAL POTENTIAL OF BRAZILIAN SIPARUNA
3.1. Antiviral Activity Against Influenza A(H1N1) Virus
Influenza, or flu, as it is usually called, is an acute viral infection of the respiratory tract caused by Alphainfluenzavirus, causing fever, dry cough, muscle and joint pain, headache, sore throat, and runny nose [41, 42]. There are four types of seasonal influenza viruses Alphainfluenzavirus, Betainfluenzavirus, Deltainfluenzavirus and Gammainfluenzavirus and what differs from one another are the compositions of their nuclear and matrix proteins [41-43]. Alphain-fluenzaviruses and Betainfluenzaviruses cause seasonal epidemics of the disease being the alpha-type (influenzavirus A) found in mammalian species (including humans) and birds, the most significant in human morbidity and mortality [41]. Influenzavirus A subtypes (H1N1, H2N2, H3N2, H5N1) were responsible for global influenza pandemics that marked history. H1N1 was the etiological agent of the Spanish flu in 1918 with 40-50 million deaths worldwide and swine flu in 2009. H2N2 caused the Asian flu in 1957, causing more than one million deaths worldwide. In 2004, H5N1 caused avian influenza and the H3N2 virus was responsible for Hong Kong influenza in 1968 [44]. Currently, H3N2 was also responsible for influenza outbreaks that began in July 2020 in the Kingdom of Cambodia during the COVID-19 pandemic, extending to different states of Brazil, increasing the number of infection cases [45].
The Alphainfluenzavirus is pleomorphic (100 nm in diameter), consisting of simple tape RNA, octa-segmented, with negative polarity, coated by a nucleocapsid with helical symmetry and, externally, by a lipid envelope, where glycoproteins hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) are inserted [42, 46]. NA is a therapeutic target for the development of anti-influenza drugs due to its crucial role in viral dispersion [42
