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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
- Sprache: Englisch
The purpose of this book is to question the relationships involved in decision making and the systems designed to support it: decision support systems (DSS). The focus is on how these systems are engineered; to stop and think about the questions to be asked throughout the engineering process and, in particular, about the impact designers' choices have on these systems. This therefore involves identifying the elements of the problem of decision support systems engineering: the main objects and dimensions to be considered and the relationships they involve, issues at the levels of the decision-maker, of the organization (and even of society), the general approach to which to subscribe and so on.
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Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2015
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Table of Contents
Cover
Title
Copyright
Preface
Introduction
1: Information Systems and Digital Technology
1.1. The concept of information systems
1.2. History of the concept of information systems
1.3. What is “digital” technology?
1.4. Information systems and digital technology for business
1.5. Key points
2: Knowledge Management
2.1. Historical overview
2.2. Knowledge Management: two dominant approaches
2.3. Specific management principles for KM
2.4. A model for general knowledge management within the enterprise (MGKME)
2.5. Conclusions
2.6. Key points
3: The Enterprise’s Information and Knowledge System (EIKS)
3.1. Basic theories
3.2. The enterprise’s information and knowledge system
3.3. A knowledge system is not a knowledge-based system
3.4. Evolution of an EIKS
3.5. Representative example of an EIKS
3.6. Key points
Conclusions and Perspectives
Appendix: Seven Golden Rules for Successful Knowledge Management
A.1. Clearly differentiate between the two types of knowledge in the company
A.2. Increase the focus on individual knowledge
A.3. Do not confuse skills with competence
A.4. Avoid considering knowledge as objects
A.5. Clearly differentiate between the three types of information
A.6. Correctly position the concept of knowledge management
A.7. Include all four dimensions of KM
Bibliography
Index
End User License Agreement
List of Illustrations
Preface
Figure 1. Information can only become knowledge for you if it has a meaning for you. “King Ptolemy, the ever-living, beloved of Ptah, the god Epiphanes Eucharistos, most gracious lord”: extract from the Rosetta Stone [FER 68, p.43]
Introduction
Figure I.1. Internet home page of the Paris Dauphine University in a) 1997 and b) 2014
1: Information Systems and Digital Technology
Figure 1.1. A calculator a) is a computer, an electronic machine for the digital processing of information, unlike the slide rule b), which is not electronic
Figure 1.2. Three types of information [GRU 03]
2: Knowledge Management
Figure 2.1. Corporate governance, IT governance and KM governance (adapted from [GRU 12])
Figure 2.2. SECI model and the concept of Ba (adapted from [NON 98, NON 00])
Figure 2.3. Outline diagram of the “semi-opened infrastructure model” (SopIM)
Figure 2.4. Generic KM process and knowledge capitalization issues (adapted from [GRU 05])
Figure 2.5. The two categories of elements in the MGKME (adapted from [GRU 12])
Figure 2.6. Components of an enterprise’s knowledge management system (from [GRU 08])
3: The Enterprise’s Information and Knowledge System (EIKS)
Figure 3.1. Creation of individual tacit knowledge
Figure 3.2. The enterprise’s information and knowledge system (EIKS)
Figure 3.3. UML representation of the Enterprise’s Information and Knowledge System (EIKS)
Figure 3.4. The MYCIN interface in 1974 [SHO 76]
Figure 3.5. A warning light on a car dashboard is information which may or may not have meaning for the individual observer
Figure 3.6. A knowledge system: individuals, information and meanings it takes. For a color version of the figure, see www.iste.co.uk/arduin/information.zip
Figure 3.7. Evolution of the EIKS
Figure 3.8. An example of an enterprise’s information and knowledge system (EIKS)
List of Tables
1: Information Systems and Digital Technology
Table 1.1. The four stages of the development of digital information systems (DIS)
2: Knowledge Management
Table 2.1. Data, information and knowledge
Table 2.2. Component elements of the MGKME
Table 2.3. KM maturity levels
3: The Enterprise’s Information and Knowledge System (EIKS)
Table 3.1. The two categories of knowledge in a company
Guide
Cover
Table of Contents
Begin Reading
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Advances in Information Systems Set
coordinated by Camille Rosenthal-Sabroux
Information and Knowledge System
Volume 2
Pierre-Emmanuel Arduin
Michel Grundstein
Camille Rosenthal-Sabroux
First published 2015 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address:
ISTE Ltd
27-37 St George’s Road
London SW19 4EU
UK
www.iste.co.uk
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
111 River Street
Hoboken, NJ 07030
USA
www.wiley.com
© ISTE Ltd 2015
The rights of Pierre-Emmanuel Arduin, Michel Grundstein and Camille Rosenthal-Sabroux to be identified as the author of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
Library of Congress Control Number: 2015940032
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library
ISBN 978-1-84821-752-2
Preface
Communication is an essential aspect of human life, and the opportunities provided by information and communications technologies are unprecedented. Information in various forms can now be transmitted across space and time. Paradoxically, to cite Feenberg [FEE 04], a distance has been created between individuals, of “disposable experiences, that can be turned on or off like water from a faucet”. Individuals have thus become services, made available to others via a technical system, which can be activated or deactivated at will.
Originally, the computer was not intended as a means of communication. The Internet was not intended to serve as a conduit for this communication, and information technology was not intended for anything other than the automatic processing of information. Nevertheless, computers have become ubiquitous: information technology is everywhere, in our jobs, televisions, watches, telephones and even in our health. The quantities of information involved, unimaginable in previous decades, are now treated using concepts such as Big Data. Computers play an important role in our private lives, and our private lives themselves have become computerized; with data located at distant and unidentified points, they are in the clouds due to the use of techniques such as cloud computing.
Man thus makes use of all available tools to fulfill the essential need for communication. The use of information and communications technologies should not obscure the substance of these exchanges: information. Information which was previously passed from one person to another through human interaction is now exchanged via computer protocols, which aim to optimize systems interoperability without really considering human interaction; these interactions involve the exchange of much more than simple information. Information alone is simply a transcription, in the same way as a prehistoric painting on the wall of a cave, hieroglyphs on a papyrus or the neumes of Gregorian chant in a hymnal. Historians of today are constantly confronted with the challenges involved in interpreting this transcribed information (see Figure 1).
Figure 1.Information can only become knowledge for you if it has a meaning for you. “King Ptolemy, the ever-living, beloved of Ptah, the god Epiphanes Eucharistos, most gracious lord”: extract from the Rosetta Stone [FER 68, p.43]
(source: National Library of France)
This book aims to be highlight the advantages offered by information and communication technology (ICT) both in terms of information exchange and ensuring that the correct meaning is transmitted, allowing beneficial interpretation and the creation of knowledge. Information systems thus become information and knowledge systems. Although an information system may be based on ICT, it cannot be reduced to these technological aspects: users themselves play a role, acting as system components in their own right. These users process, store and transmit information, bit this data has a meaning for them, something which does not occur in the case of technological artifacts.
Any attempt to limit information exchange to the framework of a digital information system using computer technology, to the exclusion of human contact, would most probably be seen as “totalitarian” within any organization [FEE 04, p.180]. However, the number and availability of technological devices, the ease of use and the social character they may acquire all lead to more direct, frequent and essential interaction between individuals and the digital information system. Moving beyond the information transmitted within an organization, this book introduces the concept of information and knowledge system, which highlights the role of knowledge and the part played by individuals as holders of this knowledge. To do this, a clear distinction should be made between “information” and “knowledge”; moreover, it is crucial to be aware of the fact that information can have different meanings, leading to the creation of different knowledge for different individuals.
Pierre-Emmanuel ARDUIN,Michel GRUNDSTEINand Camille ROSENTHAL-SABROUXMay 2015
Introduction
An evolution, either in technology or in its use, can have a significant impact on affected organizations. For Tran et al. [TRA 13], the ability to differentiate between evolutions which “will take root within organizations, leading to change” and those which “are more ephemeral, or have a much lower potential impact” is a key factor in ensuring the success of any Chief Information Officer (CIO). This monitoring activity aims to direct investment in relation to a situation and a context, but cannot be reduced to technological evolutions, as use and the evolution of use should also be taken into account.
Information and communication technology (ICT) seems to evolve independently of organizational activities. It forms an important part of our daily and private lives, sometimes even to a greater extent than in our professional lives. Any technological innovation may generate new uses; these new uses may raise new legal concerns, although this aspect will not be considered in detail in this book. Over 20 years ago, Chambat [CHA 94], discussing new information and communications technologies (NICT)1, noted that technical offerings do not necessarily respond to social demands, but can generate new demands and new uses. Even further back, in 1974, discussing the contemporary use of “invented machines”, Le Goff stated that:
Men use the machines they invent while retaining the mentality they had before the invention of these machines [LEG 74].
Nowadays, in 2015, this remark is no longer truly relevant: the relationship between technological evolutions and changes in use has undergone a fundamental shift. While the use was formerly presented as a hindrance to technological development, due to inertia [GUI 93], it now continues to evolve faster than organizations are able to adapt to new technologies. Use evolves in the wake of technological evolutions, but in advance of organizational evolutions; it is essential to be aware of this fact when considering the processing, storage and diffusion of information in an organizational information system. Information systems are intrinsically linked to digital technologies, a consideration that will be discussed further in Chapter 2.
Web 2.0 is an example of a technological evolution going hand in hand with evolutions in use. The term “Web 2.0” appeared for the first time in 1999 when Palm Inc. was developing the first personal organizer with integrated web browsing capacity:
The Web we know now, which loads into a browser window in essentially static screenfuls, is only an embryo of the Web to come. The first glimmerings of Web 2.0 are beginning to appear, and we are just starting to see how that embryo might develop. […] The Web will be understood not as screenfuls of text and graphics but as a transport mechanism, the ether through which interactivity happens. […] The hardware will be different from device to device; compare the interface of the Palm Pilot with that of the Game-Boy, for instance [DIN 99].
Web 2.0 is dynamic in nature and designed for use with multiple devices. It is a means of producing interaction, and has been labeled as “the social Web”. This technological evolution led to changes in use; users are no longer content to simply consult Web pages in a browser (Figure I.1), but want to add their own content, whether from home, from their workplace or while traveling. This content is information, which may be processed, stored and diffused through a digital information system (DIS). It can also be a source of knowledge, when interpreted by individuals who are able to give a meaning to the content. However, this content cannot be considered as knowledge in its own right.
Figure I.1.Internet home page of the Paris Dauphine University in a) 1997 and b) 2014
The domain of information systems will be discussed in Chapter 1. Chapter 2 will introduce the domain of knowledge management, while Chapter 3 is devoted to the information and knowledge system, using an example taken from a real company. Finally, the book concludes with a conclusion, offering perspectives for future developments.
1
No distinction will be made between ICT and NICT in this book.
1Information Systems and Digital Technology
In this chapter, we will introduce the concept of information systems (IS), including a brief history of the domain. We will then define the concept of “digital” technology, and consider the role of IS and digital technology in a business context.
1.1. The concept of information systems
The concept of information systems (IS) includes two main aspects: first, the concrete organization which develops, innovates, communicates and records information, and second, the digital information system (DIS), an artificial, man-made object which makes use of the possibilities offered by information and communication technology (ICT) to acquire, process, store, transmit and render information in order to fulfill its role within the organization.
The key role of the DIS is thus to supply relevant information to each decision center, at all levels of the company hierarchy, for the purposes of monitoring, decision-making and innovation. In this way, the DIS is a crucial element in the decision-making process and in company operating and production processes; the DIS itself also interacts with these processes. The DIS is also a coordination tool. It plays an important role both at individual level, supplying information, i.e. representations used to solve problems in a decision-making process, and at collective level, transmitting shared representations throughout the organization.
