Integrated Biomaterials for Biomedical Technology E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Serie: Biomaterials Science, Engineering and Technology
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 634

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2012

Beschreibung

This cutting edge book provides all the important aspects dealing with the basic science involved in materials in biomedical technology, especially structure and properties, techniques and technological innovations in material processing and characterizations, as well as the applications. The volume consists of 12 chapters written by acknowledged experts of the biomaterials field and covers a wide range of topics and applications including: * The different types of nanobiomaterials * How to generate porous biomaterials for tissue engineering * Calcium phosphate-based biomaterials intended for mineralized tissue regenerative applications * Nanocrystalline form of calcium phosphates * Design and fabrication of SiO2 nanoparticles * New kinds of titanium alloy implants * Injectable growth factor system based on bone morphogenetic proteins * Impedance sensing of biological processes in mammalian cells * Hydrogels-based implantable glucose sensors * Molecular design of multifunctional polymers for gene transfection * Hydrogels and their potential biomedical applications * Hybrid biomaterials with high mechanical and biological properties

Leseprobe

Contents

Cover

Half Title page

Title page

Copyright page

Preface

List of Contributors

Chapter 1: 1D~3D Nano-engineered Biomaterials for Biomedical Applications

1.1 Introduction

1.2 3D Nanomaterials Towards Biomedical Applications

1.3 Structural and Functional Modification

1.4 Properties of Nanoparticles for Biomedical Application

1.5 Applications of NPs

1.6 2D Nanomaterials Towards Biomedical Applications

1.7 1D Nanomaterial Towards Biomedical Applications

1.8 Conclusion

References

Chapter 2: Porous Biomaterials

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Porosity and Pore Architecture of Biomaterial Scaffolds

2.3 Methods to Measure Porosity and Pore Size

2.4 Porosity Generation Techniques

2.5 Summary

References

Chapter 3: Bioactive and Biocompatible Polymeric Composites Based on Amorphous Calcium Phosphate

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Experimental Approach

3.3 Results and Discussion

3.4 Concluding Remarks/Future Directions

Acknowledgements

References

Appendix 1. List of Acronyms used Throughout the Proposal

Chapter 4: Calcium Phosphates and Nanocrystalline Apatites for Medical Applications

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Chemistry of Calcium Phosphates

4.3 Nanocrystalline Calcium Phosphates

4.4 Properties of Calcium Orthophosphates

4.5 Biomedical Applications of Calcium Phosphates

4.6 Conclusion

References

Chapter 5: SiO2 Particles with Functional Nanocrystals: Design and Fabrication for Biomedical Applications

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Fabrication Methods of SiO2 Particles with NCs

5.3 Main Research Results for SiO2 Particles with NCs

5.4 Multifunctional SiOz Particles for Biomedical Applications

5.5 Conclusions and Outlook

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 6: New Kind of Titanium Alloys for Biomedical Application

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Dental Cast Titanium Alloys

6.3 Low Modulus Titanium Alloys

6.4 Nickel Free Shape Memory Titanium Alloys

6.5 Summary

References

Chapter 7: BMP-based Bone Tissue Engineering

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Challenges in Protein Therapy

7.3 BMP Delivery Requirements

7.4 BMP-specific Carrier Types and Materials

7.5 Summary

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 8: Impedance Sensing of Biological Processes in Mammalian Cells

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Cell Attachment and Spreading Processes

8.3 Cell Motility

8.4 Apoptosis

8.5 Mitosis

8.6 Single Cell Analysis

8.7 Conclusion

References

Chapter 9: Hydrogel Microbeads for Implantable Glucose Sensors

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Fabrication Methods of Hydrogel Microbeads

9.3 Fluorescence-based Glucose Monitoring

9.4 Biocompatibility

9.5 Summary

References

Chapter 10: Molecular Design of Multifunctional Polymers for Gene Transfection

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Barriers to Non-viral Gene Delivery

10.3 Molecular Design of Polymer Vectors for Efficient Gene Delivery

10.4 Molecular Design of Polymer Vectors with Low Cytotoxicity

10.5 Summary

Acknowledgements

Appendix: List of Abbreviations

References

Chapter 11: Injectable in situ Gelling Hydrogels as Biomaterials

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Injectable in situ Gelling Hydrogels

11.3 Clinical Applications of Hydrogels

11.4 Injectable Hydrogels for Biomedical Applications

11.5 Conclusions

References

Chapter 12: Metal-polymer Hybrid Biomaterials with High Mechanical and Biological Compatibilities

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Fabrication Methods of Porous Titanium Filled with Medical Polymer

12.3 Mechanical Properties of Porous Titanium Filled with Medical Polymer

12.4 Biological Properties of Porous Titanium Filled with Medical Polymer

12.5 Summary

References

Index

Integrated Biomaterials for Biomedical Technology

Scrivener Publishing100 Cummings Center, Suite 41JBeverly, MA 01915-6106

Integrated Biomaterials for Biomedical Technology

The series embraces all aspects of biomedical materials and devices from fundamental principles to current advances in material/device processing, characterization and their applications in various biomedical-related fields, including drug delivery, tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.

Series Editor: Murugan Ramalingam, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Méedicale, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université de Strasbourg, France Strasbourg 67085, FranceE-mail: [email protected]

Publishers at ScrivenerMartin Scrivener ([email protected])Phillip Carmical ([email protected])

Copyright © 2012 by Scrivener Publishing LLC. All rights reserved.

Co-published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, New Jersey, and Scrivener PublishingLLC, Salem, Massachusetts.Published simultaneously in Canada.

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Illustration on front cover depicts interaction of stem cells into the nanobiomaterials for tissue engineering.

Cover design by Russell Richardson

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

ISBN 978-1-118-42385-1

Preface

Integrated Biomaterials for Biomedical Technology compressively brings all aspects of the biomaterials including metals, ceramics, polymers and their composites, at the macro/micro/nano/molecular length scales, with wide range of biomedical applications such as medical implants and devices, stem cell and tissue engineering, protein and drug delivery, and regenerative medicine. The last three decades has seen extraordinary advances in the generation of new materials based on both fundamental elements and composites, driven by advances in synthetic chemistry and often drawing inspiration from nature. The concept of an intelligent material envisions additional functionality built into the molecular structure, such that a desirable response occurs under defined conditions. The last decade has seen the emergence of particular material properties engineered by exploiting the extraordinary behavior of nanostructures.

The volume provides all the important aspects dealing with the basic science involved in materials in biomedical technology, especially structure and properties, techniques and technological innovations in material processing and characterizations, as well as the applications. The volume consists of 12 chapters written by the experts of biomaterials field. Chapter 1 deals with the different types of nanobiomaterials in the form of 1, 2 and 3 dimensions and their biomedical applications. Chapter 2 discusses the various techniques to generate porous biomaterials for tissue engineering applications. Chapter 3 focuses on calcium phosphate-based biomaterials intended for mineralized tissue regenerative applications. Chapter 4 describes nanocrystalline form of calcium phosphates and their application towards hard tissue engineering. Chapter 5 deals with design and fabrication of SiO2 nanoparticles for biomedical applications. Chapter 6 discusses a new kind of titanium alloy implant for biomedical applications. Chapter 7 deals with injectable growth factor system based on bone morphogenetic proteins suitable for bone tissue engineering application. Chapter 8 describes impedance sensing of biological processes in mammalian cells. Chapter 9 focuses on hydrogels-based implantable glucose sensors. Chapter 10 deals with molecular design of multifunctional polymers for gene transfection. Chapter 11 compiles the different types of hydrogels and their potential biomedical applications. Finally, Chapter 12 deals with hybrid biomaterials with high mechanical and biological properties for use in medical applications.

Taken as a whole, the handbook is intended for a wide audience including students, researchers, professors, and industrial experts working in the field of biomaterials, materials science and engineering, nanoscience and nanotechnology, bioengineering, biomedical sciences, etc.

Murugan Ramalingam, PhDAshutosh Tiwari, PhDSeeram Ramakrishna, PhDHisatoshi Kobayashi, PhD

April 2, 2012

List of Contributors

Nasim Annabi is a postdoctoral research fellow at Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Center for Biomedical Engineering, Harvard Medical School. Her research involves tissue engineering of cardiac and vascular tissues, focusing on the cell and tissue responses to their microenvironment. She is currently developing biomaterials with controlled mechanical and biological properties combined with microscale techniques to control tissue microarchitecture. Her selected awards include the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Early Career Postdoctoral Fellowship (2011–2015), Australian Prestigious Endeavour Postdoctoral Fellowship Award (2010), as well as Faculty of Engineering Oral Presentation Award at the University of Sydney in 2009.

Joseph M. Antonucci received his PhD in organic chemistry from the University of Maryland, USA. His expertise is in polymer chemistry with the particular emphasis on the synthesis and characterization of new dental monomers and their utilization in dental restoratives with improved clinical performance. He has published over 200 peer-reviewed articles, has over twenty patents and has received several prestigious awards for his scientific contributions and technology transfer. Currently, he is a Scientist Emeritus at Biomaterial Group, Polymers Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology in Gaithersburg, MD, USA.

Hui Chen received his MS in Chemical Engineering in 2010 from Tsinghua University, China and has since been a research assistant in the group of Professor Yanan Du in the Department of Biomedical Engineering in Tsinghua University. His research interests are in biomolecule/cell/tissue engineering, biomaterials; nano/microscale technologies for bio-sensing, diagnostic and drug screening; biomimetic in vitro physio/pathological model.

Yanan Du joined the Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, at Tsinghua University on September 2010 as a Professor. Dr. Du received his BEng in chemical engineering from Tsinghua University in 2002 and obtained his PhD in bioengineering from National University of Singapore in 2007. From 2007–2010, Dr. Du completed his postdoctoral training at Harvard-MIT Division of Health Science and Technology, MIT and Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School.

Lamya Ghenim received her doctorate in solid state physics at the University of Montpellier, France. She spent five years as a postdoctoral fellow at the University of Maryland, USA working on weak localization and quantum interference in semiconductors. Awarded a tenured CNRS position in 1990, she worked in Toulouse on mesoscopic physics. In 1996 she moved to Grenoble, collaborating on superconducting vortex dynamics with the HKUST, Hong Kong. In 2003 Dr. Ghenim moved into the interface of physics and biology.

Xavier Gidrol received is PhD in molecular and cell biology from Aix-Marseille University in 1984. He joined in 2001 the newly created Functional Genomics Laboratory at France’s Atomic Energy Commission (CEA) in Paris and managed it until 2008. This laboratory used large scale functional genomics approaches to analyze proliferation/differentiation balance in human cells. In 2009 he was appointed director of a new laboratory, “Biomics” at CEA in Grenoble, using microsystems for cell biology, where he focuses on large scale RNAi screen in oncology.

Ziyad S Haidar is a research assistant professor at the Departments of BioEngineering and Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA. He is also an Adjunct Professor at the Inha University Hospital, College of Medicine, Incheon, South Korea and currently serving as the Scientific Director/Associate Deputy Director of the Utah-Inha Drug Delivery Systems and Advanced Therapeutics Research Center, a joint venture between the Universities of Utah (US) and Inha (KR), located in Songdo-Dong, Yonsu-Gu, Incheon, South Korea. His current research interests are focused on patient-oriented application of bionanotechnology (craniofacial/orthopaedic structure restoration): tissue engineering, drug/protein delivery and biocompatibility of polymeric/osteoinductive biomaterials, to name a few.

Yun Jung Heo received BS and MS from the Department of Mechanical Engineering and Biosystem in Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Korea. She began her postdoctoral work with Prof. Takeuchi at the University of Tokyo in October of 2009 after receiving her PhD in Mechano-Informatics from the University of Tokyo, Japan. Her current research is directed toward designing implantable microdevices for continuous health monitoring and disease of treatment.

Rong Jin received PhD in 2009 from the University of Twente (Enschede, The Netherland) under the supervision of Professor J. Feijen. She is now an assistant professor at Shanghai University (Shanghai, PR China). She has (co)authored 10 research articles and 2 European patents. Her research interest involves controlled drug release and tissue engineering. She is a recipient of “Chinese Government Award for Outstanding Self-financed Students Abroad” in 2009.

Hirokazu Kaji received his PhD. (2005) in bioengineering, M Eng (2003) in biomolecular engineering, and B Eng. (2001) in molecular chemistry and engineering from Tohoku University, Japan. He is currently an associate professor at Department of Bioengineering and Robotics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University. His current interests include surface chemistry, microfluidics, biomaterials, and the application of micro- and nanotechnologies in the fields of cell and tissue engineering.

Li Li received her PhD in solid mechanics from Harbin Engineering University, China in 2003, and is currently a full professor at Center for Biomedical Materials and Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, China. Her research interest is development of novel biomedical devices made of metallic biomaterials, including the devices in dentistry, orthopedics and interventional therapy, etc. She had published more than 50 journal papers in this field.

Xiaokang Li received his bachelor degree of biomedical engineering in 2011 from Tsinghua University in Beijing, China, and subsequently continues his research work in the same area as a master candidate. His research interests are in stem cell engineering, biomaterials, and regenerative medicine.

Chao Lin received PhD in 2008 from the University of Twente (Enschede, The Netherlands) under the supervision of Professor J. Feijen and J.F.J. Engbersen. He was appointed associate professor in 2009 at Tongji University (Shanghai, PR China). He has (co) authored 30 peer-reviewed articles and 2 book chapters. His research interest has been in nano-biomaterials for cancer gene therapy. He is a recipient of “Chinese Government Award for Outstanding Self-financed Students Abroad” in 2007.

Bo Lou received his bachelors degree in 2010 from the North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power (Zhengzhou, PR China). In the same year, he joined Tongji University (Shanghai, PR China) to pursue a master’s degree with the major of biomedical engineering. His research is dealing with the development of functional polymers for gene transfection under the supervision of Dr. Chao Lin.

Lakshmi S. Nair is an assistant professor at the Department of Orthopaedic surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center. She received her PhD in polymer chemistry, MPhil in chemistry and MSc in analytical chemistry. Dr. Nail’s research interests include injectable hydrogels, nanomaterials, surface modification and musculoskeletal tissue engineering.

Masaaki Nakai received his PhD degree in engineering from Nagoya University, Japan, in 2005. He is an associate professor at the Institute for Materials Research in Tohoku University, Japan. His current research interests include development of new titanium alloys for biomedical applications and improvement of their mechanical properties through controlling microstructure. He received the Japan Institute of Metals Young Researcher Award (Engineering Materials) in 2009 from the Japan Institute of Metals, Light Metal Encouragement Prize in 2010 from the Japan Institute of Light Metals, etc.

Mitsuo Niinomi is a professor and director of the Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Japan. He earned his PhD in engineering from Nagoya University, Japan, in 1980 and Dental Doctor of Science in Dentistry from Aichi-Gakuin University, Japan, in 2005. His recent research is focused on development of titanium alloys for medical and dental applications and the evaluation of their biological and mechanical biocompatibility. He received the Japan Institute of Metals Distinguished Contribution Award (2009), the Japan Institute of Metals Tanikawa-Harris Award in 2010, The Japanese Society for Biomaterials Gold Medal in 2011, Lee Hsun Lecture Award in 2008 from the Chinese Academy of Science, China.

Matsuhiko Nishizawa is a professor at the Department of Bioengineering and Robotics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Japan. He received his BE, ME, and PhD degrees in applied chemistry from Tohoku University in 1989, 1991 and 1994, respectively. His current interests include biosensors, biofuel cells, cell-based devices and cyborg engineering.

Chandra P. Sharma is the Head of the Biosurface Technology Division, Associate Dean, PhD Affairs at Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India. He received his training in biomaterials at the University of Utah (USA), the University of Liverpool, England, and solid state physicst from IIT Delhi. He has been awarded FBSE (Fellow Biomaterials Science & Engineering) by The International Union of Societies for Biomaterials Science & Engineering (IUS-BSE) in 2008 and FBAO (Fellow Biomaterials and Artificial Organs) by Society for Biomaterials & Artificial Organs (India) (SBAOI) in 2011. He is the founder of the Society for Biomaterials and Artificial Organs, India and the Society for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, India. Dr. Sharma has published more than 300 research papers and has processed 32 patents in Canada, European Union, Japan and USA. His laboratory has completed prestigious programs under NMITLI-CSIR New Delhi on oral delivery of insulin and has been awarded the FADDS program under DST, New Delhi for more than US$ 1.5 million. He is also Founder Editor of Trends in Biomaterials and Artificial Organs, an international journal of SBAOI.

Hardeep Singh is currently pursuing the Doctorate of Medicine at the University of Connecticut School of Medicine. He holds a Bachelors of Science in Physiology and Neurobiology with honors from the University of Connecticut. Research experience includes the development of polymeric nanofibers and implantable glucose biosensors.

Drago Skrtic received his PhD in medicinal chemistry from the University of Zagreb, Croatia. His early research was focused on pathological calcification in humans and use of liposomes as a biomineralization model. For the last fifteen years he has been directing studies of bioactive dental materials based on amorphous calcium phosphate. He has published over one hundred peer-reviewed articles and participated in numerous scientific meetings. Currently, he is a Director of Research at the Paffenbarger Research Center, American Dental Association Foundation in Gaithersburg, MD, USA.

Shoji Takeuchi received his BE, ME and Dr Eng in mechanical engineering from the University of Tokyo, Japan in 1995, 1997 and 2000, respectively. He is currently an associate professor in the Center for International Research on Micronano Mechatronics (CIRMM), Institute of Industrial Science (IIS), University of Tokyo. Since 2008, he is a Director of Collaborative Research Center for Bio/NanoHybrid Process at IIS. His current research interests include membrane protein chips, bottom-up tissue engineering and biohybrid MEMS. He received several awards including Young Scientists’ Prize, the Commendation for Science and Technology by the Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology in 2008, the JSPS prize from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science in 2010.

Sunita Prem Victor completed her MS and PhD in metallurgical and materials engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology, Madras. She is currently a Post Doctoral Research Associate at the Biosurface Technology Division at Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram. She has published 15 research papers and her research interests include bioceramics, drug delivery and bioimaging.

Benli Wang received his PhD in materials science from Harbin Institute of Technology, China in 2009, and is currently an assistant professor at the Center for Biomedical Materials and Engineering, Harbin Engineering University, China. His research interest is in titanium alloys for biomedical applications, including the low modulus titanium alloys and nickel-free Ti-based shape memory alloys. He has published 15 journal papers in the field.

Ping Yang works at the University of Jinan, China and received her PhD degree from Shandong University. Her main research area is focused on material chemistry, nanomaterials and their applications. She has published more than 100 research papers and applied for several patents (Chinese, Japanese and American) in this area. She was awarded the JSPS Fellowship (Japan) in 2007, a Professorship in 2009, and “Abroad Specialist” in 2010 for Taishan Scholars by the Shandong Provincial Government.

Binbin Zhang, received his PhD in materials science from Harbin Engineering University, China in 2010, and is currently an engineer at Luoyang Ship Material Research Institute, China. His research interest is titanium alloy and its applications. He had published 6 journal papers in this field.

Yufeng Zheng, received his PhD degree in materials science from Harbin Institute of Technology, China in 1998, and is currently a full professor in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, China. His research interest is in biomedical metallic materials including pure metals, Ti alloys, Mg alloys, Fe alloys and bulk metallic glasses. He has published more than 200 journal papers, with more than 2, 300 citations.

Chapter 1

1D~3D Nano-engineered Biomaterials for Biomedical Applications

Hui Chen, Xiaokang Li and Yanan Du

Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China

Abstract

The pursuit for optimized performances in biomedical applications has led to the development of bioactive and biocompatible materials with well-defined structural and therapeutic features. Meanwhile, due to the unique biophysical & biochemical properties achieved in molecular-scale resolution, nano-engineered biomaterials have been gaining increasing attention with potential applications in tissue engineering, bio-imaging, drug delivery etc. In this chapter, we review diverse approaches employed in preparing a number of commonly-used nano-engineered biomaterials and their biomedical applications. We categorize the reviewed biomaterials into: 3D (i.e. nano-particle), 2D (i.e. nano-fiber), and 1D (i.e. nano-sheet), according to the number of dimensions in nano-scale; and illustrate the material selection, fabrication methods and applications respectively in each section.

Keywords: Nano-engineered biomaterial, nano-scale, nanoparticle, nanofiber, nanomembrane, self-assembly, biomacromolecule

1.1 Introduction

The last few decades witness the prosperity of material science which plays a crucial role in current biomedical science and technology development. The functions and applications of certain material are highly dependent on its physical and chemical properties. In particular, the unique properties exhibited by materials with defined nanoscale structures (similar length scale of biomolecules [1]) are increasingly being realized by researchers in biomedical field [2–5]. As an example, the nanostructures of extracellular matrix (ECM) have been shown to govern the migration, differentiation, and fate of cells [6], which are critical for cell and tissue engineering applications. To nano-engineer biomaterials with desired properties and functions, it is of great importance to optimize the fabrication methodologies, apply tailored modification, and develop precise characterization methods.

In this chapter, we reviewed recent progress on researches in nanoengineered materials, and their applications in biomedical fields such as tissue engineering, drug delivery, wound healing and medical implant. We define materials with all three dimensions in nano-scale as 3D nanomaterials such as nanoparticles, self-assembled peptide or DNA nanostructures [7]; materials with 2 dimensions in nanoscale while the other dimension in micro/macro scale as 2-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials, such as nanofibers; materials with only one dimension in nanoscale while the other two in micro/macro scales as 1D nanomaterials such as nanosheets and nanofilters. All the nanomaterials in these three categories distinguish from their macro counterparts in many aspects such as optical [8], biocompatible [3], and elastic [9] properties. Due to the rapid development in nanomaterials, it is beyond the capacity of this chapter to provide an exclusive review. We therefore have mainly introduced one representative nanomaterials for each category, namely nanoparticles for 3D nanomaterials; nanofibers for 2D nanomaterials; and nanosheets for 1D nanomaterials.

1.2 3D Nanomaterials Towards Biomedical Applications