Intelligence Unbound E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Geisteswissenschaft
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 669

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2014

Beschreibung

Intelligence Unbound explores the prospects, promises, and potential dangers of machine intelligence and uploaded minds in a collection of state-of-the-art essays from internationally recognized philosophers, AI researchers, science fiction authors, and theorists.

• Compelling and intellectually sophisticated exploration of the latest thinking on Artificial Intelligence and machine minds
• Features contributions from an international cast of philosophers, Artificial Intelligence researchers, science fiction authors, and more
• Offers current, diverse perspectives on machine intelligence and uploaded minds, emerging topics of tremendous interest
• Illuminates the nature and ethics of tomorrow’s machine minds—and of the convergence of humans and machines—to consider the pros and cons of a variety of intriguing possibilities
• Considers classic philosophical puzzles as well as the latest topics debated by scholars
• Covers a wide range of viewpoints and arguments regarding the prospects of uploading and machine intelligence, including proponents and skeptics, pros and cons

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Title Page

Copyright

Dedication

Notes on Contributors

Introduction I: Machines of Loving Grace (Let's Hope)

1 Machine minds or humans copied into machines?

2 Emulating the mind

3 Is my copy me?

4 Who woke up?

Notes

References

Introduction II: Bring on the Machines

1 A strange new epoch?

2 Machines that think?

3 Into the machine…?

4 Personal identity and survival

5 Contemplating the unimaginable

6 The future is coming

Notes

References

Chapter 1: How Conscience Apps and Caring Computers will Illuminate and Strengthen Human Morality

1 Introduction

2 Self-control

3 Caring

4 Fairness and moral cognition

5 Mindfulness

6 Intelligence

7 Conclusions

References

Chapter 2: Threshold Leaps in Advanced Artificial Intelligence

1 Explosive improvement

2 Scenarios of AI emergence

3 Physical growth

4 Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 3: Who Knows Anything about Anything about AI?

1 Introduction

2 Taxonomy of predictions

3 (Un)reliable experts

4 AI timeline predictions

5 Case studies

6 Conclusion: To know the limits of what can be known

Acknowledgments

Notes

References

Chapter 4: Nine Ways to Bias Open-Source Artificial General Intelligence Toward Friendliness

1 Introduction

2 Is open or closed AGI development safer?

3 The (unlikely) prospect of government controls on AGI development

4 Nine ways to bias AGI toward Friendliness

5 Conclusion

Notes

References

Chapter 5: Feasible Mind Uploading

1 Neural interfaces and neural prostheses

2 Iterative improvements in four main areas to achieve whole brain emulation

3 Is a computer too deterministic to house a mind?

4 A platform for iteration between model and measurement

5 Conclusions—uploaded and machine minds

References

Chapter 6: Uploading: A Philosophical Analysis

1 Uploading and consciousness

2 Uploading and personal identity

3 The argument from nondestructive uploading

4 The argument from gradual uploading

5 Where things stand

6 Uploading after brain preservation

7 Reconstructive uploading

8 Upshot

Acknowledgments

Notes

References

Chapter 7: Mind Uploading: A Philosophical Counter-Analysis

1 Introduction

2 What I am going to attempt here

3 What Chalmers says, redux

4 Consciousness, computation, and mind uploading

5 Mind uploading, personal identity, and Kirk's death by transporter

6 Conclusion

Acknowledgments

Notes

References

Chapter 8: If You Upload, Will You Survive?

1 Introduction

2 Uploading and personal identity

3 Putting metaphysics to work

4 Response to Chalmers

5 Conclusion

Notes

References

Chapter 9: On the Prudential Irrationality of Mind Uploading

1 Is mind uploading a philosophical possibility?

2 Acknowledging and responding to philosophical skepticism about computer consciousness

3 Searle's Wager

4 Why death could be so much worse for those considering uploading than it is for us now (or why D is so much worse than B)

5 Why uploading and surviving is not so much better than, and possible worse than, refusing to upload (or why A is not so much better than, and possibly worse than, C)

6 Why we shouldn't make electronic copies of ourselves

7 Conclusion

Acknowledgments

Notes

References

Chapter 10: Uploading and Personal Identity

1 Uploading: prospects and perils

2 The equivalency thesis

3 Personal identity: psychological and somatic accounts

4 Against somaticism: the big stroke

5 Against somaticism: retrospective replicas

6 No branching

7 Types and tokens

8 The type/token solution to personal identity

9 Should I upload?

Acknowledgments

Notes

References

Chapter 11: Whole Brain Emulation: Invasive vs. Non-Invasive Methods

1 Introduction

2 WBE: Proposed methods

3 Can your WBE preserve your personal identity?

4 Concluding thoughts

Acknowledgments

Notes

References

Chapter 12: The Future of Identity: Implications, Challenges, and Complications of Human/Machine Consciousness

References

Chapter 13: Practical Implications of Mind Uploading

1 Physical appearance

2 Enhanced senses

3 Travel and duplication

4 Population growth

5 Age and wealth

6 Settling the solar system

7 Artificial realities

8 Conclusion

Chapter 14: The Values and Directions of Uploaded Minds

1 Uploading as a tipping point in values

2 Enabling leaps upward in motivation hierarchies

3 Discarding entire classes of valuable objects

4 Expanding value hierarchies to include novel phenomena

5 How can we anticipate directionality, or purpose?

6 Resource availability

7 Teleology for uploads

8 Conclusion

References

Chapter 15: The Enhanced Carnality of Post-Biological Life

1 Fake fear and loathing of the flesh

2 Beyond either/or thinking

3 The distorting lens of the cyborg

4 The irony of mockery

5 Freedom from biology

6 Conclusion

References

Chapter 16: Qualia Surfing

1 Fundamentals of qualia surfing

2 Abstract qualia

3 New bodies

4 Classic uploading

5 What is our purpose?

6 Domains

7 The Utopia that came in from the cold

References

Chapter 17: Design of Life Expansion and the Human Mind

1 Beneath the surface

2 Fracturing

3 Expansion

4 Design

5 Conclusion

Notes

References

Chapter 18: Against Immortality: Why Death is Better than the Alternative

1 To be or not to be—forever?

2 The finitude of being within the infinitude of time

Notes

References

Chapter 19: The Pinocchio Syndrome and the Prosthetic Impulse

1 The Pinocchio syndrome in

Star Trek

—Data

2 The prosthetic impulse in

Star Trek

—the Borg

3 Data vs. the Borg

4 Discussion

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 20: Being Nice to Software Animals and Babies

1 Brain emulations

2 Software animal rights

3 The moral status of animals

4 The moral status of software

5 Treating emulated animals right

6 The life and death of emulations

7 Ethics of human and animal emulations

8 Volunteers and emulation rights

9 Handling of flawed and distressed versions

10 Time and communication

11 Vulnerability and self-ownership

12 The big picture

References

Chapter 21: What Will It Be Like To Be an Emulation?

1 Why think about ems now?

2 Life among the ems

3 The culture of ems

4 Em identity

5 Inequality

6 War

7 Clans

8 Intelligence unbound

9 Conclusion

References

Afterword

References

Index

End User License Agreement

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Guide

cover

Table of Contents

Introduction I: Machines of Loving Grace (Let's Hope)

Chapter 1: How Conscience Apps and Caring Computers will Illuminate and Strengthen Human Morality

List of Illustrations

Figure 3.1

Figure 3.2

List of Tables

Table 3.1

Table 9.1

Intelligence Unbound

The Future of Uploaded and Machine Minds

Edited by

Russell Blackford and Damien Broderick

This edition first published 2014

© 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

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Cover image: Circuit board © sborisov /iStockphoto; Vitruvian Man © Devrimb /iStockphoto.

To Aubrey Townsend, who handed me the tools

Russell Blackford

To R. Daneel Olivaw, Golem XIV, Donovan's Brain, and Paul Durham, in the hope that things turn out better next time

Damien Broderick

Notes on Contributors

Nicholas Agar

is a New Zealand philosopher, based at Victoria University of Wellington. His research is focused on ethical issues arising out of the application of new technologies to human beings. His most recent books are

Humanity's End: Why We Should Reject Radical Enhancement

(2010) and

Truly Human Enhancement: A Philosophical Defense of Limits

(2014).

Michael Anissimov

is a futurist focused on such emerging technologies as nanotechnology, biotechnology, robotics, and artificial intelligence. He previously managed the Singularity Summit and worked as media director for the Machine Intelligence Research Institute, as well as co-founding Extreme Futurist Festival.

Stuart Armstrong

and Seán ÓhÉigeartaigh work at the Future of Humanity Institute of Oxford University, where they analyze the major risks facing humanity, and how these can be prevented or mitigated. Recent work has focused on the risks and ethics of AI, human biases, and the reliability of predictions.

Russell Blackford

is an Australian philosopher and literary critic. He is a Conjoint Lecturer at the University of Newcastle, NSW, and editor-in-chief of

The Journal of Evolution and Technology

. His recent books include

Freedom of Religion and the Secular State

(2012) and

Humanity Enhanced: Genetic Choice and the Challenge for Liberal Democracies

(2014).

James Bodington

is a doctoral candidate in philosophy at the University of New Mexico, where he studies twentieth-century and contemporary continental philosophy, especially philosophy of religion and philosophy of technology, with a particular emphasis on the ethical and political ramifications of technology.

Damien Broderick

holds a PhD in the literary theory of the sciences and the arts from Deakin University, and has written or edited some 60 books in several disciplines, including a number of prize-winning novels. His

The Spike

(1997, 2001) was the first general treatment of the Singularity. In 2008 he edited an original science anthology

Year Million

, on the prospects of humankind in the remote future.

David J. Chalmers

is Distinguished Professor of Philosophy and Director of the Centre for Consciousness at the Australian National University and Professor of Philosophy at New York University. He is best known for articulating what he has dubbed the “hard problem” of consciousness—explaining how physical brains and bodies give rise to “qualia,” or subjective experiences. His best-known book is

The Conscious Mind

(1996).

Joseph Corabi

is an Associate Professor of Philosophy at Saint Joseph's University. He has published numerous articles on philosophy of mind and philosophy of religion.

Linda MacDonald Glenn

is a bioethicist, healthcare educator, lecturer, consultant, and attorney. She holds faculty appointments at the Alden March Bioethics Center and California State University Monterey Bay. Her research is focused on the sociopolitical implications of exponential technologies and evolving concepts of legal personhood.

Ben Goertzel

, PhD, chief force behind the recent movement toward artificial general intelligence in the AI field, is chief scientist of financial prediction firm Aidyia Holdings and chairman of AI software company Novamente LLC and bioinformatics company Biomind LLC. His research work encompasses artificial general intelligence, natural-language processing, cognitive science, data mining, machine learning, computational finance, bioinformatics, virtual worlds, gaming, and other areas.

Kathleen Ann Goonan

is the author of

Queen City Jazz

(1994),

The Bones of Time

(1996),

Mississippi Blues

(1998),

Crescent City Rhapsody

(2000),

Light Music

(2002),

In War Times

(2007),

This Shared Dream

(2011), and

Angels and You Dogs

(2012). She is a Professor of the Practice at Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, where she teaches creative writing and examines the intersection of culture, science, technology, and literature. Her website is

www.goonan.com

.

Victor Grech

is Consultant Pediatrician (Cardiology), Pediatric Department, Mater Dei Hospital, Tal-Qroqq, Malta, and author of several searching essays on the thematics of

Star Trek

.

Robin Hanson

is an Associate Professor of Economics at George Mason University and a research associate at the Future of Humanity Institute of Oxford University. He is known as an expert on prediction markets and was a principal architect of the Foresight Exchange, DARPA's FutureMAP project, and IARPA's DAGGRE project.

James J. Hughes

is the Executive Director of the Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies, and a bioethicist and sociologist at Trinity College in Hartford, Connecticut, where he teaches health policy. Hughes is author of

Citizen Cyborg

, and is working on a second book tentatively titled

Cyborg Buddha

.

Randal A. Koene

introduced the multidisciplinary field of whole brain emulation and is lead curator of its scientific roadmap. He is founder of the

Carboncopies.org

foundation and neural interfaces company NeuraLink Co, and Science Director of the 2045 Initiative. His publications, presentations and interviews are available at

http://randalkoene.com

.

Richard Loosemore

is a lecturer in the Department of Mathematical and Physical Sciences at Wells College. He graduated from University College London as a physicist and from Warwick University as a cognitive scientist. His background includes work in artificial intelligence, cognitive science, physics, software development, philosophy, parapsychology, and archeology.

Max More

, who received his PhD in philosophy from the University of Southern California, is a strategic philosopher recognized for his thinking on the implications of emerging technologies. More's contributions include founding the philosophy of transhumanism, developing the Proactionary Principle, and co-founding Extropy Institute. He is currently president and CEO of the Alcor Life Extension Foundation.

Seán ÓhÉigeartaigh

and Stuart Armstrong work at the Future of Humanity Institute of Oxford University, where they analyze the major risks facing humanity, and how these can be prevented or mitigated. Recent work has focused on the risks and ethics of AI, human biases, and the reliability of predictions.

Nicole Olson

is a Canadian transhumanist writer/researcher holding a bachelor's degree from the University of Alberta in philosophy and sociology.

Massimo Pigliucci

is a Professor of Philosophy at the City University of New York. His research is concerned with philosophy of science, the relationship between science and philosophy, and the nature of pseudoscience. His publications include several books, most recently

Answers for Aristotle

(2012) and

Philosophy of Pseudoscience

(co-edited with Maarten Boudry, 2013).

Joel Pitt

, PhD, is a scientist and software developer based in Wellington, New Zealand. As a scientist, he has contributed original research to molecular biology, machine learning, and ecology. As a developer he has been the CTO Demand Analytics, and currently works for Dragonfly Data Science, a science consultancy in Wellington.

Anders Sandberg

has a background in computational neuroscience and the ethics of human enhancement. Since 2008 he has been James Martin Research Fellow at the Future of Humanity Institute at Oxford University, where he is investigating neuroethics, global catastrophic risks, and applied epistemology.

Susan Schneider

is an Associate Professor of Philosophy at the University of Connecticut. She has published many articles in the fields of metaphysics and philosophy of mind as well as

The Language of Thought, The Blackwell Companion to Consciousness

(with Max Velmans), and

Science Fiction and Philosophy

.

Joe Strout

's career blends science and technology, with degrees in psychology and neuroscience, and extensive experience as a software engineer. He works now as a software consultant, developing artificial intelligence algorithms for the game industry, as well as other applications in business and medicine. His website is

http://www.ibiblio.org/jstrout/uploading

.

Iain Thomson

is Professor of Philosophy at the University of New Mexico. The author of two books,

Heidegger on Ontotheology: Technology and the Politics of Education

(2005) and

Heidegger, Art, and Postmodernity

(2011), Thomson has published dozens of articles in philosophical journals, essay collections, and reference works, and his writing has been translated into seven languages.

Natasha Vita-More

, PhD, is a Professor at the University of Advancing Technology and Founder of H+ Lab. She has appeared in over 24 televised documentaries and featured in

Wired

, the

New York Times

, and

Village Voice

. She is chair of Humanity+ and a Fellow of the Institute for Ethics and Emerging Technologies.

Mark Walker

is an Associate Professor in the Department of Philosophy at New Mexico State University, where he holds the Richard L. Hedden Chair of Advanced Philosophical Studies. His book,

Happy-People-Pills for All

(2013) argues for creating advanced pharmaceuticals to boost the happiness of the general population.

Naomi Wellington

is a postgraduate philosophy student at the Australian National University, working under the supervision of Daniel Stoljar and David Chalmers. Her academic background includes a BA with philosophy honors (H1) from Monash University. Her primary areas of interest are philosophy of mind and philosophy of neuroscience.

Introduction I

Machines of Loving Grace (Let's Hope)

Damien Broderick

1 Machine minds or humans copied into machines?

In an immensely confident but typical summary of the neurocomputational model of mind now dominant in science, Nobel Laureate Eric Kandel wrote in 2013:

This new science of mind is based on the principle that our mind and our brain are inseparable. The brain is a complex biological organ possessing immense computational capability: it constructs our sensory experience, regulates our thoughts and emotions, and controls our actions. It is responsible not only for relatively simple motor behaviors like running and eating, but also for complex acts that we consider quintessentially human, like thinking, speaking and creating works of art. Looked at from this perspective, our mind is a set of operations carried out by our brain.1

More than two decades earlier, the science fiction writer Charles Platt offered a somewhat ampler view:

A person's mind is structure as well as content. Without the structure, the content can't function. Our minds have to have the specialized architecture … in which to operate. We can store our brain data elsewhere, but when we do that, it's as nonfunctional as a videodisc without a disc player.