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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
- Serie: Wiley - IEEE
- Sprache: Englisch
INTELLIGENT CONNECTIVITY AI, IOT, AND 5G Explore the economics and technology of AI, IOT, and 5G integration Intelligent Connectivity: AI, IoT, and 5G delivers a comprehensive technological and economic analysis of intelligent connectivity and the integration of artificial intelligence, Internet of Things (IoT), and 5G. It covers a broad range of topics, including Machine-to-Machine (M2M) architectures, edge computing, cybersecurity, privacy, risk management, IoT architectures, and more. The book offers readers robust statistical data in the form of tables, schematic diagrams, and figures that provide a clear understanding of the topic, along with real-world examples of applications and services of intelligent connectivity in different sectors of the economy. Intelligent Connectivity describes key aspects of the digital transformation coming with the 4th industrial revolution that will touch on industries as disparate as transportation, education, healthcare, logistics, entertainment, security, and manufacturing. Readers will also get access to: * A thorough introduction to technology adoption and emerging trends in technology, including business trends and disruptive new applications * Comprehensive explorations of telecommunications transformation and intelligent connectivity, including learning algorithms, machine learning, and deep learning * Practical discussions of the Internet of Things, including its potential for disruption and future trends for technological development * In-depth examinations of 5G wireless technology, including discussions of the first five generations of wireless tech Ideal for telecom and information technology managers, directors, and engineers, Intelligent Connectivity: AI, IoT, and 5G is also an indispensable resource for senior undergraduate and graduate students in telecom and computer science programs.
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Table of Contents
Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication Page
Preface
Acknowledgement
Introduction
Intelligent Connectivity: Fusion of AI, IoT, and 5G
1 Technology Adoption and Emerging Trends
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Trends in Business Technology
1.3 AI‐Fueled Organizations
1.4 Connectivity of Tomorrow
1.5 Moving Beyond Marketing
1.6 Cloud Computing
1.7 Cybersecurity, Privacy, and Risk Management
1.8 Conclusion
References
2 Telecommunication Transformation and Intelligent Connectivity
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Cybersecurity Concerns in the 5G World
2.3 Positive Effects of Addressing Cybersecurity Challenges in 5G
2.4 Intelligent Connectivity Use‐Cases
2.5 Industrial and Manufacturing Operations
2.6 Healthcare
2.7 Public Safety and Security
2.8 Conclusion
References
3 The Internet of Things (IoT): Potentials and the Future Trends
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Achieving the Future of IoT
3.3 Commercial Opportunities for IoT
3.4 The Industrial Internet of Things
3.5 Future Impact of IoT in Our Industry
3.6 Data Sharing in the IoT Environment
3.7 IoT Devices for Environment Operation
3.8 Interoperability Issues of IoT
3.9 IoT‐Cloud – Application
3.10 Regulation and Security Issues of IoT
3.11 Achieving IoT Innovations While Tackling Security and Regulation Issues
3.12 Future of IoT
3.13 Conclusion
References
4 The Wild Wonders of 5G Wireless Technology
4.1 Introduction
4.2 5G Architecture
4.3 5G Applications
4.4 5G Network Architecture
4.5 Security and Issues of 5G
4.6 IoT Devices in 5G Wireless
4.7 Big Data Analytics in 5G
4.8 AI Empowers a Wide Scope of Use Cases
4.9 Conclusion
References
5 Artificial Intelligence Technology
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Core Concepts of Artificial Intelligence
5.3 Machine Learning and Applications
5.4 Deep Learning
5.5 Neural Networks Follow a Natural Model
5.6 Classifications of Artificial Intelligence
5.7 Trends in Artificial Intelligence
5.8 Challenges of Artificial Intelligence
5.9 Funding Trends in Artificial Intelligence
5.10 Conclusion
References
6 AI, 5G, and IoT: Driving Forces Towards the Industry Technology Trends
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Fifth Generation of Network Technology
6.3 Internet of Things (IoT)
6.4 Industrial Internet of Things
6.5 IoT in the Automotive Industry
6.6 IoT in Agriculture
6.7 AI, IoT, and 5G Security
6.8 Conclusion
References
7 Intelligent Connectivity: New Capabilities to Bring Complex Use Cases
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Machine‐to‐Machine Communication and the Internet of Things
7.3 Convergence of Internet of Things, Artificial Intelligence, and 5G
7.4 Intelligent Connectivity Applications
7.5 Challenges and Risks of Intelligent Connectivity
7.6 Recommendations
7.7 Conclusion
References
8 IoT : Laws, Policies, and Regulations
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Recently Published Laws and Regulations
8.3 Developing Innovation and Growing the Internet of Things (DIGIT) Act
8.4 General View
8.5 Relaxation of Laws by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)
8.6 Supporting Innovation of Self‐Driving Cars by Government Policies
8.7 Recommendations
8.8 Conclusion
References
9 Artificial Intelligence and Blockchain
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Decentralized Intelligence
9.3 Applications
9.4 How Artificial Intelligence and Blockchain Will Affect Society
9.5 Augmented Reality
9.6 Mixed Reality
9.7 Virtual Reality
9.8 Key Components in a Virtual Reality System
9.9 Augmented Reality Uses
9.10 Applications of Virtual Reality in Business
9.11 The Future of Blockchain
9.12 Blockchain Applications
9.13 Blockchain and the Internet of Things
9.14 Law Coordination
9.15 Collaboration for Blockchain Success
References
10 Digital Twin Technology
10.1 Introduction
10.2 The Timeline and History of Digital Twin Technology
10.3 Technologies Employed in Digital Twin Models
10.4 The Dimension of Digital Twin Models
10.5 Digital Twin and Other Technologies
10.6 Digital Twin Technology Implementation
10.7 Benefits of Digital Twins
10.8 Application of Digital Twins
10.9 Challenges of Digital Twins
References
11 Artificial Intelligence, Big Data Analytics, and IoT
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Analytics
11.3 AI Technology in Big Data and IoT
11.4 AI Technology Applications and Use Cases
11.5 AI Technology Impact on the Vertical Market
11.6 AI in Big Data and IoT Market Analysis and Forecasts
11.7 Conclusion
References
12 Digital Transformation Trends in the Automotive Industry
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Evolution of the Automotive Industry
12.3 Data‐Driven Business Model and Data Monetization
12.4 Services of the Data‐Driven Business Model
12.5 Values of New Services in the New Automotive Industry
12.6 Conclusion
References
13 Wireless Sensors/IoT and Artificial Intelligence for Smart Grid and Smart Home
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Wireless Sensor Networks
13.3 Power Grid Impact
13.4 Benefits of the Smart Grid
13.5 Internet of Things
13.6 Internet of Things on the Smart Grid
13.7 Smart Grid and Artificial Intelligence
13.8 Smart Grid Programming
13.9 Conclusion
References
14 Artificial Intelligence, 5G, and IoT: Security
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Understanding IoT
14.3 Artificial Intelligence
14.4 5G Network
14.5 Emerging Partnership of Artificial Intelligence, IoT, 5G, and Cybersecurity
14.6 Conclusion
References
15 Intelligent Connectivity and Agriculture
15.1 Introduction
15.2 The Potential of Wireless Sensors and IoT in Agriculture
15.3 IoT Sensory Technology with Traditional Farming
15.4 IoT Devices and Communication Techniques
15.5 IoT and all Crop Stages
15.6 Drone in Farming Applications
15.7 Conclusion
References
16 Applications of Artificial Intelligence, ML, and DL
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Building Artificial Intelligence Capabilities
16.3 What is Machine Learning?
16.4 Deep Learning
16.5 Machine Learning vs. Deep Learning Comparison
16.6 Feature Engineering
16.7 Applications of Machine Learning
16.8 Applications of Deep Learning
16.9 Future Trends
References
17 Big Data and Artificial Intelligence: Strategies for Leading Business Transformation
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Big Data
17.3 Machine Learning‐Based Medical Systems
17.4 Artificial Intelligence for Stock Market Predictions
17.5 Trends in AI and Big Data Technologies Drive Business Innovation
17.6 Advancements and New Entries
17.7 AI and Production
17.8 AI and ML Operations Research
17.9 Collaboration Between Machines and Humans
17.10 Generative Designs
17.11 Adapting to a Changing Market
References
Index
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
Chapter 3
Table 3.1 IoT protocols and specification.
Chapter 4
Table 4.1 Mobile generation technology evolution and comparison (Desai 2019...
Chapter 16
Table 16.1 DL and ML differences (Guru99 2019).
List of Illustrations
Chapter 1
Figure 1.1 Hype cycles for emerging technologies, 2020 (Panetta 2020).
Figure 1.2 The critical role of fusion of IoT, 5G, and AI in different indus...
Chapter 2
Figure 2.1 Investment and usage of the most popular technologies.
Figure 2.2 The fusion of 5G, AI, and IoT (GSMA International 2018).
Chapter 3
Figure 3.1 IoT network from connectivity to human value (i‐SCOOP).
Figure 3.2 IIOT categories of enabling technologies (Benardos 2017).
Figure 3.3 The adoption and impact path of the industrial Internet (World Ec...
Chapter 4
Figure 4.1 Wireless networks evolution (Senate RPC 2019).
Figure 4.2 (a) KPI comparison of 4G and 5G (International Telecommunication ...
Figure 4.3 KPI for three 5G use cases of eMBB, mMTC, and uRLLC (Lee, 2016)....
Figure 4.4 5G and real‐time mobile applications and services (Desai 2019).
Figure 4.5 High‐level characteristics of proposed 5G frequency bands (metasw...
Chapter 5
Figure 5.1 AI revenue, top 10 use cases, world markets – 2025 (TM Capital 20...
Figure 5.2 Sectors leading to AI adoption technology (TM Capital 2017).
Figure 5.3 Global healthcare AI market growth through 2024 (TM capital 2017)...
Figure 5.4 Enterprise AI companies, 2020.
Chapter 6
Figure 6.1 IoT map illustration and definition (i‐Scoop).
Chapter 7
Figure 7.1 The most demanding 5G services (GSMA 2019).
Chapter 10
Figure 10.1 Digital Twin model (Boschert and Rosen 2016).
Figure 10.2 Tools for Digital Twin (Botkina et al. 2018).
Figure 10.3 Digital Twin model presentation (Grieves 2014).
Figure 10.4 Enabling technologies of Digital Twin modules (Hribernik, Wuest,...
Figure 10.5 Digital Twin connectivity (Zhang et al. 2019).
Figure 10.6 Enabling technologies of Digital Twin (Zhang et al. 2019).
Chapter 11
Figure 11.1 The number of monthly active Facebook users worldwide 2008–2020 ...
Figure 11.2 Maturity of uses of Artificial Intelligence in banking and payme...
Figure 11.3 AI and banking fear not (Sorrentino 2018).
Figure 11.4 Smart city cases for AI‐powered IoT‐enabled technology (Packt 20...
Figure 11.5 Vertical and horizontal competition (Brinker 2016).
Figure 11.6 Deploying predictive analytics (Just 2017).
Figure 11.7 How companies are currently using AI (Vaghela 2019).
Chapter 12
Figure 12.1 The car of the future is electrified, autonomous, shared, connec...
Figure 12.2 The global market of AIC automotive systems (Intellias 2020).
Figure 12.3 Connected car leadership landscapes (EQUINX in Harrison and Mert...
Chapter 13
Figure 13.1 Applications of a Smart Grid in different use cases.
Chapter 14
Figure 14.1 Evolution of wireless mobile systems (Katrodiya 2019).
Figure 14.2 Evolution to wireless 5G (El‐Hassani et al. 2019).
Figure 14.3 A breakthrough in three dimensions (El‐Hassani et al. 2019).
Chapter 15
Figure 15.1 The typical life cycle of an IoT analytics‐based agricultural us...
Figure 15.2 The benefits of using a drone in precision agriculture (Chuchra ...
Chapter 16
Figure 16.1 Defining AI and ML (TM capital 2017).
Figure 16.2 The difference between AI, ML, and DL in the digital world (Vale...
Figure 16.3 The plot of data vs. performance (Tang 2018).
Figure 16.4 The industry landscape of AI and ML healthcare applications.
Chapter 17
Figure 17.1 The evolution of business intelligence (Eckerson 2018).
Figure 17.2 Working of the AI system (Kurzweil 2016).
Figure 17.3 AI predictions (Kurzweil 2016).
Figure 17.4 Transformation of business data with AI‐powered business intelli...
Figure 17.5 Artificial Intelligence solutions as the interplay of three cent...
Figure 17.6 Incorporation of IoT and other digital technologies towards indu...
Guide
Cover Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication Page
Preface
Acknowledgement
Introduction
Table of Contents
Begin Reading
Index
Wiley End User License Agreement
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Intelligent Connectivity
AI, IoT, and 5G
Abdulrahman Yarali
Coordinator of Cybersecurity Network ManagementPOC for Center for Academic Excellence Cyber Defense EducationMurray State University, KY, USA
This edition first published 2022© 2022 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
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The right of Abdulrahman Yarali to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with law.
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Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data
Names: Yarali, Abdulrahman, author.Title: Intelligent connectivity : AI, IoT, and 5G / Abdulrahman Yarali.Description: Hoboken, NJ, USA : Wiley, 2022. | Includes bibliographical references and index.Identifiers: LCCN 2021033024 (print) | LCCN 2021033025 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119685180 (hardback) | ISBN 9781119685234 (adobe pdf) | ISBN 9781119685210 (epub)Subjects: LCSH: Internet of things. | 5G mobile communication systems. | Artificial intelligence–Industrial applications.Classification: LCC TK5105.8857 .Y369 2022 (print) | LCC TK5105.8857 (ebook) | DDC 004.67/8–dc23LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021033024LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021033025
Cover Design: WileyCover Image: © metamorworks/Shutterstock
This book is dedicated to my kids, Fatemeh Zahra and Sadrodin Ali
Preface
The Oxford English Dictionary defines intelligence as acquiring and applying knowledge and skills. Its three definitions of intelligence demonstrate that humans and devices, buildings, and computers can possess such knowledge and skills. Intelligent connectivity is a concept that foresees the combination of high‐speed fifth‐generation (5G) networks, Artificial Intelligence (AI), and the Internet of Things (IoT) to accelerate technological development and structural changes paving the roads to enable new disruptive digital services. AI, 5G, and IoT advances are now enhancing each other, making the fifth wave of computing. The convergence of IoT, 5G wireless, and AI technologies are said to be some of the most exciting times for computing and technology and will usher in a new age of intelligent connectivity. Intelligent connectivity is not about a single product or device but a very complicated ecosystem expected to play a major role in bringing industry 4.0. These technologies work in sync with ubiquitous hyper‐connectivity, giving the users contextualized and personalized experiences. This phenomenon will significantly impact people, industries, governments, and organizations, transforming our way of life and work. The prospects at hand would be intelligent transport in self‐driving cars, intelligent healthcare systems, intelligent public safety and security systems, smart farming, smart city, entertainment, workplace, and many other sectors. Therefore, openness and exchanges across industries are needed.
Various AI applications range from Machine Learning, Deep Learning, Automation, and Autonomy, to Human–Machine Teaming. The implementation of AI through the IoT in different sectors of human life will significantly impact the field of business and job employment. However, AI is a pivotal enabler of intelligent connectivity, currently in its infancy, and human beings are just into the so‐called “narrow” or “weak AI” today. Whether to deploy AI in the cloud or at the edge of network connectivity, many real‐life applications, and use cases opt for a hybrid cloud‐edge approach.
5G networks provide higher data rates than 4G/LTE leveraging directional antennas, millimeter‐wave radio frequency, and edge computing solutions. In addition to higher data transfer rates, the 5G provides ultra‐low latency, ideally less than 1‐ms delay needed for some portable or mobile apps and services, for example, haptic internet, virtual reality, industrial automation, and robotics. The 5G network, unlike 4G/LTE, presents a focused purpose‐built technology designed and specifically engineered to facilitate the connected devices and automation system. The prospect positions 5G as a facilitator and catalyst to the next industrial age, referred to as industry 4.0. There is a clear need to forecast beyond smart factories, intelligent goods, and services towards enterprise as a whole and offer new unique benefits of the higher capacity urban wireless application.
IoT refers to a collection of standards for a new generation of “smart” products. These “smart” products, like embedded systems, have computer hardware integrated into them that allows for the gathering, processing, and contextualizing of data from their environment and sharing it across a network. Smart connected products provide more excellent reliability, expanding opportunities, much high utilization of the product, and its capabilities of transcending traditional products. It involves strategic choices of creating and capturing products, newly generated data, and relationship with conventional business partners. It highlights the opportunities of smart products produced through smart products, which are named ‘Internet of Things.’ IoT devices can be self‐adapting, self‐configuring, and interoperable. IoT devices use several communication protocols, including ones used by mobile phones. The deployment of 5G can help expand IoT devices deployment while reducing the networks' complexity that utilizes them as the number of devices increases. Together, 5G and IoT technology could allow for faster deployment of networks for virtually every application at the business and consumer levels of industry and commerce. However, when both technologies are combined with AI, intelligent connectivity becomes possible.
All these ever‐evolving technologies need to work together to create immersive experiences other than creating several separate devices for consumers. Almost half of the global population (3.8 billion people) are now mobile internet users, forecast to reach 61% (5 billion) by 2025. According to the Global Mobile Suppliers' Association, the Global Mobile Economy will be valued at $4.9 trillion by 2024 as 5G Ramps Up. 4G will continue to grow over the coming years, increasing to 56% of connections by 2025. Mobile operators are expected to spend $1.1 trillion worldwide between 2020 and 2025 in mobile CAPEX, roughly 80% of which will be on 5G networks. Fifty operators had launched 3GPP‐compliant 5G commercial services across 27 countries; 328 operators in 109 countries were investing in 5G.
Finally, smartphones play a key role in humans' intellectual connectivity lives. Smartphones are forecast to account for four of every five connections by 2025, up from 65% in 2019. The rise of many digital assistants, such as Amazon Alexa, has not demised smartphones with their basic functions, expected to be improved continuously and comprehensively to continue to strengthen their key role in the 5G and the IoT ecosystem.
The world of AI, 5G data networks, and the rapidly growing IoT devices can be very helpful but may present numerous flaws as they are all new and rapidly developing technologies. It is important to note that the 5G network has better security than the 3G and 4G networks. Still, it has been said that some of the classic vulnerabilities and security flaws from 3G and 4G networks were directly carried over to the developing 5G network, thus presenting additional security flaws right out of the gate. Both AI and the IoT will benefit from the development of 5G networks where businesses can use such devices, which will be tied to the growing 5G network, and can serve several purposes throughout the business market, among other areas.
In this book, the chapters cover the fusion of AI, IoT, 5G, Blockchain technologies, and the cutting‐edge applications that cater to customers' personalized needs, very lucrative for businesses who want to reap the many benefits from a line of intelligent products or intelligent services.
We are very pleased that the technology, academic, and industry communities discuss this important and fast‐growing industry. We are certain that this book's content will shed some light on this subject. The chapters presented in this book discuss technologies, design, implementation, AI applications, IoT, and 5G. The challenges and issues faced in providing applications and services to meet user experiences ubiquitously and securely are presented.
Acknowledgement
I would like to express my gratitude to all those who provided support and discussions, talked things over, read, wrote, offered comments, allowed me to quote their remarks and assisted in the editing and proofreading. I would like to give special thanks to all my graduate and undergraduate students in CNM302, CNM320, CNM322, CNM323, CNM397, CNM421, and CNM571 classes of our distinction program of Cybersecurity and Network Management at Murray State University, Kentucky. This book would never have found its way to the publisher without these students.
Abdulrahman Yarali
Introduction
Intelligent Connectivity: Fusion of AI, IoT, and 5G
Operations are revolutionized by information technology through smart connected products that help in device miniaturization and by processing power and wireless connectivity. Smart connected products provide greater reliability, expanding opportunities, and much high utilization of the product and its capabilities of transcending traditional products. It involves strategic choices of creating and capturing products, newly generated data, and relationship with conventional business partners.
Intelligent connectivity is essentially the combination of high‐speed fifth generation (5G) networks, Artificial Intelligence (AI), and the Internet of Things (IoT). Combining these technologies results in structural changes about how devices communicate by improving both the performance and efficiency to pave the road for Digital Transformations. The analysis and vision in this intelligent connectivity are processed through the digital transformation of the data collected by sensing devices, machines, and the IoT. Intelligent connectivity is much more than just faster and more efficient communications. It opens up a whole world of personalized and ambitious applications very lucrative for businesses who want to reap the many benefits from a line of intelligent products or intelligent services. While there are many areas in which consumers would see substantial benefits from using intelligent connectivity, Entertainment, Workplace Productivity, and Smart Living have been the groups with substantial benefits. Through a fusion of these advanced technologies, it would be possible to create or enhance technologies that can provide a better quality of life, better security and public safety, and significantly greater efficiency to almost any industry, making the fifth wave of computing.
Intelligent connectivity will significantly impact industry, individuals, and society. This phenomenon will significantly impact people, industries, governments, and organizations, transforming our way of life and work, marking the beginning of a new digital era defined by highly contextualized and personalized experiences. Augmented and virtual reality will change the way we watch live sports and music concerts, drones will deliver packages to our homes, and virtual personal assistants will manage our lives for us. New 5G networks, AI, and the upscaling of the IoT will change the world, intelligently connecting everyone and everything to a better future. The fusion of AI, IoT, and 5G will drastically improve the network capacity, responsiveness, and output. It will make it possible for the operators to tailor the connectivity of each application, hence increasing the application of AI, data analytics, and regulating the IoT.
1Technology Adoption and Emerging Trends
1.1 Introduction
In the last few decades, the world has been changing at a faster rate than before. The immense growth in the global network has left billions of people hyper‐connected to each other. Thus, there has been tremendous growth and spread of new ideas and technological innovations (Desjardins 2018). Due to different technological trends, changes in high‐tech advances, and demographics, it is expected that the next two decades will experience an exponential and historic transformation (Bayern 2019). The advancement of networking and serverless computing is expected to reshape all the business processes in the next few years. Even though technology has been disrupting different industries, it will reshape gradually in the coming decades since players have been forced to integrate technological advances in their businesses (Arnold and Shadnam 2014). New technologies and scientific breakthroughs have been paraded since they are relentless, and they continue to unfold. Technological advancements are achieved every day, and thus it is expected that they will continue to disrupt people, businesses, and the world at large. Policymakers and different societies need to prepare for technology's future since it is expected that our economy's current status quo will keep changing in the coming years. Ad technology continues to grow so the government should create an environment where citizens will continue to prosper even after different emerging technologies disrupt people's lives and businesses (Bayern 2019). In today's world, we are in the middle of the business revolution, where technology is transforming different business entities. Different businesses will continue to focus on different core technological trends such as mobility, cloud computing, and big data (UN 2018).
In the last few years, there has been a proliferation and convergence of mobile networks, devices, applications, and operating systems. Thus, most businesses around the world are willing to take advantage of and expand their mobile technology (Arnold and Shadnam 2014). As a result, the consumerization of Information Technology (IT) devices and trends in BYOD (Buy Your Own Device) has enabled people to use their devices to work while in motion; this has led to an increase in employee's productivity since they can respond to all the market changes and embrace all the opportunities that might arise. The emergence of mobility as a business tech model has played a significant role in reducing equipment costs and has provided the employees with a sense of employment (Desjardins 2018). They have the freedom to work from any location, and they have an increased level of accessing information. Therefore, employees in different business entities can perform more tasks outside their offices than before. The emergence of big data is expected to change business dynamics in various organizations. In the next two decades, the volume of data available to different enterprises will grow dramatically (Kambala 2018). Big data is expected to change insights about the customers, operational costs, and all the relevant aspects of different business models worldwide. The emergence of cloud computing has enabled businesses to compete at a higher level since the traditional software and systems are no longer required. In the next two decades, cloud computing is expected to grow at a higher level since organizations will focus on business models that they can use to reduce operational costs. In today's world, cloud technology enables organizations to segment and use diverse resources easily and at a lower cost. It has also enabled the implementation of high‐performing infrastructures that can be accessed by using mobile devices, and thus they have had widespread adoption.
The future of business technology is expected to get better. In the next two decades, different trends will define business and change all the dynamics of business operations worldwide. Some businesses have already begun integrating their core business process and products with Artificial Intelligence (AI) (Kambala 2018). This indicates that AI will be used to influence and run different business resources in the future. The emergence of cloud computing has fueled the automation of the business process, and thus the outcomes of business processes are expected to change in the next two decades. The connectivity of tomorrow is another key aspect that is expected to transform businesses shortly. The establishment of different technologies such as 5G networks, mesh networks, and edge computing is expected to enhance new products and services whereby they will be completed efficiently and reliably. The presence of intelligent interfaces is expected to transform how people interact with different machines and data while, at the same time, moving beyond marketing will contextualize customer experience and establish closer relationships between customers and the organizations. It is essential to acknowledge that technology is proliferating and more breakthroughs will be realized. The presence of disruptive technologies is a demonstration that there will be a rapid rate of changes. Organizations should identify different approaches to enhance their performance and implement changes due to technological changes. Change is inevitable, and thus organizations should be flexible and be ready for the ever‐changing technological advancements (Makela 2012). This research paper will focus on the future of business technology and how adopting different technology trends will define the next two decades. Figure 1.1 is a Gartner Hype Cycle depicting some 30 technology profiles that will significantly change society and business over the next 5–10 years (Panetta 2020).
1.2 Trends in Business Technology
There have been many technological breakthroughs in the last decade, including advanced smartphones, Internet of Things (IoT), AI, self‐driving cars, and now 5G and 6G cellular technologies. Development of IoT, 5G, and AI continues to evolve to the point of convergence on preexisting tech and future technologies as a whole, evolving to the point of everyday life, which encompasses everything from health to industrial systems. The implementation of 5G coming into place allows devices to push data across networks at bigger capacities. However, with devices and systems converging, security implementations need to be in the for‐front for IoT, 5G, and AI, which will play a huge role in the future of communications of systems and continue to evolve for a more sophisticated and efficient system throughout the world.
Figure 1.1 Hype cycles for emerging technologies, 2020 (Panetta 2020).
1.2.1 Trends that Could Disrupt the Industry
Various vital trends will disrupt the industry in the future. In this case, some of these trends include AI, where it is expected to benefit businesses and society at large, extended reality, data veracity, frictionless business, and the IoT. The emergence of AI has promised to change the world, and in the last few years, it has positively impacted people's lives. Different businesses are currently capitalizing on the potentials of AI; hence they acknowledge that it will revolutionize many different businesses in the next two decades. AI is more than a tool, and has changed the functionalities of different businesses (Kambala 2018). AI will continue to revolutionize digital marketing and ads based on a business or an organization's core values. The presence of extended reality aimed at ending the distance has transformed the way people work and live. In the next few years, this form of technology is expected to limit people's distance, information, and experiences. As a result, the business will benefit from these changes since employees can work from any location, resulting in higher productivity and turnover (Manyika et al. 2013). In two decades, data veracity will transform how people run data and help businesses deal with different vulnerabilities.
Data veracity is an emerging trend meant to determine if business insights may be corrupted and help the management avoid skewed decisions. It is essential for the organizations to address the issues associated with data bias, inaccurate and manipulated data trends, and ensure they run the organization effectively. Organizations need to redesign themselves as they get ready to embrace frictionless businesses to build to a partner at scale. One of the emerging trends is that businesses are depending on technology‐based partnerships as they seek to grow. The associations are meant to expand the partner networks faster than before (Manyika et al. 2013). The establishment of robust digital ecosystems will enhance business relationships between the organizations, which will guarantee a brighter future. IoT is another emerging technology that will continue to revolutionize business in the next two decades (Kambala 2018). It involves the interconnection of different devices over the internet, allowing people to communicate and run various applications. IoT will enable people to control their home heating, lighting, sprinklers, and many other appliances through their mobile devices (Manyika et al. 2013). These solutions have revolutionized business, and it is a trend that is expected to grow tremendously in the next few decades. It is expected that the integration of IoT will affect and disrupt many businesses since it provides unprecedented opportunities through process automation and data‐gathering processes.
1.2.2 Adopting New Technologies
The emergence of new technologies has forced businesses, competitors, and other industries to adapt to remain relevant in the market. Over the last few years, organizations have been integrating the upcoming technologies to gain a competitive advantage as they strive to increase their return on investment (Ramey 2012). They are using the latest tech to enhance the attention of the customers towards their products and services. Some have already implemented smart manufacturing, digital marketing, and many other emerging technologies to promote their brand as they strive to increase their market share (Manyika et al. 2013). Before adopting new technologies, businesses are considering several processes and steps to ensure successful integration. The first step is to establish the organization's technology and evaluate how it will change the organization. Based on priorities, the organization will opt for the systems that are accessible, reliable, and affordable. Once it has been established, the organization then considers productive support where difficulties are mitigated during integration (Makela 2012). Employees are trained, and user manuals are provided to have an easier time implementing the new technology. The next step is ensuring there is no impulse to rush since it could result in poor implementation. It means that pilot programs should be introduced where the new technology is tested before implementing the entire organization.
Another essential step is transparency; in this case, clarity aims to reduce the friction that may arise when the new technology is introduced. Employees should be updated on the new developments since they might resist the new technology and derail its implementation (Desjardins 2018). Organizations are building value for their technology, and this is achieved by communicating with the employees and providing all the benefits that are to be achieved after the new technology has been implemented. Once integrated, the organizations have to maintain the momentum; since technological changes are frequently happening, the organizations focus on implementing newer technologies that will enhance their performance and increase their growth (Makela 2012). Maintaining momentum means that the technological changes must be communicated to the employee to oversee the changes and enhance their implementation. Despite their size and reachability, organizations are exploring different means of increasing their productivity, efficiency, and performance. As a result, they must implement newer technologies to accomplish their mission (Manyika et al. 2013). Therefore, introducing new technologies is vital since it will play a critical role in running a successful organization. It is expected that in the next two decades, technology will revolutionize business since they will become fully dependent on technology.
1.2.3 Best Practices and Risks Associated with Emerging Technologies
As technology continues to grow, there are both best practices and risks that are associated with it. In this case, the best practices of the emerging technology involve efficiency whereby, since time does not stand still, there is a need to have things done quickly and accurately. New technologies are constantly changing business dynamics since people can easily interact and exchange ideas and transform their organizations. Another best practice that has been established by the presence of technological advancement is safety. In this case, industries and manufacturing sites are safer, and thus hazards that could affect peoples' health has been minimized (UN 2018). In the healthcare sector, the business has changed tremendously since different technological machinery has enhanced the diagnosis of different diseases and infections. Thus, it is easier to get cured.
Even though human habits have led to pollution and the degradation of the environment, emerging technologies are designed to improve environmental conservation (Veletsianos 2018). As a result, the inventions are eco‐friendly. In the next few decades, it is expected that inventors will continue designing technologies that are friendly to the environment as they are geared towards ecological conservation. Emerging technologies have enabled people to express their creative ideas, and they have transformed the world, especially in the business sector (Whitmire 2014). Even though there are numerous advantages associated with emerging technologies, they are posing some risks in various areas. Once an idea has been published on the internet, either positive or negative, it is difficult to remove it and can easily be traced back to the owner. As a result, some individuals can post misleading information that could impact businesses negatively (Ramey 2012). Global networks have enabled people with sinister motives to spearhead negative propaganda towards their competitors, hurting businesses. In the recent past, identity theft has been a significant issue where users cannot protect their virtual image. Therefore, even though the emerging technology has benefitted individuals and organizations, the negative issues need to be addressed so that technology advancements can be achieved successfully.
As organizations strive to adopt the best practices imposed by emerging technologies, they should ensure that they implement strategies that will help them deal with emerging technology risks. In some instances, a small organization may find it challenging to implement some emerging technologies since it could be expensive. In such scenarios, such an organization should seek opportunities to merge or lease the available technology to realize its goals and objectives (Veletsianos 2018). In the future, it is expected that due to emerging technologies, people will lose their jobs. The government should use the ideal strategies to prepare people for such changes since it could disrupt the economy. Since change is inevitable, the next two decades will present challenges to the government. A lot needs to be done to ensure that the population will remain active despite becoming displaced from employment due to technological advancements and implementation in different organizations.
1.2.4 Power of Disruptive Technologies
Even though disruptive technologies continue to emerge and change business worldwide, various products, services, and business models are driven by these changes. The development of mobile apps has revolutionized business (Veletsianos 2018). As technology continues to disrupt business performance and their reliability, businesses can shift their performance by ensuring they have applications where employees can work and enhance their productivity. The presence of mobility has enabled employees to work from any location. These applications can track their performance, identify their weaknesses, and suggest the ideal work methods where they need to change. IoT is a disruptive technology that will continue to disrupt businesses worldwide. It is a technology that presents diverse opportunities where an organization can identify different services that can be run using connectivity powered by IoT devices. Organizations have the opportunity to focus on cloud technology since most of the organization is considering its use since it can be used to help them minimize their costs (UN 2018). Providing cloud services is expected to generate huge revenues since most organizations seek platforms to minimize their operational costs (Whitmire 2014). Another aspect that businesses could tap from disruptive technologies is business models such as digital marketing and online surveys, which can easily help organizations tap into different markets.
The banking industry has been experiencing changes in the technological world. In this case, numerous banking techs have been developed to make their banking processes easier (Ramey 2012). One of the major aspects that banks should diversify is to develop paper‐free processes where customers can apply for loans, make payments, and many other services that will save time. This will enhance the banks' performance since customers want to get services in the comfort of their homes. Due to the emergence of disruptive technologies, online shopping has been on the rise. Different stores have been developing applications and cloud services where customers can do online shopping and acquire different products. In this case, there is a need to harmonize their processes, ensure customers get ideal services, and enhance their performance at different operation levels. Even though disruptive technologies may render people jobless, they should acquire the necessary education services that will help them to adapt to change and build innovative products that will help them to keep up with the ever‐changing technological aspects. In the future, business dynamics will continue to change, and thus people should be prepared for these changes and ensure they provide reliable services at all levels of the organization (Ramey 2012).
1.2.5 Driving Strategy Around Our Priority
Since technology will keep changing and growing, there is a need to establish strategies based on the organizational priorities that promote technological investments. The organization should have enough capital to focus on specific technological implementations. They should have money to run all the required processes to realize technological investments and goals. It is essential to identify employees who have the ideal skills to help the organization focus on a specific strategy and implement all the necessary processes. In many instances, lack of skills among the employees may negatively impact the organization's performance, which means that they cannot achieve the vision and mission set forth for achievement (Manyika et al. 2013). The technological achievements should be prioritized to achieve the most important goals within the shortest time possible.
1.2.6 Strategic Partnerships to be Pursued
The presence of digital transformation has prompted key decision‐makers in the IT industry to establish partnerships that are meant to develop solutions to various problems in businesses. While looking for solutions for various issues in the business world, alliances among the vendors are essential since it could help them establish the ideal solutions for different problems they encounter (Norton, Littmann, and Prabhu 2019). The majority of businesses seek partnerships from different vendors since they can easily increase enterprise organizations' performance. In the recent past, organizations have been forced to accelerate their digital innovations to integrate their vendor partnerships and effect an ideal transformation. Strategic partnerships enhance customer relations with the organization. Simultaneously, the executives mainly identify the opportunities for growth where they can define various joint ventures and alliances that are meant to propel them to success. In various business entities, leaders assert that 27% of their technology strategies and roadmaps are mainly driven by external events such as competition, changes in the market, and requests from their customers (Norton, Littmann, and Prabhu 2019).
Establishing alliances and partnerships is a key factor since it helps their customers despite competitive situations. Some of the partnerships established in the past include Citrix and Microsoft, and another instance is where Google and Salesforce launched partnerships (Deloitte 2015). These partnerships aim to enable the organizations to provide comprehensive solutions to various business and IT‐related challenges to the customers. The main attributes of these strategic partnerships include enhancing customer services and response time, a better understanding of business goals and objectives, support services after selling, the long‐term viability of the organizations, enhancing knowledge in the product portfolio, and creating an ideal insight and growing expertise in the technology (Afshar 2019). The presence of alliances and partnerships has been part of human life for many decades. Therefore, it is crucial to establish a strategic partnership in the business world since it could help an organization become innovative and create some of the best solutions.
There has been a tremendous growth of partnerships. They are driven by the benefits of sharing risks and pooling resources, technology convergence, and deconstruction of the industry where knowledge is diffused. Once these partnerships have been established, the partners can acquire new capabilities in their line of business. Thus, it is a win–win situation for both entities. These partnerships should pursue innovativeness; in this case, none of the partners should innovate alone. They should work together as a team and come up with solutions together. The partners involved should understand that none of them has a lock on user preferences since all consumers are moving targets (Deloitte 2015). Partnerships are meant to establish superior knowledge capital and an environment where there is a robust exchange of information to build long‐lasting solutions. As partners, organizations should provide a great experience to their customers and not value the exchange. They should also strike the ideal balance between scale and customization in the areas of their operations (Afshar 2019). Another essential strategy is that the involved organizations should treat these partnerships to achieve the intended outcomes.
1.3 AI‐Fueled Organizations
AI has experienced tremendous growth due to the numerous advantages it provides to different business entities. In today's world, organizations are implementing AI as they look forward to implementing machine learning capabilities over the existing frameworks of data management (Afshar 2019). Over the next few years, it is expected that the organization will move towards an autonomous intelligence where the majority of the procedures will be digitized and robotized to enhance performance. The majority of the organizations have been harnessing the full potential of AI, and they are exploring the enterprise opportunities presented by this form of technology (Tredinnick 2017). In the next few years, organizations are determined to ensure their move to an AI‐fueled environment. Thus, they need to rethink how people and machines interact within a working environment. AI is expected to change businesses, and, in this case, organizations will experience positive growth since the running costs are expected to decrease with time (Tredinnick 2017). Therefore, it is essential for management teams to consider machine learning and other necessary technological tools to enhance the core business processes and operations in different enterprises. Deployment of these specialized tools is expected to improve data‐driven decision‐making processes since it will offer a new contribution and strategic business models (Norton, Littmann, and Prabhu 2019).
In the coming years, organizations are expected to move towards autonomous intelligence, where various processes in the organization will be digitized and automated. As a result, machines, bots, and their systems will act directly upon the system's intelligence. The evolution of AI has undergone various processes (Indrasen 2017). The first stage was assisted intelligence, where humans comprehended the data and generated their insights. The second stage is augmented intelligence, where machine learning provides an augment based on human decisions. The third and the final stage is autonomous intelligence; it is the most advanced, and this is the level where AI decides and executes autonomously. Through AI, organizations have experienced tremendous growth since the management teams can positively impact the organization. Due to various business sectors' demands, organizations are looking beyond the discrete initiatives to implement AI since it has proven to be one of the essential strategies of enhancing business performance (Indrasen 2017). The majority of the organizations have been scanning their operations and implementing AI since the initiatives involved could benefit the entire organization.
In the next two decades, the number of businesses that will adapt to implement AI will increase significantly since they can use all the cognitive technologies to achieve and implement their strategic goals (Tredinnick 2017). It is essential to note that the role of AI in an organization is to develop vital cognitive tools and strategies that are meant to promote their performance. The use of AI has led to the deployment of various system models such as cloud‐native, a platform that will become one of the biggest operating systems, a packet‐adjunct model, and the open‐algorithm model, developed to meet specific needs in different business platforms (Harris 2011). In many organizations, it is essential to realize data management, which has led to a growth in AI‐fueled organizations. Therefore, it is ideal for establishing an environment that will promote dynamic data governance, storage, and architecture. AI will offer an environment where data is processed, analyzed, and acted upon at a high rate and speed. Even though organizations may consider deploying AI tools, there is a need for organizational and cultural changes. This means that employees should gather more skills to analyze, model, and develop skills to enhance their interaction with this emerging technology in the business world. People speculate that in the next two decades, AI will replace the human workforce. However, it is expected that augmented intelligence will boost instead of replacing human skills (EDICOM 2018). In this case, critical and emotional intelligence and value judgments among the people is expected to grow.
In the last few years, the buzz over AI has been on the rise since penetrating C‐suites of various organizations in the world. As a result, there has been a growth in AI investment, and businesses are adopting this technology to enhance their performance (Afshar 2019). It is expected that AI success in different organizations will be numerous and diverse since it helps them perform better. Even though not every organization has implemented AI, the external investments in technology have been tripling since 2013 (Deloitte 2015). Some organizations are using AI in parts of their organization. Still, in two decades, it is expected that the majority of the companies will adopt the technology to be fully utilized in the entire organization. The five AI technology categories include robotics, computer vision, language, machine learning, and virtual agents (Harris 2011). Different organizations have implemented these categories of technologies in their departments based on their needs and the necessity of usage. Therefore, AI will experience tremendous growth in two decades since businesses are expected to tap into this technology to achieve their goals and maximize their income (Tredinnick 2017).
1.4 Connectivity of Tomorrow
The number of network‐connected devices is rising every day, and thus the implication of both wired and wireless technologies is critical in providing the future of the digital economy. The increase of new connectivity has prompted the business to adopt the newest technologies to run their operations (Prysmian 2017). Growth in fiber cables means that organizations will continue to invest in various infrastructures to deal with their connectivity needs, even in future decades. Both private and governmental organizations are investing heavily in technology since the current trends are meant to make organizations better in terms of digital infrastructures (Conan 2018). The recent trends and changes in technology mean that business is based on fiber‐connected backbone networks since service providers are working towards achieving future‐proof networks. In the next two decades, organizations will have the best services for running their business entities. In the future, demand for quality and excellent network services will increase, and thus organizations will focus on reliable and fault‐proof networks (Tempels 2016). The connectivity of tomorrow is expected to become even better since service providers are innovative and are determined to design and develop solutions that will meet customer's needs.
In the last few years, global communications were achieved through satellite systems where connectivity was slow, expensive, and with limited bandwidth. Due to the demand for more capacity and faster networks, both terrestrial and undersea fiber cables were developed, making communication quicker and easier (Prysmian 2017). Even though microwave networks are still in use, manufacturers have modified them, and currently they can do higher capacities over longer distances. They can now meet customer's needs, which has enhanced communication in different sectors. The presence of 3G, 4G, and 5G networks means that businesses can adopt mobility where employees can work from any location as long they meet all the organization's requirements (Conan 2018). It is expected that in the next two decades, better networks and technologies will be developed and will enhance the performance of different business entities. It is essential to acknowledge that advanced technologies in networking are the current boost of business' future in the digital world. It is meant to offer connectivity that is destined to drive new services and products to transform all the necessary operating models.
Based on tomorrow's connectivity, digital transformation in businesses is achieved through data and networking technologies that are cognitive, with the adoption of IoT, blockchains, and advanced analytics to fuel and implement connectivity progress. Figure 1.2 depicts the importance of AI, IoT, and 5G integration to accelerating technological development.
The connectivity of tomorrow will be enhanced by the presence of emerging technological innovativeness such as 5G, deployment satellites orbiting at lower distances, meshed networks, an edge in computing, and the presence of ultra‐modern and broadband solutions (Tempels 2016). The connectivity of tomorrow will enhance network function virtualization and will help organizations manage and evolve their connectivity options. As tomorrow's connectivity continues to take shape, various advanced building blocks of connectivity must be considered. The first building block is 5G; in this case, the fifth generation of cellular technology is expected to change and redefine the new wireless interfaces for smartphones. It provides faster speeds, low latencies, and the ability to connect many smart devices in the network. This means that different protocols coexist and meet the user requirements seamlessly (Tredinnick 2017). It is a unifying and pervasive technology that brings together different networking capabilities needed to change information flow and density at a specific scale (Tempels 2016). Low earth orbit satellites are also expected to redefine the connectivity of tomorrow.
Figure 1.2 The critical role of fusion of IoT, 5G, and AI in different industry sectors (Durmus 2020).
These clustered satellites can provide high‐performance connectivity to earth instead of traditional geostationary satellites (Millicom 2017). They are expected to play a critical role in different businesses since they can provide infrastructure tools to organizations in remote areas such as mining and transportation. The establishment of network function virtualization is also expected to redefine tomorrow's connectivity in the business sector. In this case, the Network Virtualization Function (NVF) replaces various networking functions such as routing, switching, encryptions, and deployment of firewalls (Norton, Littmann, and Prabhu 2019). It is eliminating various options in networking, such as load balancing and virtualization of software. It is a technology that depends on the deployment of commodity services, which are scaled either horizontally or vertically depending on the current demand. It is expected that this technology will change all the dynamics in tomorrow's connectivity, especially in the business world. As technology continues to grow, tomorrow's connectivity is expected to change various dynamics in the next two decades, especially in the business environment. There is a growing demand where the end device should expedite real‐time computation and ensure low latency. There is also a need to ensure that all the connected devices can monitor and manage various organizations' different resources and services. Therefore, as technology continues to grow, it is expected that it will affect many businesses in the next two decades and manage their operations.
1.4.1 Intelligent Interfaces
In the current technological advancements, the intelligent interface enables communication between two or more entities. The system's intelligence aspect means that the interface can predict what the user wants to do; thus, the system can predict the actions of the mind (Yasar 2019). Due to their technological advances, intelligent interfaces can be helpful while undertaking specific tasks. The intelligence factor enables the system to use the information gathered appropriately. In today's world, individuals have embraced technology, and they interact with it through various intelligent services, and the trend is expected to get better in the future. The presence of intelligent services has enabled people to move from traditional keyboards to touchscreens, while others use voice commands and other upcoming technologies. Therefore, businesses are expected to experience extreme growth from technology advancements since user interfaces will enable people to undertake various procedures more simply. A change in the engagement patterns provides a seamless and natural interaction method (Arxiv 2019).
In the next two decades, the business tech will experience advancements in innovative voice capabilities, which will allow communication with multifunctional systems in natural and active conversations. Since intelligent interfaces are integrated with systems based on AI, they can reply to various non‐verbal commands (Yasar 2019). The current interfaces can combine some of the latest human‐centered design techniques with some leading telecommunication technologies. Some of these technologies include computer vision, conversational voices, and auditory analytics, and some also consider the use of virtual reality. It is expected that these interfaces will become too complex and inflexible, while some people argue that some of the interfaces may not change when people's needs change (Arxiv 2019
