Internal Reflection and ATR Spectroscopy E-Book

Milan Milosevic

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Serie: Chemical Analysis: A Series of Monographs on Analytical Chemistry and Its Applications
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 391

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2012

Beschreibung

Attenuated Total Reflection (ATR) Spectroscopy is now the most frequently used sampling technique for infrared spectroscopy.  This book fully explains the theory and practice of this method.

• Offers introduction and history of ATR before discussing theoretical aspects
• Includes informative illustrations and theoretical calculations
• Discusses many advanced aspects of ATR, such as depth profiling or orientation studies, and  particular features of reflectance

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Series page

Title page

Copyright page

DEDICATION

PREFACE

1  Introduction to Spectroscopy

1.1 HISTORY

1.2 DEFINITION OF TRANSMITTANCE AND REFLECTANCE

1.3 THE SPECTROSCOPIC EXPERIMENT AND THE SPECTROMETER

1.4 PROPAGATION OF LIGHT THROUGH A MEDIUM

1.5 TRANSMITTANCE AND ABSORBANCE

1.6 S/N IN A SPECTROSCOPIC MEASUREMENT

2  Harmonic Oscillator Model for Optical Constants

2.1 HARMONIC OSCILLATOR MODEL FOR POLARIZABILITY

2.2 CLAUSIUS–MOSSOTTI EQUATION

2.3 REFRACTIVE INDEX

2.4 ABSORPTION INDEX AND CONCENTRATION

3  Propagation of Electromagnetic Energy

3.1 POYNTING VECTOR AND FLOW OF ELECTROMAGNETIC ENERGY

3.2 LINEAR MOMENTUM OF LIGHT

3.3 LIGHT ABSORPTION IN ABSORBING MEDIA

3.4 LAMBERT LAW AND MOLECULAR CROSS SECTION

4  Fresnel Equations

4.1 ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS AT THE INTERFACE

4.2 SNELL’S LAW

4.3 BOUNDARY CONDITIONS AT THE INTERFACE

4.4 FRESNEL FORMULAE

4.5 REFLECTANCE AND TRANSMITANCE OF INTERFACE

4.6 SNELL’S PAIRS

4.7 NORMAL INCIDENCE

4.8 BREWSTER’S ANGLE

4.9 THE CASE OF THE 45° ANGLE OF INCIDENCE

4.10 TOTAL INTERNAL REFLECTION

5  Evanescent Wave

5.1 EXPONENTIAL DECAY AND PENETRATION DEPTH

5.2 ENERGY FLOW AT A TOTALLY INTERNALLY REFLECTING INTERFACE

5.3 THE EVANESCENT WAVE IN ABSORBING MATERIALS

6  Electric Fields at a Totally Internally Reflecting Interface

6.1 EX, EY, AND EZ FOR S-POLARIZED INCIDENT LIGHT

6.2 EX, EY, AND EZ FOR P-POLARIZED INCIDENT LIGHT

7  Anatomy of ATR Absorption

7.1 ATTENUATED TOTAL REFLECTION (ATR) REFLECTANCE FOR S- AND P-POLARIZED BEAM

7.2 ABSORBANCE TRANSFORM OF ATR SPECTRA

7.3 WEAK ABSORPTION APPROXIMATION

7.4 SUPERCRITICAL REFLECTANCE AND ABSORPTION OF EVANESCENT WAVE

7.5 THE LEAKY INTERFACE MODEL

8  Effective Thickness

8.1 DEFINITION AND EXPRESSIONS FOR EFFECTIVE THICKNESS

8.2 EFFECTIVE THICKNESS AND PENETRATION DEPTH

8.3 EFFECTIVE THICKNESS AND ATR SPECTROSCOPY

8.4 EFFECTIVE THICKNESS FOR STRONG ABSORPTIONS

9  Internal Reflectance near Critical Angle

9.1 TRANSITION FROM SUBCRITICAL TO SUPERCRITICAL REFLECTION

9.2 EFFECTIVE THICKNESS AND REFRACTIVE INDEX OF SAMPLE

9.3 CRITICAL ANGLE AND REFRACTIVE INDEX OF SAMPLE

10  Depth Profiling

10.1 ENERGY ABSORPTION AT DIFFERENT DEPTHS

10.2 THIN ABSORBING LAYER ON A NONABSORBING SUBSTRATE

10.3 THIN NONABSORBING FILM ON AN ABSORBING SUBSTRATE

10.4 THIN NONABSORBING FILM ON A THIN ABSORBING FILM ON A NONABSORBING SUBSTRATE

11  Multiple Interfaces

11.1 REFLECTANCE AND TRANSMITTANCE OF A TWO-INTERFACE SYSTEM

11.2 VERY THIN FILMS

11.3 INTERFERENCE FRINGES

11.4 NORMAL INCIDENCE

11.5 INTERFERENCE FRINGES AND TRANSMISSION SPECTROSCOPY

11.6 THIN FILMS AND ATR

11.7 INTERNAL REFLECTION: SUBCRITICAL, SUPERCRITICAL, AND IN BETWEEN

11.8 UNUSUAL FRINGES

11.9 PENETRATION DEPTH REVISITED

11.10 REFLECTANCE AND TRANSMITTANCE OF A MULTIPLE INTERFACE SYSTEM

12  Metal Optics

12.1 ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS IN METALS

12.2 PLASMA

12.3 REFLECTANCE OF METAL SURFACES

12.4 THIN METAL FILMS ON TRANSPARENT SUBSTRATES

12.5 CURIOUS REFLECTANCE OF EXTREMELY THIN METAL FILMS

12.6 ATR SPECTROSCOPY THROUGH THIN METAL FILMS

13  Grazing Angle ATR (GAATR) Spectroscopy

13.1 ATTENUATED TOTAL REFLECTION (ATR) SPECTROSCOPY OF THIN FILMS ON SILICON SUBSTRATES

13.2 ENHANCEMENT FOR S- AND P-POLARIZED LIGHT

13.3 ENHANCEMENT AND FILM THICKNESS

13.4 ELECTRIC FIELDS IN A VERY THIN FILM ON A SI SUBSTRATE

13.5 SOURCE OF ENHANCEMENT

13.6 GAATR SPECTROSCOPY

14  Super Grazing Angle Reflection Spectroscopy (SuGARS)

14.1 REFLECTANCE OF THIN FILMS ON METAL SUBSTRATES

14.2 PROBLEM OF REFERENCE

14.3 SENSITIVITY ENHANCEMENT

15  ATR Experiment

15.1 MULTIPLE REFLECTION ATTENUATED TOTAL REFLECTION (ATR)

15.2 FACET REFLECTIONS

15.3 BEAM SPREAD AND THE ANGLE OF INCIDENCE

15.4 EFFECT OF FACET SHAPE

15.5 BEAM SPREAD AND THE NUMBER OF REFLECTIONS IN MULTIPLE REFLECTION ATR

15.6 EFFECT OF BEAM ALIGNMENT ON MULTIPLE REFLECTION ATR

15.7 CHANGE IN THE REFRACTIVE INDEX OF THE SAMPLE DUE TO CONCENTRATION CHANGE

16  ATR Spectroscopy of Small Samples

16.1 BENEFITS OF ATTENUATED TOTAL REFLECTION (ATR) FOR MICROSAMPLING

16.2 CONTACT PROBLEM FOR SOLID SAMPLES

17  Surface Plasma Waves

17.1 EXCITATION OF SURFACE PLASMA WAVES

17.2 EFFECT OF METAL FILM THICKNESS ON REFLECTANCE

17.3 EFFECT OF THE REFRACTIVE INDEX OF METAL ON REFLECTANCE

17.4 EFFECT OF THE ABSORPTION INDEX OF METAL ON REFLECTANCE

17.5 USE OF PLASMONS FOR DETECTING MINUTE CHANGES OF THE REFRACTIVE INDEX OF MATERIALS

17.6 USE OF PLASMONS FOR DETECTING MINUTE CHANGES OF THE ABSORPTION INDEX OF MATERIALS

18  Extraction of Optical Constants of Materials from Experiments

18.1 EXTRACTION OF OPTICAL CONSTANTS FROM MULTIPLE EXPERIMENTS

18.2 KRAMERS–KRONIG RELATIONS

18.3 KRAMERS–KRONIG EQUATIONS FOR NORMAL INCIDENCE REFLECTANCE

19  ATR Spectroscopy of Powders

19.1 PROPAGATION OF LIGHT THROUGH INHOMOGENEOUS MEDIA

19.2 SPECTROSCOPIC ANALYSIS OF POWDERED SAMPLES

19.3 PARTICLE SIZE AND ABSORBANCE OF POWDERS

19.4 PROPAGATION OF EVANESCENT WAVE IN POWDERED MEDIA

20  Energy Flow at a Totally Internally Reflecting Interface

20.1 ENERGY CONSERVATION AT A TOTALLY REFLECTING INTERFACE

20.2 SPEED OF PROPAGATION AND THE FORMATION OF AN EVANESCENT WAVE

21  Orientation Studies and ATR Spectroscopy

21.1 ORIENTED FRACTION AND DICHROIC RATIO

21.2 ORIENTATION AND FIELD STRENGTHS IN ATTENUATED TOTAL REFLECTION (ATR)

22  Applications of ATR Spectroscopy

22.1 SOLID SAMPLES

22.2 LIQUID SAMPLES

22.3 POWDERS

22.4 SURFACE-MODIFIED SOLID SAMPLES

22.5 HIGH SAMPLE THROUGHPUT ATR ANALYSIS

22.6 PROCESS AND REACTION MONITORING

APPENDIX A  ATR Correction

APPENDIX B  Quantification in ATR Spectroscopy

Index

CHEMICAL ANALYSIS

A SERIES OF MONOGRAPHS ON ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY AND ITS APPLICATIONS

Series Editor

MARK F. VITHA

Vol. 1 The Analytical Chemistry of Industrial Poisons, Hazards, and Solvents. Second Edition. By the late Morris B. Jacobs

Vol. 2 Chromatographic Adsorption Analysis. By Harold H. Strain (out of print)

Vol. 3 Photometric Determination of Traces of Metals. Fourth Edition

Part I: General Aspects. By E. B. Sandell and Hiroshi Onishi

Part IIA: Individual Metals, Aluminum to Lithium. By Hiroshi Onishi

Part IIB: Individual Metals, Magnesium to Zirconium. By Hiroshi Onishi

Vol. 4 Organic Reagents Used in Gravimetric and Volumetric Analysis. By John F. Flagg (out of print)

Vol. 5 Aquametry: A Treatise on Methods for the Determination of Water. Second Edition (in three parts). By John Mitchell, Jr. and Donald Milton Smith

Vol. 6 Analysis of Insecticides and Acaricides. By Francis A. Gunther and Roger C. Blinn (out of print)

Vol. 7 Chemical Analysis of Industrial Solvents. By the late Morris B. Jacobs and Leopold Schetlan

Vol. 8 Colorimetric Determination of Nonmetals. Second Edition. Edited by the late David F. Boltz and James A. Howell

Vol. 9 Analytical Chemistry of Titanium Metals and Compounds. By Maurice Codell

Vol. 10 The Chemical Analysis of Air Pollutants. By the late Morris B. Jacobs

Vol. 11 X-Ray Spectrochemical Analysis. Second Edition. By L. S. Birks

Vol. 12 Systematic Analysis of Surface-Active Agents. Second Edition. By Milton J. Rosen and Henry A. Goldsmith

Vol. 13 Alternating Current Polarography and Tensammetry. By B. Breyer and H.H. Bauer

Vol. 14 Flame Photometry. By R. Herrmann and J. Alkemade

Vol. 15 The Titration of Organic Compounds (in two parts). By M. R. F. Ashworth

Vol. 16 Complexation in Analytical Chemistry: A Guide for the Critical Selection of Analytical Methods Based on Complexation Reactions. By the late Anders Ringbom

Vol. 17 Electron Probe Microanalysis. Second Edition. By L. S. Birks

Vol. 18 Organic Complexing Reagents: Structure, Behavior, and Application to Inorganic Analysis. By D. D. Perrin

Vol. 19 Thermal Analysis. Third Edition. By Wesley Wm. Wendlandt

Vol. 20 Amperometric Titrations. By John T. Stock

Vol. 21 Reflctance Spectroscopy. By Wesley Wm. Wendlandt and Harry G. Hecht

Vol. 22 The Analytical Toxicology of Industrial Inorganic Poisons. By the late Morris B. Jacobs

Vol. 23 The Formation and Properties of Precipitates. By Alan G. Walton

Vol. 24 Kinetics in Analytical Chemistry. By Harry B. Mark, Jr. and Garry A. Rechnitz

Vol. 25 Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. Second Edition. By Morris Slavin

Vol. 26 Characterization of Organometallic Compounds (in two parts). Edited by Minoru Tsutsui

Vol. 27 Rock and Mineral Analysis. Second Edition. By Wesley M. Johnson and John A. Maxwell

Vol. 28 The Analytical Chemistry of Nitrogen and Its Compounds (in two parts). Edited by C. A. Streuli and Philip R. Averell

Vol. 29 The Analytical Chemistry of Sulfur and Its Compounds (in three parts). By J. H. Karchmer

Vol. 30 Ultramicro Elemental Analysis. By Güther Toölg

Vol. 31 Photometric Organic Analysis (in two parts). By Eugene Sawicki

Vol. 32 Determination of Organic Compounds: Methods and Procedures. By Frederick T. Weiss

Vol. 33 Masking and Demasking of Chemical Reactions. By D. D. Perrin

Vol. 34 Neutron Activation Analysis. By D. De Soete, R. Gijbels, and J. Hoste

Vol. 35 Laser Raman Spectroscopy. By Marvin C. Tobin

Vol. 36 Emission Spectrochemical Analysis. By Morris Slavin

Vol. 37 Analytical Chemistry of Phosphorus Compounds. Edited by M. Halmann

Vol. 38 Luminescence Spectrometry in Analytical Chemistry. By Mark F. Vitha, S. G. Schulman, and T. C. O’Haver

Vol. 39. Activation Analysis with Neutron Generators. By Sam S. Nargolwalla and Edwin P. Przybylowicz

Vol. 40 Determination of Gaseous Elements in Metals. Edited by Lynn L. Lewis, Laben M. Melnick, and Ben D. Holt

Vol. 41 Analysis of Silicones. Edited by A. Lee Smith

Vol. 42 Foundations of Ultracentrifugal Analysis. By H. Fujita

Vol. 43 Chemical Infrared Fourier Transform Spectroscopy. By Peter R. Griffiths

Vol. 44 Microscale Manipulations in Chemistry. By T. S. Ma and V. Horak

Vol. 45 Thermometric Titrations. By J. Barthel

Vol. 46 Trace Analysis: Spectroscopic Methods for Elements. Edited by Mark F. Vitha

Vol. 47 Contamination Control in Trace Element Analysis. By Morris Zief and James W. Mitchell

Vol. 48 Analytical Applications of NMR. By D. E. Leyden and R. H. Cox

Vol. 49 Measurement of Dissolved Oxygen. By Michael L. Hitchman

Vol. 50 Analytical Laser Spectroscopy. Edited by Nicolo Omenetto

Vol. 51 Trace Element Analysis of Geological Materials. By Roger D. Reeves and Robert R. Brooks

Vol. 52 Chemical Analysis by Microwave Rotational Spectroscopy. By Ravi Varma and Lawrence W. Hrubesh

Vol. 53 Information Theory as Applied to Chemical Analysis. By Karl Eckschlager and Vladimir Stepanek

Vol. 54 Applied Infrared Spectroscopy: Fundamentals, Techniques, and Analytical Problemsolving. By A. Lee Smith

Vol. 55 Archaeological Chemistry. By Zvi Goffer

Vol. 56 Immobilized Enzymes in Analytical and Clinical Chemistry. By P. W. Carr and L. D. Bowers

Vol. 57 Photoacoustics and Photoacoustic Spectroscopy. By Allan Rosencwaig

Vol. 58 Analysis of Pesticide Residues. Edited by H. Anson Moye

Vol. 59 Affity Chromatography. By William H. Scouten

Vol. 60 Quality Control in Analytical Chemistry. Second Edition. By G. Kateman and L. Buydens

Vol. 61 Direct Characterization of Fineparticles. By Brian H. Kaye

Vol. 62 Flow Injection Analysis. By J. Ruzicka and E. H. Hansen

Vol. 63 Applied Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis. Edited by Hassan Windawi and Floyd Ho

Vol. 64 Analytical Aspects of Environmental Chemistry. Edited by David F. S. Natusch and Philip K. Hopke

Vol. 65 The Interpretation of Analytical Chemical Data by the Use of Cluster Analysis. By D. Luc Massart and Leonard Kaufman

Vol. 66 Solid Phase Biochemistry: Analytical and Synthetic Aspects. Edited by William H. Scouten

Vol. 67 An Introduction to Photoelectron Spectroscopy. By Pradip K. Ghosh

Vol. 68 Room Temperature Phosphorimetry for Chemical Analysis. By Tuan Vo-Dinh

Vol. 69 Potentiometry and Potentiometric Titrations. By E. P. Serjeant

Vol. 70 Design and Application of Process Analyzer Systems. By Paul E. Mix

Vol. 71 Analysis of Organic and Biological Surfaces. Edited by Patrick Echlin

Vol. 72 Small Bore Liquid Chromatography Columns: Their Properties and Uses. Edited by Raymond P. W. Scott

Vol. 73 Modern Methods of Particle Size Analysis. Edited by Howard G. Barth

Vol. 74 Auger Electron Spectroscopy. By Michael Thompson, M. D. Baker, Alec Christie, and J. F. Tyson

Vol. 75 Spot Test Analysis: Clinical, Environmental, Forensic and Geochemical Applications. By Ervin Jungreis

Vol. 76 Receptor Modeling in Environmental Chemistry. By Philip K. Hopke

Vol. 77 Molecular Luminescence Spectroscopy: Methods and Applications (in three parts). Edited by Stephen G. Schulman

Vol. 78 Inorganic Chromatographic Analysis. Edited by John C. MacDonald

Vol. 79 Analytical Solution Calorimetry. Edited by J. K. Grime

Vol. 80 Selected Methods of Trace Metal Analysis: Biological and Environmental Samples. By Jon C. VanLoon

Vol. 81 The Analysis of Extraterrestrial Materials. By Isidore Adler

Vol. 82 Chemometrics. By Muhammad A. Sharaf, Deborah L. Illman, and Bruce R. Kowalski

Vol. 83 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry. By Peter R. Griffiths and James A. de Haseth

Vol. 84 Trace Analysis: Spectroscopic Methods for Molecules. Edited by Gary Christian and James B. Callis

Vol. 85 Ultratrace Analysis of Pharmaceuticals and Other Compounds of Interest. Edited by S. Ahuja

Vol. 86 Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry: Basic Concepts, Instrumental Aspects, Applications and Trends. By A. Benninghoven, F. G. Rüenauer, and H. W. Werner

Vol. 87 Analytical Applications of Lasers. Edited by Edward H. Piepmeier

Vol. 88 Applied Geochemical Analysis. By C. O. Ingamells and F. F. Pitard

Vol. 89 Detectors for Liquid Chromatography. Edited by Edward S. Yeung

Vol. 90 Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectroscopy: Part 1: Methodology, Instrumentation, and Performance; Part II: Applications and Fundamentals. Edited by J. M. Boumans

Vol. 91 Applications of New Mass Spectrometry Techniques in Pesticide Chemistry. Edited by Joseph Rosen

Vol. 92 X-Ray Absorption: Principles, Applications, Techniques of EXAFS, SEXAFS, and XANES. Edited by D. C. Konnigsberger

Vol. 93 Quantitative Structure-Chromatographic Retention Relationships. By Roman Kaliszan

Vol. 94 Laser Remote Chemical Analysis. Edited by Raymond M. Measures

Vol. 95 Inorganic Mass Spectrometry. Edited by F. Adams, R. Gijbels, and R. Van Grieken

Vol. 96 Kinetic Aspects of Analytical Chemistry. By Horacio A. Mottola

Vol. 97 Two-Dimensional NMR Spectroscopy. By Jan Schraml and Jon M. Bellama

Vol. 98 High Performance Liquid Chromatography. Edited by Phyllis R. Brown and Richard A. Hartwick

Vol. 99 X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry. By Ron Jenkins

Vol. 100 Analytical Aspects of Drug Testing. Edited by Dale G. Deustch

Vol. 101 Chemical Analysis of Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds. Edited by Tuan Vo-Dinh

Vol. 102 Quadrupole Storage Mass Spectrometry. By Raymond E. March and Richard J. Hughes (out of print: see Vol. 165)

Vol. 103 Determination of Molecular Weight. Edited by Anthony R. Cooper

Vol. 104 Selectivity and Detectability Optimization in HPLC. By Satinder Ahuja

Vol. 105 Laser Microanalysis. By Lieselotte Moenke-Blankenburg

Vol. 106 Clinical Chemistry. Edited by E. Howard Taylor

Vol. 107 Multielement Detection Systems for Spectrochemical Analysis. By Kenneth W. Busch and Marianna A. Busch

Vol. 108 Planar Chromatography in the Life Sciences. Edited by Joseph C. Touchstone

Vol. 109 Fluorometric Analysis in Biomedical Chemistry: Trends and Techniques Including HPLC Applications. By Norio Ichinose, George Schwedt, Frank Michael Schnepel, and Kyoko Adochi

Vol. 110 An Introduction to Laboratory Automation. By Victor Cerdá and Guillermo Ramis

Vol. 111 Gas Chromatography: Biochemical, Biomedical, and Clinical Applications. Edited by Ray E. Clement

Vol. 112 The Analytical Chemistry of Silicones. Edited by A. Lee Smith

Vol. 113 Modern Methods of Polymer Characterization. Edited by Howard G. Barth and Jimmy W. Mays

Vol. 114 Analytical Raman Spectroscopy. Edited by Jeanette Graselli and Bernard J. Bulkin

Vol. 115 Trace and Ultratrace Analysis by HPLC. By Satinder Ahuja

Vol. 116 Radiochemistry and Nuclear Methods of Analysis. By William D. Ehmann and Diane E. Vance

Vol. 117 Applications of Fluorescence in Immunoassays. By Ilkka Hemmila

Vol. 118 Principles and Practice of Spectroscopic Calibration. By Howard Mark

Vol. 119 Activation Spectrometry in Chemical Analysis. By S. J. Parry

Vol. 120 Remote Sensing by Fourier Transform Spectrometry. By Reinhard Beer

Vol. 121 Detectors for Capillary Chromatography. Edited by Herbert H. Hill and Dennis McMinn

Vol. 122 Photochemical Vapor Deposition. By J. G. Eden

Vol. 123 Statistical Methods in Analytical Chemistry. By Peter C. Meier and Richard Züd

Vol. 124 Laser Ionization Mass Analysis. Edited by Akos Vertes, Renaat Gijbels, and Fred Adams

Vol. 125 Physics and Chemistry of Solid State Sensor Devices. By Andreas Mandelis and Constantinos Christofides

Vol. 126 Electroanalytical Stripping Methods. By Khjena Z. Brainina and E. Neyman

Vol. 127 Air Monitoring by Spectroscopic Techniques. Edited by Markus W. Sigrist

Vol. 128 Information Theory in Analytical Chemistry. By Karel Eckschlager and Klaus Danzer

Vol. 129 Flame Chemiluminescence Analysis by Molecular Emission Cavity Detection. Edited by David Stiles, Anthony Calokerinos, and Alan Townshend

Vol. 130 Hydride Generation Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. Edited by Jiri Dedina and Dimiter L. Tsalev

Vol. 131 Selective Detectors: Environmental, Industrial, and Biomedical Applications. Edited by Robert E. Sievers

Vol. 132 High-Speed Countercurrent Chromatography. Edited by Yoichiro Ito and Walter D. Conway

Vol. 133 Particle-Induced X-Ray Emission Spectrometry. By Sven A. E. Johansson, John L. Campbell, and Klas G. Malmqvist

Vol. 134 Photothermal Spectroscopy Methods for Chemical Analysis. By Stephen E. Bialkowski

Vol. 135 Element Speciation in Bioinorganic Chemistry. Edited by Sergio Caroli

Vol. 136 Laser-Enhanced Ionization Spectrometry. Edited by John C. Travis and Gregory C. Turk

Vol. 137 Fluorescence Imaging Spectroscopy and Microscopy. Edited by Xue Feng Wang and Brian Herman

Vol. 138 Introduction to X-Ray Powder Diffractometry. By Ron Jenkins and Robert L. Snyder

Vol. 139 Modern Techniques in Electroanalysis. Edited by Petr Vanýek

Vol. 140 Total-Reflction X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis. By Reinhold Klockenkamper

Vol. 141 Spot Test Analysis: Clinical, Environmental, Forensic, and Geochemical Applications. Second Edition. By Ervin Jungreis

Vol. 142 The Impact of Stereochemistry on Drug Development and Use. Edited by Hassan Y. Aboul-Enein and Irving W. Wainer

Vol. 143 Macrocyclic Compounds in Analytical Chemistry. Edited by Yury A. Zolotov

Vol. 144 Surface-Launched Acoustic Wave Sensors: Chemical Sensing and Thin-Film Characterization. By Michael Thompson and David Stone

Vol. 145 Modern Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry. Edited by T. J. Platzner

Vol. 146 High Performance Capillary Electrophoresis: Theory, Techniques, and Applications. Edited by Morteza G. Khaledi

Vol. 147 Solid Phase Extraction: Principles and Practice. By E. M. Thurman

Vol. 148 Commercial Biosensors: Applications to Clinical, Bioprocess and Environmental Samples. Edited by Graham Ramsay

Vol. 149 A Practical Guide to Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. By David J. Butcher and Joseph Sneddon

Vol. 150 Principles of Chemical and Biological Sensors. Edited by Dermot Diamond

Vol. 151 Pesticide Residue in Foods: Methods, Technologies, and Regulations. By W. George Fong, H. Anson Moye, James N. Seiber, and John P. Toth

Vol. 152 X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry. Second Edition. By Ron Jenkins

Vol. 153 Statistical Methods in Analytical Chemistry. Second Edition. By Peter C. Meier and Richard E. Züd

Vol. 154 Modern Analytical Methodologies in Fat- and Water-Soluble Vitamins. Edited by Won O. Song, Gary R. Beecher, and Ronald R. Eitenmiller

Vol. 155 Modern Analytical Methods in Art and Archaeology. Edited by Enrico Ciliberto and Guiseppe Spoto

Vol. 156 Shpol’skii Spectroscopy and Other Site Selection Methods: Applications in Environmental Analysis, Bioanalytical Chemistry and Chemical Physics. Edited by C. Gooijer, F. Ariese and J. W. Hofstraat

Vol. 157 Raman Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis. By Richard L. McCreery

Vol. 158 Large (C> = 24) Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Chemistry and Analysis. By John C. Fetzer

Vol. 159 Handbook of Petroleum Analysis. By James G. Speight

Vol. 160 Handbook of Petroleum Product Analysis. By James G. Speight

Vol. 161 Photoacoustic Infrared Spectroscopy. By Kirk H. Michaelian

Vol. 162 Sample Preparation Techniques in Analytical Chemistry. Edited by Somenath Mitra

Vol. 163 Analysis and Purification Methods in Combination Chemistry. Edited by Bing Yan

Vol. 164 Chemometrics: From Basics to Wavelet Transform. By Foo-tim Chau, Yi-Zeng Liang, Junbin Gao, and Xue-guang Shao

Vol. 165 Quadrupole Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry. Second Edition. By Raymond E. March and John F. J. Todd

Vol. 166 Handbook of Coal Analysis. By James G. Speight

Vol. 167 Introduction to Soil Chemistry: Analysis and Instrumentation. By Alfred R. Conklin, Jr.

Vol. 168 Environmental Analysis and Technology for the Refining Industry. By James G. Speight

Vol. 169 Identification of Microorganisms by Mass Spectrometry. Edited by Charles L. Wilkins and Jackson O. Lay, Jr.

Vol. 170 Archaeological Chemistry. Second Edition. By Zvi Goffer

Vol. 171 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry. Second Edition. By Peter R. Griffiths and James A. de Haseth

Vol. 172 New Frontiers in Ultrasensitive Bioanalysis: Advanced Analytical Chemistry Applications in Nanobiotechnology, Single Molecule Detection, and Single Cell Analysis. Edited by Xiao-Hong Nancy Xu

Vol. 173 Liquid Chromatography Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry: Principles, Tools, and Applications for Accurate Mass Analysis. Edited by Imma Ferrer and E. Michael Thurman

Vol. 174 In Vivo Glucose Sensing. Edited by David O. Cunningham and Julie A. Stenken

Vol. 175 MALDI Mass Spectrometry for Synthetic Polymer Analysis. By Liang Li

Vol. 176 Internal Reflection and ATR Spectroscopy. By Milan Milosevic

Copyright © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey

Published simultaneously in Canada

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, [phone], fax [phone], or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, [phone], fax [phone], or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.

Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.

For general information on our other products and services or for technical support, please contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at [phone], outside the United States at [phone] or fax [phone].

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic formats. For more information about Wiley products, visit our web site at www.wiley.com.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

Milosevic, Milan, 1955–

 Internal reflection and ATR spectroscopy / Milan Milosevic.

p. cm.

 Includes index.

 ISBN 978-0-470-27832-1 (cloth)

 1. Internal reflection spectroscopy. 2. Absorption spectra. I. Title.

 QC454.I5M55 2012

 543'.59–dc23

2011046733

ISBN: 9780470278321