International Handbook of Workplace Trauma Support E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Geisteswissenschaft
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1194

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2012

Beschreibung

The International Handbook of Workplace Trauma Support provides a comprehensive overview of contemporary standards and best practices in trauma support that draws from the latest research findings and experience of international experts in the field. * Reviews the major contemporary post-trauma intervention models in both theory and practice * Includes Trauma Risk Management (TRiM), Support Post Trauma (SPoT), Eye-Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR), Mindfulness and Psychological First Aid (PFA) * Incorporates multi-cultural perspectives by reporting on the pervasive violence in South Africa, constant threats in Israel and emerging developments in China * Includes social, psychosocial, psychological, and organizational dimensions to offer a detailed mapping of trauma support * Provides latest thinking for supporting those in the military context

Leseprobe

Contents

Cover

Title Page

Copyright

About the Editors

List of Contributors

Part A: The Evolution and Development of Workplace Trauma Support

Chapter 1: The Evolution of Models of Early Intervention for Adults: From Inspired Help Giving toward Evidence-based Pragmatism

First of All: Do No Harm

The Primitive Dynamics of Early Intervention

Models, Methods, Techniques, and Theories

Remembering, Forgetting, and Reminders: Emergent Models and Historical Context

Model Building from Modest Beginnings

Models of Early Intervention during World War II

Models of Early Intervention for More Recent Wars

Evolving Models for a Rapidly Changing World

References

Chapter 2: Evidence-based Trauma Management for Organizations: Developments and Prospects

Background

Evidence-based Practice – From Medicine to Management

What is Evidence-based Management, and Where Did it Come From?

Evidence-based Management in Practice

Developing Evidence-based Trauma Management for Organizations: What Emerged from the Early Debate on Psychological Debriefing?

What Needed to Change?

What New Evidence has Emerged?

More General Guidance about how and When to Intervene

Specific Interventions for Trauma Symptoms

Organization-specific Guidance

Conclusions

References

Chapter 3: Large-scale Trauma: Institutionalizing Pre- and Post-trauma Prevention, Intervention, and Treatment

Stress and Trauma Exposure: Mapping the Landscape of Military Stress and Trauma in the Context of Combat

Promoting Community, Organizational, and Individual Health

Conclusion

References

Chapter 4: Commonalities and New Directions in Post-trauma Support Interventions: From Pathology to the Promotion of Post-traumatic Growth

Introduction

The Debate So Far – Deconstructing Myths about Group Peer Support and PD

Commonalities in CISM Interventions

Training in CISM and PD

Future Directions in Post-trauma Support Interventions – from Pathology to Post-traumatic Growth

References

Part B: The Legal and Business Imperatives to Manage Trauma Effectively

Chapter 5: The Trauma Impact on Organizations: Causes, Consequences, and Remedies

Cantor Fitzgerald: A Case Study Following the Events of 9/11

Organizational Trauma: A Definition

Why Do Catastrophic Events Occur in Organizations?

Organizational Responses to Trauma

Organizational Responsibility and Liability

Financial Costs of Organizational Disasters and Trauma

Psychological and Physical Health Costs of Organizational Disaster and Trauma

Organizational Challenges During Traumatic Events

Emergency Preparedness

Benefits Resulting from Traumatic Organizational Events

Traumatized versus Resilient Organizations

The Importance of Leadership

Planning and Preparing for Disasters

Conclusions

Acknowledgment

References

Chapter 6: ASSIST: A Model for Supporting Staff in Secure Healthcare Settings after Traumatic Events That Is Expanding into Other European Territories

Introduction

Trauma within Organizations

Staff Support in Secure Mental Health Services

Psychological Consequences

Trauma Support Models in Two European Countries

The Experience of St. Andrew's Healthcare, United Kingdom

Developing a Model of Trauma Support That Benefits the People and the Business

The St. Andrews ASSIST Trauma Response Model of Psychological Support

The ASSIST Model

The Experience of Trauma Support in Italy

Future Developments and Challenges

References

Chapter 7: SAV-T First: Managing Workplace Violence

Defining Workplace Aggression and Violence

The Prevalence of Workplace Violence

Sources of Workplace Violence

Intervention Strategies

Employee Assistance Programs

Psychological Debriefing

Psychological First Aid

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy

Conclusion

References

Chapter 8: The Occupational Implication of the Prolonged Effects of Repeated Exposure to Traumatic Stress

Delayed-Onset PTSD

The Issue of Subsyndromal PTSD

Other Post-traumatic Disorders?

The Relevance of Sensitization and Kindling to the Onset of Illness

Sensitization and Kindling in Determining Future Episodes

Sensitization and Kindling in Occupational Settings

Issue of Delay in Receiving Treatment

Emerging Issues

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 9: The Challenge for Effective Interventions in a Violent Society: Boundaries and Crossovers between Workplace and Community

History of South Africa: A Legacy of Violence and Oppression

South Africa: The Current Context

Living and Working in a Violent Society

The Place of Early Intervention in a Violent Society

Models of Trauma Support and Intervention

Conclusion

References

Chapter 10: Adversity: Reconceptualizing the Post-trauma Response

Introduction

Stress

Resilience

Organization as Organism

Personal Adversity

Organizational Adversity

Conclusion

References

Part C: New Understandings on Models of Trauma Support

Chapter 11: The Role and Nature of Early Intervention: The Edinburgh Psychological First Aid and Early Intervention Programs

Introduction

What Symptoms and Syndromes Occur after Acute Traumatic Events?

The Importance of Dissociation

The Rise and Fall of Psychological Debriefing

The Emergence of Psychological First Aid (PFA)

The Edinburgh Early Intervention Model: E-EIM

The Edinburgh Early Intervention Model: An Overview of the Stages

Conclusions

References

Chapter 12: An Organizational Approach to the Management of Potential Traumatic Events: Trauma Risk Management (TRiM) — the Development of a Peer Support Process from the Royal Navy to the Police and Emergency Services

Background

The Nature and Likely Effects of Potentially Traumatic Events (PTEs)

Post-incident Interventions

What Are the Barriers to Employees Not Seeking Help for Traumatic Stress Disorders?

The Origins of Trauma Risk Management

TRiM: A Mechanism for Early Identification and Management of Potential Psychological Injuries

How TRiM Works

Real-life Experiences

The Evidence That TRiM Helps

Conclusion

References

Chapter 13: Evidence-Based Support for Work-related Trauma: The Royal Mail Group Experience

Introduction

The Royal Mail Approach to Trauma Management: A Brief History

Current Trauma Management Services at RMG: Support Post Trauma (SPoT)

The RMG Study

Study Design

Research Findings

Satisfaction with Support

The Impact of Support on Symptoms and Absence

“Good” Support: What Is Effective and Safe?

Implications for Practice

References

Chapter 14: The Development of a Practice Research Network and Its Use in the Evaluation of the “Rewind” Treatment of Psychological Trauma in Different Settings

The Rewind Technique

Evolution of Rewind and Evaluation of the Existing Evidence

Background to PRNs

Evaluation of “Rewind” Using the PRN

The Challenge of Evidence

What the PRN Tells Us That the RCT Does Not

Pragmatic Solutions

References

Chapter 15: The Emergency Behaviour Officer (EBO): The Use of Accurate Behavioral Information in Emergency Preparedness and Response in Public and Private Sector Settings

Lessons Learned

The Importance of Understanding and Anticipating Disaster-Related Behaviors

Public Behavior

First Responders

The Role of Emergency Behavior Management Systems (EBMS): Public and Private Sector Applications

The Role of the Emergency Behavior Officer (EBO): Public and Private Sector Applications

Public Behavior Evaluation (PBE)

Conclusion

References

Chapter 16: Trauma-related Dissociation in the Workplace

Historical Perspective

Dissociation of the Personality in the Theory of Structural Dissociation

Dissociation Measurements

Structural Dissociation and Treatment Principles

Conclusion

References

Part D: The Theory and Practice of Post-trauma Support

Chapter 17: Utilization of EMDR in the Treatment of Workplace Trauma

Utilization of EMDR to Treat Workplace Trauma

EMDR and Workplace Trauma

Adaptive Information Processing Model

EMDR and Resilience

Three-Pronged Protocol

Eight-Phase Protocol

Conclusion

References

Chapter 18: Trauma Inoculation: Mindful Preparation for the Unexpected

Introduction

Stress and Stress Inoculation Training

Self-compassion and its Potential to Protect

Cultivating Mindfulness

Conclusion

References

Chapter 19: How Employee Assistance Programs (EAPs) Respond to Trauma Support and Critical Incident Management: An International Focus

Overview

Employee Assistance Programs: A Brief History of Developments

EAPs and Trauma Support

EAP and Group Debriefing

Education, Resilience, and Psychological First Aid

Challenges to EAP and International Trauma Response

Summary

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 20: Training Resilience for High-risk Environments: Towards a Strength-based Approach within the Military

Preface

Resilience: Essential for Military Peacekeepers

Combining Internal Capacities and External Resources

State-of-the-Art Interventions

Conclusion

References

Part E: The Organizational Response to Trauma Support

Chapter 21: Preparing for and Managing Trauma within Organizations: How to Rehabilitate Employees Back to Work

Introduction

Well-Being and Work

The Need for Rehabilitation

The Role of Work in Recovery

Legal Context

Risk Assessments

Managing Sickness Absence and Rehabilitation

The Role of the Line Manager

Policies and Practices

Bringing It All Together: Rehabilitation Plans and Minimizing Trauma-related Sickness Absence

The Conflicting Pressures on the Line Manager

Solution-Focused Interviewing

The Challenge of Rehabilitation for Organizations

Conclusion and Summing Up

Resources

References

Chapter 22: Healing the Traumatized Organization: An Exploration of Post-trauma Recovery and Growth in the Workplace Setting Using the Metaphor of the Nervous System as a Template to Highlight Collective Learning

Introduction

Moving On: A Summary of Recovery and Development since 2005

The Individual Recovery Process

The Organizational Recovery Process

An Organizational Nervous System Response

The Initial Response to Events

The Personal Impact

Communication

Collaboration

Recovery from Trauma

Summary: Learning from This Model of Understanding Organizational Trauma

References

Chapter 23: The Management of Emotionally Disturbing Interventions in Fire and Rescue Services: Psychological Triage as a Framework for Acute Support

Introduction

Psychological Debriefing: Positive or Negative Outcome?

Acute Reactions after Potentially Traumatic Events: Direct Victims and Significant Others

Different Stages in the Aftermath of Trauma: Acute Impact, Working-through, and Trauma Fixation

Acute Reactions after Potentially Traumatic Events: Indirect Victims and Significant Others

The Psychosocial Matrix for Crisis Psychological Support

Primary Prevention of Psychological Trauma in Primary and Secondary Victims of Traumatogenic Events

Primary Prevention of Psychological Trauma in Tertiary Victims of Traumatogenic Events: First Assistance, Immediate Physical Recuperation, and Emotional Uncoupling

Conclusions to the Implementation of Psychological Support for Fire and Rescue Services Personnel

References

Chapter 24: Working with Tsunami Survivors in South India: The Problem Lies in a Four-letter Word

Introduction

The Impact of the 2004 Tsunami on the Southern Indian Coastline

Our Brief

The Challenges Presented to Us

Our Task

The Training Program

Recommendations

Conclusion

References

Chapter 25: Turning Training into Reality: Considerations When Training Teams for Deployment to Disasters

Overview and Introduction

The Training Journey So Far

Who Needs to Be Trained?

What Needs to Be Trained?

Using Scenarios as Exercises in Training for Front-line Personnel

Air Berlin's Experiences of Using Scenarios with A Command Team: Case Study

The Challenge of Training Personnel for Deployment

Specific Training for Managers Who Deploy

Specific Skills Required by Trainers

The Reality of Deployments: Understanding Team Welfare

Using Training for Selection of Personnel

Conclusions

References

Chapter 26: Combating the Effects of Post-traumatic Stress and Other Trauma Associated with the Theatre of War

Introduction

Joining Up

Military Mental Health Care

Traumatic Exposure

Military Operations

Psychiatric Effects of Combat

Research and CSR

Wounded in Action, Physical Injury, and Bravery: Personality and Mental Health Issues

Mitigating the Effects of Operational Deployment and Combat

Leaving the Military

Conclusions

References

Chapter 27: Trauma Counseling and Psychological Support in the People's Republic of China (PRC)

Chinese Cultural Background

Changing Coping Strategies and Social Development

A Brief Introduction to the Development of Psychology in China

Trauma Counseling and the Development of Employee Assistance Programs in China

The Psychological Trauma Responses of Chinese People

Perspectives on the Development of Trauma Counseling in China

References

Chapter 28: How Professionals can Help the Traumatized Organization

Introduction

Pervasiveness of Trauma

Timing as a Factor

Seeking “Closure”

Bullying at Work

Mediation

Extreme Trauma

The Organizational Response

Debriefing and “Pre-briefing”

The External Specialist

Organizational Preparedness

Conclusion

References

Chapter 29: Military Veterans' Mental Health: Long-term Post-trauma Support Needs

Introduction

Assessment of Need: Veteran Population Studies

Veterans in the Criminal Justice System

Treating Veterans' Mental Health Disorders in the United Kingdom

The Combat Stress Clinical Population

Theoretical Complexities of Treating Veterans' Mental Health Disorders

Combat Stress Interventions

Clinical Services

Combat Stress Treatment Models

Residential Treatment

Recent Service Expansion

Intensive Six-week Program

Joint Initiatives: National Health Service, Ministry of Defence, and Combat Stress Initiatives

The Future

Conclusions

References

Chapter 30: Post-trauma Support: Learning from the Past to Help Shape a Better Future

Introduction

The Workplace and Beyond

Information by Media

The Scale of Tragedy and Trauma

Northern Ireland

The Voice of the Trauma Victim

Perceptions of Trauma

Post-trauma Support: The Debate

Other Manifestations of Trauma within Organizations

Trauma in the Helping Professions

Future Perspectives

References

Index

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About the Editors

Rick Hughes is Lead Advisor, Workplace for the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy, the lead body for the therapeutic community in the United Kingdom with over 35 000 members. Rick campaigns for, supports, and champions best practice and effective employee support provision including trauma support. He has worked with most of the major UK employee assistance program (EAP) providers. Rick managed the trauma support for a group of UK train operators whilst employed as a specialist at a major EAP provider. He has supported individuals, teams, and organizations in a range of circumstances including after 9/11, the London bombings, and the Asian tsunami. Rick is a former Deputy Chair of the Association for Counselling at Work (ACW), now BACP Workplace, and has been their journal editor since 2003. His MPhil looked at the impact of emotions in the workplace and this led to his receiving an Honorary Research Fellowship from the University of Strathclyde, Glasgow.

Andrew Kinder is a Chartered Counselling and Chartered Occupational Psychologist, the Past Chair of the Workplace Division of the British Association for Counselling and Psychotherapy (BACP), and an Associate Fellow of the British Psychological Society and was recently made Fellow of the BACP for his contributions to counseling in the workplace. He has published widely and is particularly interested in the management of stress and trauma within an occupational health context. Andrew is currently Chief Psychologist for a large employee assistance and occupational health organization (Atos Healthcare, http://www.atoshealthcare.com) and specializes in delivering training, counseling, and coaching services to increase the psychological health of individuals and organizations. He has been instrumental in the introduction of early intervention programs in a number of large organizations relating to employee engagement and employee wellbeing. He has been active as a researcher and has collaborated with other leading organizations, including the British Occupational Health Research Foundation, which was gathering evidence for organizational interventions used following a work-related trauma. He co-edited Employee Wellbeing Support: A Workplace Resource, which was published in March 2008, with Cary Cooper and Rick Hughes. He has also co-written with Rick Hughes Guidelines for Counselling in the Workplace, which was published by the BACP. He has also carried out numerous assessments for reality TV and provided advice on many high-profile shows. More information on him is available at http://www.andrewkinder.co.uk.

Cary L. Cooper, CBE, is the author of more than 100 books and is one of Britain's most quoted business gurus. He is Distinguished Professor of Organizational Psychology and Health at Lancaster University Management School. He is a founding President of the British Academy of Management, a Companion of the Chartered Management Institute, and one of only five UK Fellows of the (American) Academy of Management. He was the Founding Editor of the Journal of Organizational Behavior, and is the Editor (with Professor Chris Argyris of Harvard Business School and Professor Bill Starbuck of New York University as Associate Editors) of the Blackwell Encyclopedia of Management. He has been an advisor to the World Health Organization, International Labour Organization, and European Union in the field of occupational health research and wellbeing, was Chair of the Global Agenda Council on Chronic Disease of the World Economic Forum, and is Chair of the Academy of Social Sciences (comprising 43 learned societies in the social sciences and over 87 000 members). He was awarded the CBE by the Queen in 2001 for his contributions to organizational health and safety.

List of Contributors

Joyce A. Adkins, PhD, MPH, is an occupational health psychologist. Colonel Adkins has served in the US Air Force for more than 28 years in clinical and health psychology, organizational health and occupational stress, human factors, policy, and program development capacities. She received her PhD from Peabody College of Vanderbilt University and her MPH from the Harvard School of Public Health. She has served on the editorial review board of three journals and served as primary investigator for multisite, multi-agency research protocols. She deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan and served as Program Director for combat and operational stress programs for the US Department of Defense.

Mark Akerlund, LCSW, MSW, works as a psychotherapist and consultant in Houston, Texas, and also deploys with Kenyon International Emergency Services (KIES) as needed. Mark received his Master's in Social Work (MSW) degree from the University of Houston in 1998. Mark also works as a Staffing Coordinator for Social Work prn. Mark has attended domestic and international disasters including 9/11, the Asian tsunami, and the Haiti earthquake, and has provided both onsite and call center mental health support for numerous aviation incidents.

William Andrews has a private therapy practice in Sheffield, United Kingdom. Following a 22-year career as a dentist, Bill resigned from active practice following a prolonged period of mental distress. He was diagnosed as bipolar in 1994, and this led him into an acute interest in the field of mental health service delivery. He trained as a human givens therapist, graduating with distinction in 2004, and since then has dedicated his time to the active encouragement of the use of service provider feedback in the delivery of psychological treatment. He is a senior associate with the International Centre for Clinical Excellence, a new worldwide initiative designed to explore empirical findings around excellence in the delivery of behavioral health (http://www.centerforclinicalexcellence.com). As well as providing independent consultancy and supervision in outcome-informed practice, he is an accredited supervisor with the Human Givens Institute and lectures internationally on the subject of feedback-informed treatment. He passionately believes in a movement toward a more pragmatic approach to treatment that de-emphasizes reliance on specific models of therapeutic orientation. He has a special interest in treating psychological trauma.

Vittoria Ardino is the Director of the Trauma Research and Treatment Center at the Italian Red Cross. She is President of the Italian Society for Traumatic Stress Studies and a board member of ESTSS. She has extensive academic experience in the United Kingdom and Italy, and her research interests are in clinical and forensic psychology with a focus on cognitive aspects of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). She edited two books on PTSD in children and adolescents and published several articles in international journals.

Sylvie M. Boermans is working on her PhD in organizational psychology at the University of Leuven, Belgium. Her PhD seeks to understand what enables soldiers to respond with resilience. She specifically focuses on the role of morale and leadership. In 2008 she received her MSc in social psychology (with honors) and was rewarded for her master's thesis at the Vrij Universiteit in the Netherlands. She has recently presented a systematic literature review on “military resilience” at the European Work and Organizational Psychology Congress. Sylvie is currently working with TNO Defence, Security and Safety in the Netherlands on the development of a resilience model aimed at enhancing resilience in military organizations for the Netherlands Defense Force.

Steven Boorman, MBBS, MRCGP, FFOM, FRCP, FRCN, is an experienced specialist in occupational medicine, now leading Abermed's UK Occupational Health Services. Prior to this, he had over 20 years of experience in Royal Mail, becoming Chief Medical Adviser and Director of Health and Safety. He is an honorary senior clinical lecturer to the University of Birmingham and an ex-President of the Royal Society of Medicine's Section of Occupational Medicine. In 2009 he led the review of NHS Workforce Health and Wellbeing, demonstrating the linkage between good staff health and improved organizational and patient outcomes. His work in Royal Mail included a particular interest in developing improved post-trauma support.