Introduction to Chemicals from Biomass E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Serie: Wiley Series in Renewable Resources
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 569

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2014

Beschreibung

Introduction to Chemicals from Biomass, Second Edition presents an overview of the use of biorenewable resources in the 21st century for the manufacture of chemical products, materials and energy. The book demonstrates that biomass is essentially a rich mixture of chemicals and materials and, as such, has a tremendous potential as feedstock for making a wide range of chemicals and materials with applications in industries from pharmaceuticals to furniture.

Completely revised and updated to reflect recent developments, this new edition begins with an introduction to the biorefinery concept, followed by chapters addressing the various types of available biomass feedstocks, including waste, and the different pre-treatment and processing technologies being developed to turn these feedstocks into platform chemicals, polymers, materials and energy. The book concludes with a discussion on the policies and strategies being put in place for delivering the so-called Bioeconomy.

Introduction to Chemicals from Biomass is a valuable resource for academics, industrial scientists and policy-makers working in the areas of industrial biotechnology, biorenewables, chemical engineering, fine and bulk chemical production, agriculture technologies, plant science, and energy and power generation.
 
We need to reduce our dependence on fossil resources and increasingly derive all the chemicals we take for granted and use in our daily life from biomass – and we must make sure that we do this using green chemistry and sustainable technologies!

For more information on the Wiley Series in Renewable Resources, visit www.wiley.com/go/rrs

Topics covered include:

• The biorefinery concept
• Biomass feedstocks
• Pre-treatment technologies
• Platform molecules from renewable resources
• Polymers from bio-based monomers
• Biomaterials
• Bio-based energy production

Praise for the 1st edition:

“Drawing on the expertise of the authors the book involves a degree of plant biology and chemical engineering, which illustrates the multidisciplinary nature of the topic beautifully” - Chemistry World

Leseprobe

Wiley Series in Renewable Resources

Series Editor

Christian V. Stevens – Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, BelgiumTitles in the Series

Wood Modification – Chemical, Thermal and Other ProcessesCallum A.S. Hill

Renewables-Based Technology – Sustainability AssessmentJo Dewulf and Herman Van Langenhove

Introduction to Chemicals from BiomassJames Clark and Fabien Deswarte

BiofuelsWim Soetaert and Erick Vandamme

Handbook of Natural ColorantsThomas Bechtold and Rita Mussak

Surfactants from Renewable ResourcesMikael Kjellin and Ingegärd Johansson

Industrial Application of Natural Fibres – Structure, Properties and Technical ApplicationsJörg Müssig

Thermochemical Processing of Biomass – Conversion into Fuels, Chemicals and PowerRobert C. Brown

Biorefinery Co-Products: Phytochemicals, Primary Metabolites and Value-Added Biomass ProcessingChantal Bergeron, Danielle Julie Carrier and Shri Ramaswamy

Aqueous Pretreatment of Plant Biomass for Biological and Chemical Conversion to Fuels and ChemicalsCharles E. Wyman

Bio-Based Plastics: Materials and ApplicationsStephan Kabasci

Introduction to Wood and Natural Fiber CompositesDouglas Stokke, Qinglin Wu and Guangping Han

Cellulosic Energy Cropping SystemsDouglas L. KarlenForthcoming Titles

Cellulose Nanocrystals: Properties, Production and ApplicationsWadood Hamad

Lignin and Lignans as Renewable Raw Materials: Chemistry, Technology and ApplicationsFrancisco García Calvo-Flores, José A. Dobado, Joaquín Isac García and Francisco J. Martin-Martinez

Sustainability Assessment of Renewables-Based Products: Methods and Case StudiesJo Dewulf, Steven De Meester and Rodrigo Alvarenga

Biorefinery of Inorganics: Recovering Mineral Nutrients from Biomass and Organic WasteErik Meers and Gerard Velthof

Bio-Based SolventsFrançois Jerome and Rafael Luque

Introduction to Chemicals from Biomass

SECOND EDITION

Edited by

JAMES CLARK

Department of Chemistry, Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence, University of York, UK

FABIEN DESWARTE

Biorenewables Development Centre, The Biocentre, York Science Park, UK

This edition first published 2015© 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

Registered officeJohn Wiley & Sons, Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex,PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom

For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com.

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The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for every situation. In view of ongoing research, equipment modifications, changes in governmental regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to the use of experimental reagents, equipment, and devices, the reader is urged to review and evaluate the information provided in the package insert or instructions for each chemical, piece of equipment, reagent, or device for, among other things, any changes in the instructions or indication of usage and for added warnings and precautions. The fact that an organization or Website is referred to in this work as a citation and/or a potential source of further information does not mean that the author or the publisher endorses the information the organization or Website may provide or recommendations it may make. Further, readers should be aware that Internet Websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. No warranty may be created or extended by any promotional statements for this work. Neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for any damages arising herefrom.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Introduction to chemicals from biomass / edited by James Clark, Fabien Deswarte. – Second edition.  pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index.

 ISBN 978-1-118-71448-5 (cloth)1. Biomass chemicals. 2. Organic compounds. I. Clark, James H., editor. II. Deswarte, Fabien E. I., editor. III. Title: Chemicals from biomass. TP248.B55I68 2015 662′.88–dc23      2014045943

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

List of Contributors

Mehrdad Arshadi Department of Forest Biomaterials and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Sweden

Thomas M. Attard Department of Chemistry, Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence, University of York, UK

James A. Bergman Materials Science and Engineering Department, Iowa State University, USA

Vitaliy L. Budarin Department of Chemistry, Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence, University of York, UK

James Clark Department of Chemistry, Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence, University of York, UK

Fabien Deswarte The Biorenewables Development Centre, The Biocentre, York Science Park, UK

Jiajun Fan Department of Chemistry, Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence, University of York, UK

Thomas J. Farmer Department of Chemistry, Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence, University of York, UK

Joseph A. Houghton Department of Chemistry, Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence, University of York, UK

Andrew J. Hunt Department of Chemistry, Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence, University of York, UK

Michael R. Kessler School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Washington State University, USA

Tsz Him Kwan School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong

Wan Chi Lam School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong

Carol Sze Ki Lin School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong

Mark Mascal Department of Chemistry, University of California Davis, USA

Avtar S. Matharu Department of Chemistry, Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence, University of York, UK

Egid B. Mubofu Department of Chemistry, University of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania

Igor Polikarpov Grupo de Biotecnologia Molecular, Instituto de Física de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil

Antoine Rouilly National Polytechnic Institute of Toulouse, France

Anita Sellstedt Department of Plant Physiology, UPSC, Umeå University, Sweden

David Turley NNFCC – The Bioeconomy Consultants, The Biocentre, York Science Park, UK

Carlos Vaca-Garcia National Polytechnic Institute of Toulouse, France; King Abdulaziz University, Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research, Saudi Arabia

Series Preface

A multitude of important processes which have a major influence on our everyday lives involve the use and modification of renewable resources. Applications can be found in the energy sector, chemistry, pharmacy, the textile industry, paints and coatings, to name but a few.

The area interconnects several scientific disciplines (agriculture, biochemistry, chemistry, technology, environmental sciences, forestry, etc.), which makes it very difficult to have an expert view on the complicated interaction. The idea to create a series of scientific books, focusing on specific topics concerning renewable resources, has therefore been very opportune and can help to clarify some of the underlying connections in this area.

In a very fast-changing world, trends are not only characteristic of fashion and political standpoints; science is not free of its hypes and buzzwords either. The use of renewable resources is however much more important than a fad or fashion. As the lively discussions among scientists continue about how many years we will still be able to use fossil fuels – opinions range from 50 to 500 years – they do agree that the reserve is limited and that it is essential to search for new energy carriers and for new material sources.

In this respect, renewable resources are a crucial area in the search for alternatives for fossil-based raw materials and energy. In the field of energy supply, biomass- and renewable-based resources are part of the solution alongside other alternatives such as solar energy, wind energy, hydraulic power, hydrogen technology and nuclear energy.

In the field of material sciences, the impact of renewable resources will probably be even bigger. Integral utilisation of crops and the use of waste streams in certain industries will grow in importance, leading to more sustainable methods of producing materials.

Although our society was much more (almost exclusively) based on renewable resources centuries ago, this disappeared in the Western world in the nineteenth century. It is now time to focus again on this field of research. This does not mean ‘retour à la nature’ however, but should be a multidisciplinary effort on a highly technological level to conduct research into new opportunities and to develop new crops and products from renewable resources. This will be essential to guarantee a certain standard of living for the growing number of people living on our planet. The challenge for the coming generations of scientists is to develop more sustainable ways to create prosperity and to fight poverty and hunger in the world. A global approach is certainly favoured.

This challenge can only be dealt with if scientists are attracted to this area and are recognised for their efforts in this interdisciplinary field. It is therefore also essential that consumers recognise the fate of renewable resources in a number of products. Furthermore, scientists need to communicate and discuss the relevance of their work.

The use and modification of renewable resources may not follow the path of the genetic engineering concept in terms of consumer acceptance in Europe. Related to this aspect, this series will certainly help to increase the visibility of the importance of renewable resources.

Being convinced of the value of the renewables approach for the industrial world as well as for developing countries, I was myself delighted to collaborate on this series of books focusing on different aspects of renewable resources. I hope that readers become aware of the complexity, the interconnections and the challenges of this field and that they will help to communicate the importance of renewable resources.

I sincerely thank the people of Wiley’s Chichester office, especially David Hughes, Jenny Cossham and Lyn Roberts, for recognising the need for such a series of books on renewable resources, for initiating and supporting it and for helping to carry the project to the end. I also thank my family, especially my wife Hilde and children Paulien and Pieter-Jan, for their patience and for allowing me the time to work on the series when other activities seemed to be more inviting.

Christian V. Stevens, Faculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent University, BelgiumSeries Editor ‘Renewable Resources’June 2005

Preface

The first decade of the twenty-first century saw the emergence of biofuels as a major, international and, as it developed, complex industry. It is quite likely that the second decade will not only see the maturing of the biofuels industry but also the emergence of a biochemicals industry that will hopefully learn from the strengths and weaknesses of biofuels. Key areas in biofuels that we can learn from include the need to avoid any competition with food (with a few possible exceptions for highly valuable and necessary non-food products such as speciality pharmaceuticals), the value of wastes as feedstocks and the importance of valorising the whole crop including by-products. Second-generation biofuels, including biodiesel from food waste and bio-alcohols from sugarcane bagasse, are already available and value chains have been developed for some by-products, notably for the glycerine produced in most biodiesel production processes. Consumer concerns over the food versus (bio)fuel issue has also helped encourage the development of standards that will soon cover all biobased products, at least in Europe.

Biobased chemicals have been slower to emerge than biofuels. While the chemical industries are as dependent on petroleum as the fuel industries, there has been less political and public pressure to create alternatives to liquid petroleum fuels partly because the public does not connect chemicals to (diminishing) fossil reserves in the same way that it does for fuels. We have however seen strong activity with biosuccinic acid for example, and several companies – established and new – are showing activity in the biobased space. There is a strong view that biobased chemicals should enjoy the same government incentives as biobased fuels, and that without this their market penetration will be slow. The biopreferred program in the US is also sometimes cited as an example of how governments can help.

Fiscal incentives alongside proper standards will certainly help, but the biggest drivers will be: (1) increasing demand from end-users of chemicals for products derived from renewables and with lower environmental footprints; and (2) the availability of more efficient technologies to maximise the chemical potential of biomass. In this second edition of the successful and increasingly topical book Introduction to Chemicals from Biomass, we discuss the state-of-the art in technologies, products and resources, investigate the overall life-cycle and perform a techno-economic assessment of the area, including its role in future biorefineries. With the latter point in mind, we include one chapter on biobased energy production.

While we seek to ultimately supersede petroleum-based industries, we must learn from the co-production of fuels and chemicals in the highly cost-effective petroleum refineries created in the twentieth century. We should aim for similar, if not better, levels of efficiency and strive for zero-waste biorefineries in the twenty-first century. An integrated approach to future biorefineries is described in Chapter 1.

What will be the feedstocks of future biorefineries? Food-grade resources are unlikely to feature to any significant extent but food supply chain wastes, from farm to fork, are expected to become more and more important. These and other important renewable resources are discussed in Chapter 2.

How can we get chemical value from biomass? In recent years we have seen thermochemical methods gain popularity, which now complement the more established biochemical methods. These processes, alongside pretreatment technologies (necessary as biomass comes in many, and often awkward, shapes and forms), will be the workhorses of the future biorefineries; such methods are described and compared in Chapter 3.

In Chapters 4–7 we look at the chemical product types that can be made in the biorefinery. Platform molecules will be the building blocks of the future bio-economy; we can expect many future industries to be dependent on these in the same way that they are currently reliant on petrochemicals such as benzene, ethane and butadiene. Products from these platform molecules will include solvents, paints and coatings, agrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, adhesives, dyes and many others. The chemical industry is currently built on about 100,000 chemicals, over 90% of which are based on non-renewable resources. Switching a good proportion of these to biobased chemicals is an enormous but vital challenge.

About half of the chemical value of petroleum ends up in polymers and materials. Modern society is heavily dependent on these; we use plastics, fibres and composites in many industries from automobile construction to aerospace. Biomass is a natural source of some of these biomaterials, especially if we can learn to make better use of nature’s largest macromolecules including cellulose. However, in other cases we need to manufacture biobased materials using small molecules obtained from biomass. Commercial success has already been demonstrated in this field from well-established polylactic acid (PLA) to the new biobased polyethylene (PE); many more materials will follow!

Of course, energy needs will continue to dominate the overall resources picture. The US and EU will place energy as their highest priority and will aim to move towards both sustainability but also independence of supply. By learning from current refineries and adding value to the biomass harvested for energy through higher-value chemicals production, we should make biorefineries more cost-effective and resilient to the highly dynamic energy situation.

In Chapter 8 we take a look at the ‘big picture’: how can we deliver a self-sufficient bio-economy? There are few that dispute our need to move in this direction, but making the new economy work at the same level of efficiency as the well-established petro-economy is incredibly challenging. This is a challenge we all need to share, as chemical production and use will surely continue to be at the heart of the future bio-economy.

James ClarkYorkJune 2014