Introduction to Global Health Promotion E-Book
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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Fachliteratur
- Serie: Jossey-Bass Public Health/Health Services Text
- Sprache: Englisch
Introduction to Global Health Promotion addresses a breadth and depth of public health topics that students and emerging professionals in the field must understand as the world's burden of disease changes with non-communicable diseases on the rise in low- and middle-income countries as their middle class populations grow. Now more than ever, we need to provide health advocacy and intervention to prevent, predict, and address emerging global health issues. This new text from the Society for Public Health Education (SOPHE) prepares readers with thorough and thoughtful chapters on global health promotion theories, best practices, and perspectives on the future of the field, from the individual to the global level.
The world's biggest health care challenges—including HIV, malaria, heart disease, smoking, and violence, among others—are explored in detail in Introduction to Global Health Promotion. The state of the science, including the latest empirical data, is distilled into 19 chapters that update readers on the complex issues surrounding a variety of illnesses and conditions, and disease epidemics and individual, social, institutional, and governmental barriers to preventing them. Expert authors bring to the fore human rights issues, new uses of technology, and practical application of theory. These perspectives, along with the book's multidisciplinary approach, serve to create a well-rounded understanding of global health today.
Learn more from the Editors of Introduction to Global Health Promotion here.
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Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2016
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Table of Contents
Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
Preface
Organization of the Book
We Knew We Couldn't Cover Everything
Features and Resources for Students or Instructors
Final Thoughts for the Reader
References
Acknowledgments
The Editors
SOPHE
The Contributors
Chapter 1: The State of Global Health
Learning Objectives
Life Expectancy
Maternal, Neonatal, Infant, and Child Mortality
Measuring Health Status
Global Deaths and the Global Burden of Disease
The Health of Women and Children
Communicable Diseases
Noncommunicable Diseases
Looking Forward
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
References
Chapter 2: Global Health Promotion: The State of the Science
Learning Objectives
Why a Global Perspective Is Relevant Today
The Impact of Language on the Conduct of Research
The Role of Context
The Emergent Role of Evidence in Global Health Promotion
Sociocultural and Political Aspects of Global Health Promotion
Four Case Studies
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
References
Chapter 3: Global Health Promotion and the Social Determinants of Health
Learning Objectives
The Relationship of Health Promotion to the Social Determinants of Health
Address Social Determinants and Reduce Health Inequities
The Way Forward
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
References
Chapter 4: Models of Health Behavior Change: International Applications
Learning Objectives
“Classic” Social Psychological Models
Other Social Psychological Models
Expanded Social Psychological Models
Interpersonal- or Community-Level Models
Ecological and Structural Models
Future Directions
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
References
Chapter 5: Two Health Communication Approaches: Communication for Behavioral Impact (COMBI) and Entertainment Education
Learning Objectives
Communication for Behavioral Impact
Entertainment Education
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
References
Chapter 6: Global Health Promotion in the Context of Human Rights
Learning Objectives
The Case for GHP in the Context of Human Rights
Global Health Promotion From a Human Rights Perspective
What Are Human Rights?
Health Systems, Global Health Promotion Programs, and Human Rights
Rights-Based Approach to Global Health Promotion
Conclusion
Key Terms
Review Questions
References
Chapter 7: eHEALTH and Global Health Promotion
Learning Objectives
The Rapid Evolution of Computers, the Internet, and Mobile Phones
Technology for Global eHealth Promotion—What Works?
Emerging Technologies in Global eHealth and mHealth
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
References
Chapter 8: Reducing Maternal and Infant Mortality: Meeting a Global Challenge
Learning Objectives
The Millennium Development Goals
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
References
Chapter 9: Malaria Prevention and Control
Learning Objectives
Malaria Surveillance
Control Measures
Interventions
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
References
Chapter 10: Global Immunization Initiatives from a Health Promotion Perspective
Learning Objectives
Addressing Reluctance to Immunize
The Healthy Settings Approach
The Pros and Cons of Issue-Specific Campaigns
Examples of Special Initiatives Connected to VWA
Partnerships for Polio Eradication in Southeast Asia
Other International Initiatives to Increase Childhood Immunizations
HPV Vaccine: A Leap Forward for Girls' and Women's Health
Five-in-One (Pentavalent) Vaccine
Data in the Hands of Families: Vaccination Cards
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
References
Chapter 11: The Evolving Global HIV Pandemic: Epidemiology, Prevention, and Future Priorities
Learning Objectives
Background and Epidemiology
Reasons for the Current Trends in HIV Epidemiology
HIV Prevention Strategies
Developing Comprehensive Approaches to HIV Prevention
The Need for Cost Evaluation
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
References
Chapter 12: Community-Based Risk Communication in Epidemics and Emerging Disease Settings
Learning Objectives
A Theory-Driven Participatory Approach
From Theory to Practice: Lessons Learned From the Past
Integrating With Other Communication Areas and Media
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
References
CHAPTER 13: Noncommunicable Diseases (NCDs): Moving Toward Health Promotion
Learning Objectives
Healthy Public Policy and NCDs
Supportive Environments
The Americas
Africa
Much Work Still to Do
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
References
Chapter 14: Women's Cancers
Learning Objectives
Global Burden of Women's Cancers
Preventing and Controlling Women's Cancers
Women's Perceptions of Cancer
Health Promotion Strategies
Reducing Health System and Service Barriers
Looking Ahead
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
References
Chapter 15: Health Promotion in Families and Communities: An Integrated Approach from Latin America and the Caribbean
Learning Objectives
Why This Approach?
Families and Communities
Social Determinants of Health and Indigenous Communities
Health Promotion in Communities
Implementation of the Family and Community Health Approach
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
References
Chapter 16: Oral Health Promotion
Learning Objectives
What Is Oral Health?
Nearly Universal Prevalence of Oral Diseases
Measuring Oral Health and Disease
Oral Health Promotion Strategies
Promotion to Families and Caregivers
Use of Mass Media
Oral Health Promotion Policy
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
References
Chapter 17: Adaptation and Implementation of Public Health Innovations in Developing Countries
Learning Objectives
Implementation
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
References
Chapter 18: Health Promotion in the Global Setting: The Role of International Organizations and Governments
Learning Objectives
Early Vestiges of Health Promotion
Post–World War II Evolution
The Run-Up to Community-Based Primary Health Care
Global Health Organizations
Foundations
Nongovernmental Organizations
Private Sector
Universities
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
References
Chapter 19: The Future of Global Health Promotion
Learning Objectives
Global and Regional Progress in Addressing Global Health Issues
Key Challenges Ahead
Summary
Key Terms
Review Questions
References
Author Index
Subject Index
End User License Agreement
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Guide
Cover
Table of Contents
Begin Reading
List of Illustrations
Chapter 1: The State of Global Health
Figure 1.1 Life Expectancy at Birth for World Bank Regions, High-Income Countries, and Globally, 2013
Figure 1.2 Percentage Gain in Life Expectancy for World Bank Regions, High-Income Countries, and Globally, 1960–2013
Figure 1.3 Maternal Mortality Ratios for World Bank Regions, High-Income Countries, and Globally 2013
Figure 1.4 Neonatal Mortality Rates for World Bank Regions, High-Income Countries, and Globally, 2013
Figure 1.5 Infant Mortality Rates for World Bank Regions, High-Income Countries, and Globally, 2013
Figure 1.6 Under-Five Child Mortality Rates for World Bank Regions, High-Income Countries, and Globally, 2013
Chapter 3: Global Health Promotion and the Social Determinants of Health
Figure 3.1 Commission on Social Determinants of Health Conceptual Framework
Chapter 4: Models of Health Behavior Change: International Applications
Figure 4.1 Health Belief Model
Figure 4.2 Theory of Planned Behavior
Figure 4.3 Multiple Domain Model
Chapter 5: Two Health Communication Approaches: Communication for Behavioral Impact (COMBI) and Entertainment Education
Figure 5.1 HIC DARM
Chapter 7: eHEALTH and Global Health Promotion
Figure 7.1 Examples of RSS Feed on Facebook re: Sexual Health
Chapter 8: Reducing Maternal and Infant Mortality: Meeting a Global Challenge
Figure 8.1 A public health field worker in Haiti administers a dose of oral cholera vaccine to a willing young boy, who tilts his head back to accept the drops of vaccine solution
Chapter 10: Global Immunization Initiatives from a Health Promotion Perspective
Figure 10.1 Immunization Rates, 1990 and 2013
Figure 10.2 World Immunization Week Logo
Figure 10.3
Semana de Vacunación
Chapter 11: The Evolving Global HIV Pandemic: Epidemiology, Prevention, and Future Priorities
Figure 11.1 Global Prevalence of HIV, 2009
Figure 11.2 Changes in the Incidence of HIV Infection, 2001–2009
CHAPTER 13: Noncommunicable Diseases (NCDs): Moving Toward Health Promotion
Figure 13.1 Proportion of Mortality Due to NCDs in the Americas, 2012
Figure 13.2 Proportion of Mortality Due to the NCDs in Africa, 2012
Chapter 15: Health Promotion in Families and Communities: An Integrated Approach from Latin America and the Caribbean
Figure 15.1 Values, Principles, and Strategies of the Family and Community Health Approach
Chapter 16: Oral Health Promotion
Figure 16.1 Standardized Measurement and Treatment of Tooth Decay with ICCMS
Figure 16.2 Dentistry Personnel Density by Selected Countries
Figure 16.3 Points of Intersection in a Common Risk Factor Approach to Oral Health Promotion
Chapter 17: Adaptation and Implementation of Public Health Innovations in Developing Countries
Figure 17.1 Adaptation of an Effective Intervention into a New Setting Using Core Elements
Chapter 19: The Future of Global Health Promotion
Figure 19.1 MDGs
Figure 19.2 Factors Influencing Behavior Change at Each Level of the Socioecological Model, for the Example of HIV
List of Tables
Chapter 1: The State of Global Health
Table 1.1 Ten Leading Causes of Death in Examples Low-Income, Middle-Income, and High-Income Sub-Regions and Globally, 2010
Table 1.2 Leading Risk Factors for Death in Low-Income, Middle-Income, and High-Income Sub-Regions and Globally, 2010
Table 1.3 Ten Leading Causes of Burden of Disease in Low-Income, Middle-Income, and High-Income Sub-Regions and Globally, 2010
Table 1.4 Leading Risk Factors for DALYs in Low-Income, Middle-Income, and High-Income Sub-Regions and Globally, 2010
Table 1.5 Leading Causes of Deaths Globally, 1990 and 2010
Table 1.6 Leading Causes of DALYs Globally, 1990-2010
Chapter 5: Two Health Communication Approaches: Communication for Behavioral Impact (COMBI) and Entertainment Education
Table 5.1 Technology Theme: Examples of Media Used for EE Other Than Radio and Television
Table 5.2 Behavior Change Theme: Expert Recommendations for Priority Topics for Applied Research in EE
Chapter 7: eHEALTH and Global Health Promotion
Table 7.1 Evidence-Based Technology Tools for Global eHealth Promotion
Table 7.2 Emerging Tools With Potential for Global eHealth Promotion
Chapter 8: Reducing Maternal and Infant Mortality: Meeting a Global Challenge
Table 8.1 Causes of Maternal Mortality and Morbidity
Chapter 9: Malaria Prevention and Control
Table 9.1 President's Malaria Initiative Focus Countries
Chapter 10: Global Immunization Initiatives from a Health Promotion Perspective
Table 10.1 Chronology of Vaccination Week in the Americas/World Immunization Week
Table 10.2 Pentavalent VACCINE COMPONENTS UPTAKE, Selected African Countries
Chapter 11: The Evolving Global HIV Pandemic: Epidemiology, Prevention, and Future Priorities
Table 11.1 Regional HIV/AIDS Statistics and Features, End of 2011
Chapter 12: Community-Based Risk Communication in Epidemics and Emerging Disease Settings
Table 12.1 Definitions of Public Health and Selected Concepts of Critical Race Theory
CHAPTER 13: Noncommunicable Diseases (NCDs): Moving Toward Health Promotion
Table 13.1 Status of NCD Prevention and Control, and Percentage of Latin American/Caribbean and African Countries Meeting Each Criterion
Chapter 14: Women's Cancers
Table 14.1 Risk Factors for Cervical Cancer
Table 14.2 Risk and Protective Factors for Breast Cancer
Chapter 15: Health Promotion in Families and Communities: An Integrated Approach from Latin America and the Caribbean
Table 15.1 Some Vulnerability Factors in Families and Communities
Chapter 16: Oral Health Promotion
Table 16.1 Mass Media Campaigns Promoting Oral Health
Table 16.2 Oral Health Policy Milestones
Table 16.3 Tobacco Control Strategies for Educators and Policymakers
Chapter 19: The Future of Global Health Promotion
Table 19.1 Health MDGs scorecard for WHO regions
Table 19.2 Health, Wellness, Mortality, and Social Determinants Data by Region
INTRODUCTION TO GLOBALHEALTH PROMOTION
Rick S. Zimmerman, Ralph J. DiClemente,Jon K. Andrus, Everold N. Hosein, andSociety for Public Health Education (SOPHE)
Copyright © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Published by Jossey-Bass
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Zimmerman, Rick S., editor. | DiClemente, Ralph J., editor. | Andrus, Jon Kim, editor. | Hosein, Everold N., editor. | Society for Public Health Education, sponsoring body.
Title: Introduction to global health promotion / [edited by] Rick S. Zimmerman, Ralph J. DiClemente, Jon K. Andrus, Everold N. Hosein and Society for Public Health Education.
Description: San Francisco, CA : Jossey-Bass, 2016. | Includes index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2015051179 (print) | LCCN 2016003678 (ebook) | ISBN 9781118897799 (pbk.) | ISBN 9781118897881 (pdf) | ISBN 9781118897836 (epub)
Subjects: LCSH: Health promotion. | Health education. | World health.
Classification: LCC RA427.8 .I5862 2016 (print) | LCC RA427.8 (ebook) | DDC 362.1— dc23
LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015051179
Cover design by Wiley
Cover image: Hands Image: © Zurijeta/Shutterstock;
Village Image: © pamuk/Shutterstock;
Child Image: © Lucian Coman/Shutterstock
FIRST EDITION
The editors dedicate this book to the millions of people around the world who work tirelessly to prevent needless suffering caused by diseases that especially afflict the impoverished.
Preface
When my coeditors and I decided to respond to SOPHE's (Society for Public Health Education) request for prospectuses for a book on global health promotion, we were excited to have the opportunity to create the kind of book that we really hadn't seen: one that is focused on the relatively new domain of health promotion and disease prevention globally. With so much of the history of epidemiology presenting largely communicable diseases and mortality related to childbirth and the first few years of life, it has been only in the past 60 or so years that health promotion and disease prevention have become central to public health: first in what used to be called developed nations (and what we now refer to as high-income countries); and, second, in the past 15 or so years, during which life expectancies have increased sufficiently in low- and middle-income countries that the focus of public health in these countries has begun to include health promotion and disease prevention. So it was with great enthusiasm that we submitted a prospectus, and with which we reacted when our prospectus was chosen by SOPHE to become this book.
Organization of the Book
We put the book together wanting to share the best evidence with our readers about the approaches that have been successful in promoting health and reducing morbidity and mortality in a variety of areas. We also decided that health promotion strategies and approaches should be viewed through the lenses of theories and models of behavior change, human rights, and the exploding use of technology. As a result of these decisions, we organized the book as follows:
introductory chapters,
foundational chapters,
strategies and best practices in global health promotion in topical areas,
concluding chapters.
Three introductory chapters set the stage for the rest of the book. In “The State of Global Health,” Richard Skolnik, the author of a major global health text, presents data about trends in causes of morbidity and mortality around the world. In “Global Health Promotion: The State of the Science,” David McQueen, an internationally renowned global health promotion (GHP) scholar, talks about a fairly new and increasingly evidence-based approach to global health promotion strategies. Then, in “Global Health Promotion and the Social Determinants of Health,” Kumanan Rasanathan and Alyssa Sharkey, both of whom work with UNICEF on children's health in under-resourced parts of the world, present the critical role of social and social structural variables as determinants of global health and health promotion. These introductory chapters present important ideas that are referred to throughout the book: (a) prevalence and incidence of various causes of morbidity (illness and risk factors for illness and various conditions) and mortality (death) patterns over time and across regions of the world, which should drive approaches to health promotion around the world; (b) the current status of the development and use of science- and evidence-based approaches to health promotion around the world; and (c) key underlying causes of health and illness related to social structure, processes, and resources—known as “social determinants.”
The next section of the book (Chapters 4 through 7) includes foundational chapters on theory and models, human rights, and the use of technology as they relate to global health promotion. Indeed, these three lenses are used to present examples of best practices in disease and mortality reduction and prevention in the major portion of the book. Rick Zimmerman, one of the co-editors of the book and an expert in HIV prevention and behavior change theory development, and his colleagues Zhiwen Xiao, Purnima Mehrotra, and Charles Roy present “Models of Health Behavior Change: International Applications,” in which key health behavior change models are described and international applications of these models are discussed, as Chapter 4. Everold Hosein (co-editor of the book), and his colleagues (senior health communication scholars May Kennedy and Sandra de Castro Buffington) describe two additional communication approaches related to behavior change, in Chapter 5, “Two Health Communication Approaches: Communication for Behavioral Impact (COMBI) and Entertainment Education.” Elvira Beracochea, an internationally known advocate for health and for implementation of health systems that see health as a right, and her co-author, Lubna Ahmed, present some definitions of ethical concepts, articulate the overlap between health promotion and human rights, and describe case examples to show how sometimes health is but sometimes how it is not delivered as a right in Chapter 6, “Global Health Promotion in the Context of Human Rights.” Sheana Bull, one of the international experts in the use of technology and social media in the delivery of health promotion interventions, and co-authors Gretchen Domek and Deborah Thomas, discuss ways that technology can be used most effectively in “eHealth and Global Health Promotion,” Chapter 7.
The next nine chapters (Chapters 8–16) present what is currently known about best practices in global health promotion and disease prevention in nine different domains:
Chapter 8
, “Reducing Maternal and Infant Mortality: Meeting a Global Challenge” by Padmini Murthy, an obstetrician/gynecologist who is an expert on global health;
Chapter 9
, “Malaria Prevention and Control,” by Fouzia Farooq and Elke Bergmann-Leitner, scientists in the US Military Malaria Research Program;
Chapter 10
, “Global Immunization Initiatives From a Health Promotion Perspective,” by Marilyn Rice, a seasoned international health worker, with extensive experience in Latin America, and her colleagues Jon K. Andrus, Virginia Swezy, and Rick S. Zimmerman;
Chapter 11
, “The Evolving Global HIV Pandemic: Epidemiology, Prevention, and Future Priorities,” by Ralph DiClemente, one of the co-editors of the book and an internationally renowned expert in HIV prevention, and his colleagues Puja Seth and Purnima Mehrotra;
Chapter 12
, “Community-Based Risk Communication in Epidemics and Emerging Disease Settings,” by Renata Schiavo, well-known researcher and advocate in health equity and health communication, and her colleagues Karen Hilyard and Ewart Skinner;
Chapter 13
, “Noncommunicable Diseases (NCDs): Moving Toward Health Promotion,” by C. James Hospedales (emphasis on Latin America) and André Pascal Kengne (emphasis on Africa), both international experts in NCDs, and their colleagues Adriana Blanco Marquizo and Branka Legetic;
Chapter 14
, “Women's Cancers,” by Silvana Luciani and Irene Arguto, both of whom have spent years working for PAHO (Pan-American Health Organization, a regional arm of the World Health Organization) in the area of cancer;
Chapter 15
, “Health Promotion in Families and Communities: An Integrated Approach From Latin America and the Caribbean,” by Fernando Zacarias and Gina Tambini, both experts in family and community health with experience at PAHO, and their colleagues Adrian Diaz, Manuel Pena, Adela Paez Jimenez, and Leticia Martinez; and
Chapter 16
, “Oral Health Promotion,” by Margaret Scarlett, an internationally known leader in global oral health, and Gary Kreps, an internationally known global health communication researcher.
Each chapter in this core section of the text includes text boxes that highlight theories and models, human rights, and the use of technology relevant to their topic. We believe this is an important feature of this book: linking of applications across diseases/conditions/prevention domains to models and theories (the two are often presented separately, not showing the way theories are used), human rights (we believe this lens is used too rarely in considering global health promotion efforts), and technology (in ways that might suggest to readers how to use technology within their content areas of greatest interest).
The final three chapters cover issues we thought should be considered as broader concerns in moving forward with global health promotion. In Chapter 17, “Adaptation and Implementation of Public Health Innovations in Developing Countries,” Bonita Stanton, Xiaoming Li, and Linda Kaljee, all senior researchers who have adapted and implemented Western-developed interventions in various international settings, discuss that process. In Chapter 18, “Health Promotion in the Global Setting: The Role of International Organizations and Governments,” Jack Bryant, a pioneer in global health promotion, and Curtiss Swezy, a longtime global health program administrator, describe the history of the role of international organizations and governments in global health promotion. In the final chapter, “The Future of Global Health Promotion,” Rick Zimmerman, Jon Andrus (a co-editor of the book and a long-time public health expert with more than 30 years of experience of working in the field of vaccines, immunization, and primary care in developing countries, including as deputy director of PAHO), and C. James Hospedales (long-time expert on health promotion in Latin America and the Caribbean) first look at progress in disease prevention and health promotion via the status of various diseases, conditions, and causes of morbidity and mortality around the world, and then talk about some of the key work that remains to be done in GHP.
We Knew We Couldn't Cover Everything
In creating this book, of course we have come to realize that we could not cover every important topic in global health promotion. Indeed, some reviewers expressed concerns that mental health, substance use and addiction, and/or adolescent health are not covered in the book. Chapter 19 reviews data about prevalence and incidence of mental illness and substance use disorder. But we acknowledge that it is only fairly recently that health promotion and disease prevention have become ways of thinking about mental health and mental illness. Prevention is typically used to describe health promotion efforts related to substance use and abuse, and certainly we might have covered this topic as well. We have also emphasized the state of activities in low- and middle-income countries—under-resourced parts of the world—in this book, and we acknowledge that with very high rates of mortality because of childhood diseases, malaria, HIV, and vaccine-preventable illnesses, mental health and substance use and abuse have been less of a focus in these parts of the world. Luckily they are becoming an increasing focus, though they aren't treated as chapters in this book. Adolescent health, though not the topic of an entire chapter, is a significant focus within several chapters, including HPV vaccination in Chapter 10, HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in Chapter 11, and adapting interventions in Chapter 17. Finally, some might wonder why oral health is included as a topic. We simply state here (and encourage you to find out more by reading the chapter!) that there are a variety of strong relationships between oral health and other aspects of health, including heart disease, diabetes, a multitude of infections, and negative outcomes of pregnancy (see, for example, US Dept. of Health and Human Services, 2000, pp. 97–152).
Features and Resources for Students or Instructors
We have organized the book and book chapters, and have developed additional resources, that we believe will benefit students or instructors using this book.
Each chapter has learning objectives that should help students and instructors easily identify the key goals/focus of the chapter.
Each chapter has a list of key terms.
Each chapter includes review questions.
We have created test questions for instructors that are available on the book's website. Use the following link:
www.wiley.com/go/globalhealthpromotion
We have created PowerPoint presentations for instructors that are available on the website. Use the following link:
www.wiley.com/go/globalhealthpromotion
As we discussed earlier in the preface, we believe it is important that chapters be read more or less in the order they are presented. The first three chapters present topics, information, or perspectives that are fundamental for understanding the remainder of the book. Chapters 4–7 present theories and models, a description about the importance of human rights within GHP, and a discussion about the potential role of technology for GHP. Chapters 8–16 form the core of the book and contain text boxes related to theories and models, human rights, and technology. Chapters 17–19 present broader issues to consider in applying or learning about GHP.
Final Thoughts for the Reader
As more countries move from low to middle income (we hope) during the next several years and decades, their epidemiological profiles are likely to show an increase in morbidity and mortality related to chronic illness and a reduction in the prevalence of infant mortality, childhood diseases, and other communicable diseases. During this transitional period, however, the combination of communicable and noncommunicable diseases may introduce some new opportunities for health promotion packaged in different ways. And as the field of global health promotion grows and changes in response to emerging diseases and/or increases in the size of the middle class around the world, you may be the pioneers exploring this new world. We sincerely hope that this book facilitates your discovery of new ways of applying its knowledge to promote health and prevent disease around the world!
References
US Department of Health and Human Services. (2000).
Oral health in America: A report of the Surgeon General
. Rockville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health.
Acknowledgments
First, I acknowledge the love regularly shared with me by my adult children, Eli and Heidi. It means a lot to me and keeps me going when I have a chapter to finish. I also acknowledge all of the contributors to this volume for their work. I know there have been times when you had many other things on your plates but responded to urgent requests from me to keep things moving on your chapters. Thank you for helping to make this book what I hope will be a significant contribution to the emerging field of global health promotion!
—RSZ
I acknowledge the unwavering support of my family: Gina Maria, Sahara Rae, and Sianna Rose. They are the axis on which my world revolves and the inspiration and motivation for everything I do.
—RJD
I dedicate this book to the millions of people who work from bench to delivery to provide life-saving vaccines to those who need them most.
—JKA
There are hundreds of individuals who have helped shape the communication planning method called “Communication for Behavioral Impact” (COMBI) over the years, and I thank them all. But I take this opportunity to highlight two: first, my wife, Dr. Barbara Hosein, who patiently waited for my return after more than a hundred field missions abroad for COMBI work. Second, Dr. Elil Renganathan of the World Health Organization, who was my supervisor and guide as we introduced COMBI into the work of WHO globally.
—ENH
The Editors
Rick S. Zimmerman, PhD, is currently a professor and associate dean for research in the College of Nursing at the University of Missouri–St. Louis. He received his PhD in sociology with an emphasis in medical sociology at the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1983. His work focuses on understanding why individuals do or do not engage in risky or protective health behaviors. Much of his work during the past 25 years has focused on HIV, STD, and unwanted pregnancy prevention. He has received 10 National Institutes of Health grants on HIV and/or substance abuse prevention (from National Institute of Mental Health, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institute on Drug Abuse, and National Institute of Nursing Research) in the past 25 years, most focusing on prevention in adolescents. His research group has conducted school-based curriculum interventions and adapted school-based interventions from Western to developing country settings; has conducted a successful development, implementation, and rigorous evaluation of a televised public service announcement campaign that increased condom use in young adults; and implemented and evaluated a campaign in two southern US cities to encourage early adolescents to wait to become sexually active. He and his research group have also conducted experimental work to help understand the influence of substance use and sexual arousal on sexual decision making. His international work has included the adaptation of alcohol and HIV prevention curricula for secondary school students in Kwa Zulu Natal, South Africa; the adaptation of a school-based dating prevention program in Capetown, South Africa; and the adaptation of a parent and teen intervention to reduce alcohol use and sexual behavior in Bangkok, Thailand. He is the lead author of the Multiple Domain Model, expanding social psychological models of behavior change to include social structural, personality, situational, and preparatory behavior components. He has also conducted research and written about how to improve the validity of self-reports about sensitive behaviors. His current work explores the impact of news reporting about biomedical advances in HIV on risk behavior; attempts to understand contextual and organizational characteristics that determine success of rural teen pregnancy prevention coalitions; and how to improve the validity of reporting about condom use in high-risk settings.
Ralph J. DiClemente, PhD, is Charles Howard Candler Professor of Public Health and associate director, Emory Center for AIDS Research. He holds concurrent appointments as professor, School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics (Division of Infectious Diseases, Epidemiology, and Immunology), Department of Medicine (Division of Infectious Diseases), and the Department of Psychiatry. He was most recently chair, Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education at the Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University. Dr. DiClemente was trained as a health psychologist at the University of California, San Francisco, where he received his PhD in 1984 after completing a Master of Science in Public Health in behavioral sciences at the Harvard School of Public Health and his undergraduate degree at the City University of New York.
DiClemente is a recognized expert on the development and evaluation of STD/HIV prevention programs tailored to African American adolescents and young adults. He has been the recipient of myriad awards and Centers for Disease Control and National Institutes of Health grants. He has published extensively, authoring more than 500 peer-reviewed publications and editing or authoring 18 books.
Jon K. Andrus, MD, joined the Sabin Vaccine Institute in October 2014, where he serves as executive vice president and director of the Vaccine Advocacy and Education (VAE) program. VAE works to reduce the suffering caused by vaccine-preventable diseases by bringing together key stakeholders to foster collaboration, share best practices, and develop improved vaccine policy and access. Previously, Dr. Andrus served as deputy director of the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO). Prior to that, he was the lead technical advisor for PAHO's immunization program, providing oversight and guidance for technical cooperation to member countries.
Dr. Andrus holds faculty appointments at the University of California, San Francisco, and the Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health. He began his global health career as a Peace Corps volunteer, serving as a district medical officer in Malawi, and has since held positions in the US Centers for Disease Control's (CDC) Global Immunization Division, as head, Vaccinology and Immunization Program at the Institute for Global Health at the Universities of California at San Francisco and Berkeley, and as director of the Global Health MPH Program at George Washington University.
Dr. Andrus has received numerous awards for his leadership in the eradication of polio, measles, rubella, and congenital rubella syndrome, as well as the introduction of new vaccines in developing countries. In 2013, Dr. Andrus received the Transformational Leadership Award of the University of California. In 2011, he received the Global Leadership Award of the Pneumococcal Awareness Committee of Experts. In 2007, he received the Philip R. Horne Award for global leadership in immunization. In 2000, he received the Distinguished Service Medal, the highest award of the US Public Health Service, for his leadership in working to eradicate polio in Southeast Asia. Dr. Andrus holds a Bachelor of Science degree from Stanford University, obtained his medical degree from the University of California, Davis, and completed his residencies in family medicine at the University of California, San Francisco School of Medicine and preventive medicine at the CDC. He has published more than 100 scientific peer-reviewed papers on disease eradication, the introduction of new vaccines, and primary care.
Everold N. Hosein, PhD, a senior communication advisor-consultant for the World Health Organization (WHO), and communication consultant for the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), is an international communication specialist (born in Trinidad and Tobago) with more than 45 years of experience in strategic communication, integrated marketing communication, advocacy and public relations, communication for development (C4D), health education, and IEC (information-education-communication) related to social development issues and behavioral impact and behavior change.
Hosein is also the co-director of the Global Health Communication Center at Indiana University and an adjunct professor and coordinator of the WHO-New York University Summer Institute on Integrated Marketing Communication for Behavioral Impact in Health and Social Development at New York University. He is the founder of the strategic communication planning methodology called COMBI—Communication for Behavioral Impact—initiated at New York University in 1994, adopted and refined at WHO since 2000, and more recently combined with UNICEF's Communication for Development work.
Hosein was the recipient of the prestigious 2010 Mayhew Derryberry Award of the Public Health Education and Health Promotion (PHEHP) section of the American Public Health Association (APHA). Formerly, Dr. Hosein was senior counselor for social development at Burson-Marsteller Public Relations in New York. Prior to that he served as director of Program Support (Public Relations, IEC and Fundraising) at International Planned Parenthood Federation, New York. He was the director of the University of the West Indies Institute of Mass Communication in Jamaica.
Hosein's global professional experience extends from Africa and Asia to the Caribbean, Latin America, Europe, and North America. He has completed more than 300 consulting assignments around the world. His communication work has focused on the following program areas: nutrition, early childhood education, children's welfare and girls' education, children protection, water and sanitation, communicable diseases prevention and control, influenza, environmental education, noncommunicable diseases (including cancer prevention and care), pandemics, general public health, reproductive health (including maternal/child health, family planning, and HIV/AIDS/STD prevention), public sector pharmaceutical policies, gender equality, health promotion, university education, agricultural and rural development, population and development, and banking/monetary policies.
SOPHE
The Society for Public Health Education (SOPHE) is a nonprofit professional organization founded in 1950. SOPHE's mission is to provide global leadership to the profession of health education and health promotion and to promote the health of society through advances in health education theory and research, excellence in professional preparation and practice, advocacy for public policies conducive to health, and the achievement of health equity for all. SOPHE is the only independent professional organization devoted exclusively to health education and health promotion.
SOPHE's membership extends health education principles and practices to many settings, including schools; universities; medical and health care settings; work sites; voluntary health agencies; international organizations; and federal, state, and local governments.
Contact SOPHE at 10 G Street N.W., Suite 605, Washington, DC 20002-4242; telephone: (202) 408-9804; Web site: www.sophe.org.
The Contributors
Irene Agurto, PhD, is an international health consultant. She received her BS degree from the Universidad Catolica de Chile and her PhD degree as social and political scientist from the Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain. She has many years of experience in health promotion and education, having held a position as regional advisor at the Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization, Regional Office for the Americas, for 5 years, based in Washington, DC and 6 years afterwards as a consultant, based in Chile.
She has conducted extensive qualitative research among underserved populations in Latin American and the Carribean and developed and carried out cervical cancer service improvement projects. She has contributed to chronic disease prevention and control through research, education, and training of health providers. She has several publications in these areas.
Lubna Ahmed, MA, grew up in Sudan and moved to the United States in 2000, where she obtained her bachelor's degree in biology. She has eight years of pharmaceutical research experience as well as project management. She received her master's degree in public health from George Mason University in 2014. Ahmed has a strong passion for helping developing countries through awareness and managing projects.
Elvira Beracochea, MD, MPH, has more than 25 years of experience as a physician and a global health expert and has worked in more than 60 countries. She is the founder and president of “Realizing Global Health” (RGH), a global health consulting company that assists donors, governments, and global health organizations to develop self-reliant sustainable health systems that deliver quality health care to everyone everywhere every day. Dr. Beracochea has developed the “Health for All NOW” model to deliver integrated quality health care, the RGH100, a system for improving health care delivery in 100 days, the Asset-Based Management (ABM) system to strengthen health system performance, and numerous other solutions and training and coaching programs that improve the delivery of quality health services worldwide. She is an active advocate for the right to health through her participation in various professional organizations. She is chair of the Community Based Primary Health Care work group of the International Health Section of the American Public Health Association (APHA) and co-chair of the International Health and Nutrition Work Group at the Society for International Development in Washington, DC (SIDW). Her recent books include Improving Aid Effectiveness in Global Health (Springer 2015); Health for All NOW: How to Transform the Delivery of Health Services in Developing Countries, Medicines for All, and Rights-Based Approaches to Public Health (co-editor). Dr. Beracochea received her MD from the University of the Republic of Uruguay and her MPH from Hadassah Hebrew University in Israel.
Elke S. Bergmann-Leitner, PhD, has been a cellular immunologist in the US Military Malaria Research Program since 2001. She also serves as associate research professor (Department of Medicine) at the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland. She received her PhD from the University of Salzburg, Austria, characterizing splenic regeneration and immunological competence after auto-transplantation. She trained as postdoctoral fellow at the Laboratory for Tumor Immunology and Biology (LTIB) National Cancer Institute/National Institutes of Health (NIH) characterizing anti-tumor T-cell responses in cancer patients, which completed her training in human immunology. Bergmann-Leitner now heads the Flow Cytometry Center, a core facility substantially involved in the evaluation of vaccine-induced responses as well as in the development of novel readout methods. The goal is the identification of immune correlates of protection against malaria induced either by natural exposure or vaccination.
John (Jack) Bryant, MD, is a pioneer in global health and health promotion. Throughout a very full career he worked with the Rockefeller Foundation on a study of 22 developing countries that resulted in the book Health and the Developing World (Cornell University Press, 1969). Among his memorable contributions to the field, he was a delegate at the Tübingen, Germany, conferences, helped establish the Christian Medical Commission, and helped guide the World Health Organization Primary Health Care Conference in Almaty. Among his many professional appointments, he was dean, Columbia University School of Public Health, 1971–1978; deputy assistant secretary of international health, Department of Health and Human Services, 1978–1985; and founding chair, Department of Community Health Science, Aga Khan University, Karachi, 1985–1994. He currently holds faculty appointments at the Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Great Lakes University (Kisumu, Kenya), and the University of Virginia Department of Health Sciences. In recent years he has traveled regularly to Africa to provide health care in urban slums of Nairobi.
Sheana S. Bull, PhD, MPH, is a professor and chair of the Department of Community and Behavioral Health at the Colorado School of Public Health. Her work is focused on testing and determining the efficacy of interventions for health promotion using mobile and social media technologies in the US and global settings. She was among the first NIH-funded researchers to explore the efficacy of the Internet and cell phones for prevention of chronic illness, and published one of the first investigations showing efficacy for using social media to sustain healthy behavior. Her publications include numerous articles describing ethics, theory based program development, recruitment, engagement with material in the social media environment, the influence peers or “friends” on Facebook have on social norms, and the efficacy of using social media for behavior change. She established and currently directs the mHealth Impact Laboratory at the University of Colorado Denver, intended to shorten the timeline to establish mHealth app efficacy, to curate effective mHealth apps, and facilitate their widespread dissemination and scale.
Sandra de Castro Buffington, MPH, is a global leader in entertainment for social change. As the founding director of the Global Media Center for Social Impact at UCLA's Fielding School of Public Health, de Castro Buffington works closely with Hollywood and other creative capitals worldwide to develop health and justice storylines to affect knowledge and behavior, and new media tools to move audiences to action. Her research measures the impact of storytelling on viewers and maps the pro-social content on top TV shows. Named one of the “100 Most Influential Hispanics” in America by PODER magazine in 2012, de Castro Buffington's vasectomy campaign in Brazil earned seven international awards, including a Bronze Lion at the Cannes Film Festival and Gold Medal at the London International Advertising Awards. Formerly director of Hollywood, Health & Society, she created a global network of centers, including India and Nigeria with the hub in Hollywood, to improve the accuracy of health-related storylines in top TV shows and films. Her groundbreaking work resulted in 565 storylines on 91 shows across 35 networks between 2009 and 2012.
Adrián Díaz, MD, received his degree from the University of Buenos Aires and is a pediatrician certified by the Argentina Society of Pediatrics. He completed a postgraduate degree in Tropical Medicine at “Prince Leopold” Institute in Anvers, Belgium, and in Public and Community Health at the University of Nancy II, France. He completed an internship in International Health at the Pan American Health Organization/World Health Organization (PAHO/WHO) in Washington, D.C. He has developed an undergraduate course in nutrition at the University of Belgrano, Argentina, and the Master's in Public Health Program at the University of Buenos Aires and the National University of Rosario, Argentina. He has been consultant in various international organizations (UNICEF, Interamerican Development Bank, PAHO/WHO) and NGOs (MSF, Medecins du Monde, Action Against Hunger). He rejoined PAHO/WHO in 2007 as a consultant in Family and Community Health in Peru, where he held the position until June 2014. He is currently advisor in Family and Community Health, PAHO/WHO in Ecuador.
Gretchen Domek, MD, is an assistant professor in pediatrics at the Colorado School of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus. Dr. Domek received her medical degree at Harvard Medical School and trained in pediatrics at the University of Colorado. Prior to medical school, Dr. Domek received a master of philosophy degree in medical anthropology at Oxford University as a Rhodes Scholar. She completed a Global Health Fellowship through the Center for Global Health at the Colorado School of Public Health and is a senior investigator at the Center for Global Health. She is the director of the International Adoption Clinic at Children's Hospital Colorado. Her research focuses on using emerging technology for global health promotion as well as promoting early childhood health and development in low-resource settings.
Fouzia Farooq, MPH, has been the laboratory manager and research scientist within the US Military Malaria Research Program at Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR)/Naval Medical Research Center (NMRC) since 2007. She is a crucial team member of the Flow Cytometry Center, characterizing Phase I clinical trials testing malaria vaccines for travelers and the military as well as developing new analysis panels for flow cytometry. Farooq is one of the key expert microscopists for controlled human malaria challenge trials at WRAIR/NMRC. She serves on various consortia and international working groups with the goal of harmonizing and optimizing readout methods for vaccine evaluation. She received her master's degree in public health from George Mason University in 2015. One of her accomplishments has been designing public health policies for hospitals in Swaziland, Africa.
Karen M. Hilyard, PhD, is an assistant professor of health promotion and behavior at the University of Georgia College of Public Health, where she teaches health communication and social marketing. Her research is in health communication and disparities related to vaccine behavior and decision making. Hilyard is currently co-principal investigator on a $1.6 million grant from the National Institutes of Health National Institute of General Medical Sciences to develop new computational methodologies to understand vaccine discourse on social media. She was also a UGA Lilly Teaching Fellow from 2013 to 2015. Prior to her career in academia, Hilyard was a professional communicator. She spent eight years at CNN, where she was an Emmy-winning producer covering breaking news stories, and she worked as a public relations executive for six years at agencies in New York City and central Kentucky, overseeing accounts for major national clients in a variety of industries including health care, technology, financial services, manufacturing, and agriculture.
C. James Hospedales, MD, MS, a citizen of Trinidad & Tobago, is the executive director of the Caribbean Public Health Agency. From 2006 to 2012, Dr. Hospedales was responsible for the PAHO program for prevention and control of chronic noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). He played a key role in increasing priority and resources for NCDs, including helping organize the CARICOM Heads of Government Summit on NCDs. He pioneered the Pan American Forum for Action on NCDs, which brings together governments, civil society, academia, and business. He has also been a champion for civil society involvement in efforts to improve health, and helped catalyze the formation of the Healthy Caribbean Coalition.
From 1998 to 2006, Dr. Hospedales was director of the Caribbean Epidemiology Centre. He was instrumental in developing donor partnerships for HIV/AIDS prevention and a partnership with the Caribbean tourism industry to improve health, safety, and environmental conditions.
He was a member of the Caribbean Commission on Health and Development, which made policy recommendations in 2005 to the Heads of Government and named chronic diseases as a super-priority for the region.
His career has included service as an epidemic intelligence service officer with the US Centers for Disease Control, as an epidemiologist at CAREC, and several years working in public health for the UK National Health Service.
Dr. Hospedales graduated with honors in medicine from the University of the West Indies. He has a master's of science degree in community medicine from the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, is a fellow of UK Faculty of Public Health, and an accredited partnership broker with the Partnering Institute of the UK. He has published more than 60 papers and reports.
Adela Páez Jiménez, DrPH, joined the Pan American Health Organization as Program Management and Partnerships Specialist in 2011. Since 2014, she is based at the European Center for Disease Control as Scientific Coordinator of the Mediterranean Program for Intervention Epidemiology (MediPIET). Holder of a Doctorate in Clinical Epidemiology by the Medicine Faculty & Public Health School of Paris XI, she has over twelve years of experience as epidemiologist in Europe (Institut de Veille Sanitaire, Institut Pasteur), the Middle-East (Ain Shams University-Faculty of Community Medicine), West and Central Africa (UNAIDS Regional Support Team) and Latin America and the Caribbean (PAHO/AMRO).
Linda Kaljee, PhD, is a senior research investigator at the Henry Ford Health System, Global Health Initiative in Detroit, Michigan. Since 1989, she has been engaged in sexual and reproductive health research and program development with a focus on adolescents and emerging adults. She has been a principal investigator or investigator on reproductive health and HIV prevention program development and evaluation studies in diverse communities within the United States as well as internationally, including work in China, India, the Bahamas, and Vietnam. Through her work in the Bahamas, she has been engaged in implementation research and program dissemination and sustainability. More recently she has been involved with research focused on psychosocial issues for children and adolescents living in low-resource settings, including programs in China and Zambia, as well as development of a Web-based and social media HIV and reproductive health intervention for US youth in an urban juvenile detention center.
May G. Kennedy, PhD, MPH, received her doctorate in community/organizational psychology in 1982 from Georgia State University. She taught psychology at Mercer University, and was awarded an APA Congressional Science Fellowship in 1988. She was assigned to the health staff of the Labor and Human Resources Committee in the Senate and then worked for the Select Committee on Children, Youth and Families of the House of Representatives until she was awarded an NIH HIV/AIDS prevention fellowship at the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) in 1993. Earning her master's of public health degree at Emory University in 1995, she spent the next decade as a behavioral scientist at CDC. Assigned to the Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, the White House Office on AIDS, and the CDC director's Office of Communication, she specialized in adolescent risk reduction, social marketing and evaluating entertainment education collaborations with Hollywood. From 2005 to 2013, Kennedy taught health communication in the public health program at Virginia Commonwealth University, where she conducted federally funded communication research. She is now an affiliate associate professor at VCU in Richmond, Virginia, and a program design and evaluation consultant.
André Pascal Kengne, MD, PhD, is a medical doctor and internist from the School of Medicine of the Yaounde I University in Cameroon and holds a PhD in medicine from the Sydney University, Australia. He is the current director of the South African Medical Research Council's Non-Communicable Diseases Research Unit and holds conjoint appointments as associate professor in the Department of Medicine of the University of Cape Town, South Africa. He is a fellow of the George Institute for Global Health (Australia) and the Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care (Holland). His areas of research include chronic disease epidemiology and prevention in developing countries and decision making in diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. He has been involved in major research projects in these areas in Africa and around the world. He is co-author of numerous peer-reviewed articles, book chapters, and monographs on chronic diseases in Africa and beyond.
Gary L. Kreps
