Introduction to Wireless Localization E-Book

Eddie C. L. Chan

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Serie: Wiley - IEEE
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 386

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2012

Beschreibung

This book provides a comprehensive overview of the entire landscape of both outdoor and indoor wireless positioning, and guides the reader step by step in the implementation of wireless positioning applications on the iPhone. Explanations of fundamental positioning techniques are given throughout the text, along with many programming examples, providing the reader with an independent, practical, and enjoyable learning of the material while gaining a real feel for the subject. 

• Provides an accessible introduction to positioning technologies such as Global Positioning System and Wi-Fi positioning
• Presents hands-on skills to iOS 5.0 programming for location-aware applications
• Gives a thorough grounding in signal propagation, line-of-sight and interference effects for accurate positioning
• Covers the location-aware video streaming and conferencing with practical iPhone application examples
• Accompanied by a website containing programming code described in the text and lecture presentation slides for instructors 

This book is primarily intended for anyone who wants to study wireless localization. It is an ideal textbook for graduate students who are first learning localization techniques, as well as advanced undergraduates in computer science interested in translating localization concepts into real code. Professionals, engineers and researchers working in location-aware services and related techniques using mobile positioning and AI technologies will find this book to be a helpful reference.

Companion website for the book:

www.wiley.com/go/chan/wireless

Leseprobe

Contents

Cover

Title Page

Copyright

Preface

Who This Book Is For

Features

Organization

Supplemental Material and Technology Support

Acknowledgements

About the Authors

Chapter 1: Introduction to Wireless Localization

Chapter Contents

1.1 Open Problems in Positioning Technologies

1.2 Factors Leading to Effective Positioning Systems

Chapter Summary

References

Part I: Wi-Fi Positioning Systems

Chapter 2: Installation of Wi-Fi Infrastructure

Chapter Contents

2.1 What is the IEEE 802.11 Family?

2.2 Properties of Wi-Fi Signal Strength

2.3 Optimal Channel Allocation for Wi-Fi Positioning

2.4 Determining Number of APs to be Installed

2.5 Other Tessellation Installations

Chapter Summary

Reference

Chapter 3: Algorithms Used in Wi-Fi Positioning Systems

Chapter Contents

3.1 Taxonomy of Indoor Positioning Techniques

3.2 Propagation-based Algorithms

3.3 Location-fingerprinting-based Algorithms

3.4 Evaluation of Positioning Techniques

3.5 Comparison of Indoor Positioning System

Chapter Summary

References

Chapter 4: Implementation of Wi-Fi Positioning in iPhone

Chapter Contents

4.1 Site-surveying of Wi-Fi Signals Using iPhone

4.2 Implementing Location Fingerprinting Algorithm in iPhone

4.3 Orientation Filter

4.4 Newton Trust-Region Method

Chapter Summary

References

Chapter 5: Positioning across Different Mobile Platform

Chapter Contents

5.1 Signal Strength Value Ratio Approach

5.2 Signal Strength Value Difference Approach

5.3 Fourier Descriptors Approach

Chapter Summary

References

Chapter 6: Wi-Fi Signal Visualization

Chapter Contents

6.1 Why Do We Need a Wi-Fi Visualization Tool?

6.2 Fuzzy Color Map

6.3 Topographic Map

6.4 Signal Visualization Experiments and Results

6.5 Refinement of Positioning Systems Based on Wi-Fi Visualization Result

Chapter Summary

References

Part II: Outdoor Positioning Systems

Chapter 7: Introduction of Global Positioning System

Chapter Contents

7.1 History of GPS

7.2 Functions of GPS

7.3 Components of GPS

7.4 Types of GPS Receivers

7.5 Sources of Errors in GPS

7.6 Precision of the GPS

7.7 Coordinate Systems on the Earth

Chapter Summary

Chapter 8: Study of GPS Signal and Algorithms

Chapter Contents

8.1 GPS Signals

Modernized GPS Signals

8.3.GPS Absolute Point Determination

8.4 Calculating User Velocity

Chapter Summary

Chapter 9: Differential GPS and Assisted GPS

Chapter Contents

9.1 Types of DGPS

9.2 How DGPS Works

9.3 DGPS Navigation Message Format

9.4 Assisted GPS

9.5 AGPS in iPhone

Chapter Summary

Chapter 10: Other Existing Positioning Systems

Chapter Contents

Energy Consumption Model

10.1 Acoustic-based Positioning

10.2 Vision-based Positioning

10.3 What is RFID Technology and Its Components?

Chapter Summary

Part III: Applications in Wireless Localization

Chapter 11: AI for Location-aware Applications

Chapter Contents

11.1 What is Location-aware Application?

11.2 What are AI Techniques?

11.3 Example of the Tourist Guide Application

Chapter Summary

Chapter 12: Beyond Positioning: Video Streaming and Conferencing

Chapter Contents

12.1 What is Video Streaming?

12.2 Networks and Formats in Video Streaming

12.3 How Does Video Streaming Work?

12.4 Location-aware Video Streaming

12.5 What is Video Conferencing?

12.6 Implementation of Video Streaming in iPhone

12.7 Implementation of Video Conferencing in iPhone

Chapter Summary

Appendix A: Starting the iOS SDK

What is in this appendix chapter?

A.1 Getting the iOS SDK

A.2 What Can You Create Using iOS SDK?

A.3 Limitations of iPhone Environment

A.4 Introduction to Xcode

A.5 Xcode Project Interface

Appendix Summary

Appendix B: Introduction to Objective-C Programming in iPhone

What is in this appendix chapter?

Before You Start

B.1 Objective-C Program, HelloWorld

B.2 Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)

B.3 HelloWorld iPhone Application

B.4 Creating Your Web Browser in iPhone

B.5 Creating a Simple Map Application

Chapter Summary

Color Plates

Index

This edition first published 2012

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All iPhone and IOS images in the book are produced by the authors. This book's use or discussion of iPhone and its applications does not constitute endorsement or sponsorship by Apple Inc. of a particular approach or use of its application software. iPhone is a trademark of Apple Inc., registered in the U.S. and other countries. IOS is a trademark or registered trademark of Cisco in the U.S. and other countries and is used under license by Apple Inc.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Chan, Eddie C. L.

Introduction to wireless localization: with iPhone SDK examples / Eddie C.L. Chan, George Baciu.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-1-118-29851-0 (cloth)

1. Location-based services. 2. iPhone (Smartphone)–Programming. I. Baciu, George, 1961- II. Title.

TK5105.65.C48 2012

005.3–dc23

2011052849

About the Authors

Eddie C. L. Chan received his BSc, MSc and PhD degrees, all in computer science, from The Hong Kong Polytechnic University (PolyU) in 2005, 2007, and 2010, respectively. During his postgraduate study, he was the recipient of the Best Student Paper Award in the International Conference on Fuzzy Computation, Madeira, Portugal in 2009. He received the Best Presentation Award of Research Project and Alan Turing scholarship from PolyU in 2007 and 2008. He was awarded the 2nd-Class Group Award from the 9th Philip Challenge Cup in China in 2005. His work in wireless localization has been published in around 30 refereed papers. He has also participated in academic conference events. He was the local chair in IEEE WiMob 2011, session co-chair in IEEE CMC 2010 and publicity chair in IEEE ICCI 2009. He was a system consultant in Itapoia Group Limited (2007) and PTec Limited (2005). His research interests include wireless localization, communication, fuzzy logic, 3D visualization of tracking system, agent technology and data mining.

George Baciu holds a PhD and a MSc degree in Systems Engineering and a B.Math degree in Computer Science and Applied Mathematics from the University of Waterloo. He has been a member of the Computer Graphics Laboratory and the Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence Laboratory at the University of Waterloo and subsequently Director of the Graphics and Music Experimentation Laboratory at The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology in Hong Kong. Currently, Prof. Baciu is a full Professor and Associate Head in the Department of Computing, and the founding director of the Graphics and Multimedia Applications (GAMA) Laboratory at The Hong Kong Polytechnic University. His research interests are primarily in mobile augmented reality systems, user interfaces, physically-based illumination, rendering, image processing, motion tracking and synthesis for both outdoor and indoor location aware systems.

Preface

Wireless localization is a fascinating field at the intersection of wireless communication, signal processing, physics, mathematics and human behavior, which strives to harness different mobile platforms to navigate and broaden our horizon. This book is exclusively dedicated to the positioning system, which is the killer application of the 21st century, riding on the success of Global Positioning Systems and mobile technologies. Many commercial and government organizations as well as university campuses have deployed wireless broadband such as IEEE 802.11b. This has fostered a growing interest in location-based services and applications. This book provides a comprehensive overview of the entire landscape in both outdoor and indoor wireless positioning systems with practical iPhone application examples.

Who This Book Is For

The text you hold in your hands has a different flavor from most of the other currently available books on wireless positioning. First and foremost, this book should be readable by anyone who is in or beyond their second year in a computer science program. We assume a bare minimum of mathematical sophistication and C programming skill (or some familiarity with object-oriented programming skill).

This book is primarily intended for anyone who wants to study wireless localization. It offers an insight into the maze of mobile, positioning and AI technologies. This book covers basic formulae, algorithms and mathematical calculations involved in location-aware applications. It has been planned in a manner to benefit all those developing positioning systems, such as professionals, engineers and researchers.

This book is intended for students taking a course in wireless localization that emphasizes positioning technologies and mobile application developments. The content can be treated as the material in a course structure with many explanations of fundamental positioning techniques throughout the text, and we have added many programming examples. All programming examples are updated and developed on the iOS 5.0 platform. These are an independent, practical, fun way of learning the material presented and getting a real feel for the subject. tb xiii

Features

Each chapter in this book is almost self-contained. We do not demand that the reader come armed with a thorough understanding of positioning technologies. This book guides you through understanding the signal propagation, positioning and interference concepts and algorithms. We have incorporated iPhone programming examples that help readers to understand the concepts, theories and algorithms. Readers will come away from this book with an ability to develop and implement real location-aware applications.

Themes featured in Introduction to Wireless Localization include:

An accessible introduction to positioning technologies such as Global Positioning System and Location FingerprintingA thorough grounding in signal propagation, line-of-sight and interference effects to the positioning accuracyHands-on skill to iPhone programming for location-aware applicationAn in-depth solution to some open problems in wireless positioning

Organization

There are three main parts in this book. Part I covers the Wi-Fi positioning systems (Chapter 2 to 6); Part II covers the outdoor positioning systems (Chapter 7 to 10) and finally Part III introduces the applications of wireless localization (Chapter 11 to 12). Two appendix chapters are included at the end of the book for those not familiar with the iOS Software Development Kit (SDK) and Objective-C programming environments.

Chapter 1 –Introduction to Wireless Localization

This chapter is an introduction and overview of the material.

Chapter 2 –Installation of Wi-Fi Infrastructure

Localization systems for indoor areas that make use of existing wireless local area network (WLAN) infrastructure and location fingerprinting approach have been suggested recently. Chapter 2 covers how to set up a Wi-Fi infrastructure specifically for the positioning system. It gives an overview of the pre-installation criteria, standard of the Wi-Fi positioning infrastructure.

Chapter 3 –Algorithms in the Wi-Fi Positioning System

This chapter covers the positioning algorithms of location fingerprinting and propagation based methods. It also includes the evaluation methods and comparisons of each WLAN positioning system.

Chapter 4 –Implementation of Wi-Fi Positioning in iPhone

The chapter introduces how to build a customized Wi-Fi positioning system. It includes the implementation of the algorithms in iPhone.

Chapter 5 –Positioning across Different Platforms

This chapter presents the signal variance issue of different mobile platform. It also solves the problem due to the signal variance from different platforms.

Chapter 6 –Wi-Fi Signal Modeling

This chapter introduces Wi-Fi signal modeling methods that visualize and analyze the intensity of the Wi-Fi zone for post-installation.

Chapter 7 –Introduction of Global Positioning System

This chapter describes the history, algorithms and components of GPS.

Chapter 8 –Study of GPS Signal and Algorithms

This chapter provides an in-depth study on GPS signal and algorithms.

Chapter 9 –Differential GPS and Assisted GPS

This chapter presents the methodologies of AGPS using the GSM and 3G cell phone networks. It also covers algorithms used in DGPS and includes the implementation of GPS system in iPhone.

Chapter 10 –Other Existing Positioning Technologies

This chapter introduces other existing positioning technologies such as acoustic-based, vision-based and RFID-based.

Chapter 11 –AI for Location-aware application

Location-aware application is not only to solve the problem ‘Where am I?’ but also solve more complex questions such as ‘Any good burger joints around here?'. It should assist the user to make the best choice using artificial intelligence (AI). This chapter includes the implementation of an iPhone application which finds the favorable dinning place according to user preference.

Chapter 12 –Beyond Positioning: Video Streaming and Conferencing

While reaching the meeting place, users may need to download some location-aware information or communicating with other persons. In Chapter 12, we look at data streaming technology and communication applications in iPhone. It includes the implementation of multimedia data transmission, such as data streaming and video conferencing.

Appendix A –Starting the iOS SDK

This is the first appendix chapter that helps readers to get ready for the iOS SDK environment.

Appendix B –Introduction of Objective-C Programming in iPhone

This is the second appendix chapter that introduces basic programming techniques in the Objective-C language. Objective-C is slightly different from C language in syntax, pre-defined methods and naming of files. After you read through this chapter, you will have become familiar with the Objective-C language.

Supplemental Material and Technology Support

This book includes lecture outlines in PowerPoint for the text and program codes which are free to adopters. Periodic updates and slides to this book can also be downloaded in the web page below at

www.wiley.com/go/chan/wireless

The reader is encouraged to send any corrections to

[e-mail]

Acknowledgements

I (Eddie C. L. Chan) am deeply indebted to Professor George Baciu for his support in writing this book. He is my mentor and my friend who always encourages me. I had my knowledge enriched and gained greatly from his clarity of vision and his view of computer science.

I am obliged to Professor Mordecai J. Golin and Professor Brian Mak for providing me with a warm and friendly working environment in the Department of Computer Science and Engineering at The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology.

I obtained my Ph.D. in Computer Science at The Hong Kong Polytechnic University (PolyU). Studying at the PolyU was not only a turning point in my life, but also a wonderful experience.

I would like to express my gratitude to my friend, Mr. Tony Ao Ieong for providing me with a wealth of ideas about positioning techniques. He is an integral part of this book. Mr. Raymond Ho Man Chun gave me advice to design the layout of book. I would like to thank him for the excellent design skills he has applied to this book. I am also pleased to acknowledge the cooperation and technical support of Mr. Mak Sin Cheung.

My mother and father certainly merit mention for not only offering support when I quit my job in order to work on this book, but also throughout my entire life. They have worked very hard to raise me and give me love and support. They have shaped and molded me into the person that I am today, and my only wish is to see them happy and healthy.

I am also grateful for those whom I hold dear to my heart for the long hours that they sat and listened to the issues I had surrounding this book. I want to thank my uncle, Dr. Alfert Tsang, and his wife, Mrs. Michelle Tsang, are always good listeners and advisers. Special thanks goes to my girlfriend, Miss Kami Hui, for her encouragement and support while writing this book. I want to thank Mr. Martin Kyle for his patience, understanding, and valuable assistance with many aspects of this book, including proofreading and indexing. Lastly, special thanks must go to the publishing team, Mr. James Murphy and Miss Shelley Chow from John Wiley & Sons, Mr. Prakash Naorem and Mr. Martin Noble, for their help and support in the production process of this book.

Chapter1

Introduction to Wireless Localization

Don't let the noise of others' opinions drown out your own inner voice. And most important, have the courage to follow your heart and intuition. They somehow already know what you truly want to become. Everything else is secondary.

Steve Jobs2005

Chapter Contents

Introducing the background of positioning technologies

Defining the open problems for positioning technologies

Understanding factors leading to a successful wireless positioning system

Wireless localization in this book means ‘determining the position of a user/object by wireless signal.’ Determining the position of a user requires tracking techniques from indoors to outdoors. Global Positioning System (GPS) is a fully functional Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) developed by the United States Department of Defense. In the early days it was used as a tool for map-making, land surveying, and scientific uses. Nowadays it is more widely used. Some individuals may own a pocket PC or palm phone with GPS functions. However, GPS is limited in that it requires dedicated hardware. It is also very expensive in terms of labor, spectrum and capital costs to implement a specialized infrastructure in indoor areas solely for position location. GPS and other positioning approaches like acoustic-based and light-based are most effective in relatively open and flat outdoor environments but are much less effective in non-line-of-sight (NLOS) environments such as hilly, mountainous, or built-up areas. These localization applications have two particular disadvantages: first, they require the source to have a high intensity and to be continuously propagated and, second, they 3 can localize only within the area covered by the sound, light or FM wave signals.

Cellular Positioning System (CPS) makes use of radio waves broadcast in the cell phone towers to determine the position. It works in outdoors and indoors environments, but it can only get a rough positioning. Therefore, it usually works together with GPS. Assisted GPS (AGPS) uses the cellular network tower which installed the GPS receiver to assist users to get the satellite information.