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- Herausgeber: Packt Publishing
- Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
- Sprache: Englisch
You want to build iOS applications for iPhone and iPad—but where do you start? Forget sifting through tutorials and blog posts, this is a direct route into iOS development, taking you through the basics and showing you how to put the principles into practice. With every update, iOS has become more and more developer-friendly, so take advantage of it and begin building applications that might just take the App Store by storm!
Whether you’re an experienced programmer or a complete novice, this book guides you through every facet of iOS development. From Xcode and Swift—the building blocks of modern Apple development—and Playgrounds for beginners, one of the most popular features of the iOS development experience, you’ll quickly gain a solid foundation to begin venturing deeper into your development journey. For the experienced programmer, jump right in and learn the latest iOS 10 features.
You’ll also learn the core elements of iOS design, from tables to tab bars, as well as more advanced topics such as gestures and animations that can give your app the edge. Find out how to manage databases, as well as integrating standard elements such as photos, GPS into your app. With further guidance on beta testing with TestFlight, you’ll quickly learn everything you need to get your project on the App Store!
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Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2016
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Table of Contents
iOS 10 Programming for Beginners
iOS 10 Programming for Beginners
Copyright © 2016 Packt Publishing
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embedded in critical articles or reviews.
Every effort has been made in the preparation of this book to ensure the accuracy of the information presented. However, the information contained in this book is sold without warranty, either express or implied. Neither the author nor Packt Publishing, and its dealers and distributors will be held liable for any damages caused or alleged to be caused directly or indirectly by this book.
Packt Publishing has endeavored to provide trademark information about all of the companies and products mentioned in this book by the appropriate use of capitals. However, Packt Publishing cannot guarantee the accuracy of this information.
First published: December 2016
Production reference: 1191216
Published by Packt Publishing Ltd.
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ISBN 978-1-78646-450-7
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Credits
Author
Craig Clayton
Reviewer
Fernando Rodríguez
Commissioning Editor
Ashwin Nair
Acquisition Editor
Reshma Raman
Content Development Editor
Divij Kotian
Technical Editor
Gebin George
Copy Editor
Charlotte Carneiro
Project Coordinator
Sheejal Shah
Proofreader
Safis Editing
Indexer
Tejal Daruwale Soni
Graphics
Jason Monteiro
Production Coordinator
Melwyn Dsa
About the Author
Craig Clayton is a self-taught, Senior iOS Engineer at Adept Mobile, which specializes in building mobile experiences primarily for NBA and NFL teams. He also volunteers as the organizer of the Suncoast iOS meetup group in the Tampa/St. Petersburg area, and prepares presentations and hands-on talks for the group as well as for other groups in the community.
He has worked with both adults and kids who wish to start learning how to program, or those who aspire to become iOS developers. On top of all that, starting in 2017 Craig has plans to launch Cocoa Academy online, which will specialize in bringing a diverse list of iOS courses. The courses will range from building apps to games for all programming levels.
I would like to thank my friends and family for their support, especially my mom, Corliss Smith. I hope that one day I will get to be there for you when you write your book. I would also like to thank Kim Smallman; you were amazing with your help and guidance in every step of the way. Since you are not a programmer, I really appreciated getting your feedback on things that beginners might not fully understand.
About the Reviewer
Fernando Rodríguez has more than 20 years of experience in developing and teaching other developers. Although currently specialized in the Apple stack of tools, he's a nerd of all trades with a strong interest in Big Data and automated trading.
Fernando has taught iOS development at the Big Nerd Ranch, Udacity, and Keep coding, ranging from Facebook developers to indie devs.
He was awarded for being an outstanding instructor at Udemy for his intro course to iOS development. This course was mentioned in the Financial Times, Venture beat, and Information Week.
I'd like to thank Sheejal Shah from Packt for her patience and Craig Clayton for his hard work.
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Preface
In this book, we will build a Restaurant Reservation app called Let's Eat. We will start the book off by exploring Xcode, our programming environment, which is also known as Interface Development Environment (IDE). Next, you will start learning the foundations of Swift, the programming language used in iOS apps. Once we are comfortable with the basics of Swift, we will dig deeper to build a more solid foundation.
After we have a solid foundation of using Swift, we will start creating the visual aspects of our Let's Eat app. During this process, we will work with storyboards and connect our apps structure together using segues. With our UI complete, we will go over the different ways that we can display data. To display our data in a grid, we will use Collection Views, and to display our data in a list, we will use Table Views.
We will also look at how to add basic and custom annotations on to a map. Finally, it's time to get real data; we will look at what an Application Programming Interface (API) is and how we can get real restaurant data into our Collection Views, Table Views, and Map.
We now have a complete app, but what about adding some bells and whistles? The first place we can add a feature will be on the restaurant detail page where we can add restaurant reviews. Here, users will be able to take or choose a picture and apply a filter on to their picture. They will also be able to give the restaurant a rating as well as a review. When they are done, we will save this data using Core Data.
Since we built our app to work on both iPhone and iPad, we should add the ability to make our app support iPad Multitasking. Doing this will allow our app to be open alongside another app at the same time.
If we want to be able to send our reservation to a friend, we can create a custom UI for iMessages, that will send them the details for the reservation along with the app it came from. The one thing missing from our app is the ability to notify the user with a custom notification to alert when they have an upcoming reservation.
Finally, let's create some quick access for our app using 3D touch, where by tapping our app icon, the user can quickly jump to their reservations. Now that we have added some bells and whistles, let's get this app to our friends using TestFlight, and finally get it into the App Store.
What this book covers
Chapter 1, Getting Familiar with Xcode, will take us through a tour of Xcode and talk about all of the different panels we will use throughout the book.
Chapter 2, Building a Foundation with Swift, deals with the basics of Swift.
Chapter 3, Digging Deeper, teaches us to build on our Swift foundation and learn some more basics of Swift.
Chapter 4, Digging into Collections, will talk about the different types of Collections.
Chapter 5, Starting the UI Setup, is about building the Let's Eat app. We will focus on getting our structure setup using storyboards.
Chapter 6, Setting Up UI, deals with working on our Let's Eat app in a storyboard.
Chapter 7, Getting Started with the Grid, is about working with Collection Views and how we can use them to display a grid of items.
Chapter 8, Getting Started with the List, teaches us to work with Table View and takes a deep look at dynamic Table Views.
Chapter 9, Working More with Lists, will talk about working with Table Views, but we will look at static Table Views.
Chapter 10, Where Are We?, deals with working with MapKit and learning how to add annotations to a map. We will also create custom annotations for our map.
Chapter 11, Where's My Data?, is about learning how to use a JSON API within our app.
Chapter 12, Foodie Reviews, talks about working with the phone's camera and library. We will then look at how to apply filters to our photos.
Chapter 13, Saving Reviews, wraps up Reviews by saving them using Core Data.
Chapter 14, Universal, deals with multitasking on the iPad, and how we can get an update to be supported on all devices.
Chapter 15, iMessages, is about building a custom message app UI. We will also create a framework to share data between both apps.
Chapter 16, Notifications, provides learning on how to build basic notifications. Then, we will look at embedding images into our notifications as well as building a custom UI.
Chapter 17, Just a Peek, looks at 3D touch and how to add quick actions to our app. We will also look at how we can add peek and pop to our restaurant list.
Chapter 18, Beta and Store Submission, is about how to submit apps for testing as well as submitting apps to the App Store.
What you need for this book
You will need a computer that runs Xcode 8 or greater.
Who this book is for
This book is for beginners who want to be able to create iOS applications. If you have some programming experience, this book is a great way to get a full understanding of how to create an iOS application from scratch and submit it to the App Store. You do not need any knowledge of Swift or any prior programming experience.
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Chapter 1. Getting Familiar with Xcode
So, you want to get into iOS development? I was in your shoes on January 27th, 2010, when Apple first announced the iPad. Literally as soon as the conference was over, I knew that I wanted to learn how to create apps for the iPad. I signed up on the Apple Developer website and paid my $99 annual fee. But then, I realized that I did not know where to begin. A large variety of instructional books or videos did not exist, especially since the iPad had not yet been released. I had previous programming experience—however, I had no idea how to write Objective-C (the original programming language for iOS). Therefore, I had to teach myself the basics. In this book, we will learn together what it takes to become an iOS developer.
If you are new to programming, take your time. You should understand the lessons in one chapter before moving on to the next chapter. These important skills will set you up with a solid foundation in iOS development. If you have previous programming experience, you should still review the earlier chapters, as they will be a refresher for you.
Throughout this book, we will work in Xcode, specifically Xcode 8 (and Swift 3, which we will tackle later in the book). Xcode is known as an Integrated Development Environment (IDE). Using Xcode gives us everything we will need in order to build apps for iOS, tvOS, macOS (formerly, OS X), and watchOS. In this chapter, we will explore Xcode in order to help you get more comfortable using it. If you are not on Xcode 8, make sure to update Xcode, as the code in this book will not run properly otherwise.
Our focus in this book will be to create a universal iOS app (an app for both the iPhone and iPad). The best way to do this is to create a project to familiarize yourself with where everything is and how to find what you need. So, let's first download and install Xcode.
Getting started
In order to download Xcode, launch the App Store on your Mac and then type Xcode into the search bar in the upper-right corner:
Next, click on INSTALL:
Once installed, launch Xcode, and you should see the following Welcome to Xcode screen:
If this is the first time you have launched Xcode, then you will see No Recent Projects in the right panel. If you have previously created projects, then you will see those listed to the right. To get started, we are going to click on Create a new Xcode project in the left panel of the welcome screen. This will take us to the new project screen:
Across the top of this screen, you can select one of the following items—iOS, watchOS, tvOS, macOS, and Cross-Platform. Since we are creating apps for iOS, make sure that you have iOS selected. Then, select Single View Application and click on Next. Now, you will see an options screen for a new project:
This option screen has the following eight items to complete or choose:
Now, select Next, and Xcode will prompt us to save our project. I have a dedicated folder for all my projects, but you can save it on your desktop for easy access.
The Xcode interface
Your project is now open, and it is time for us to get familiar with all of the panels. If this is your first time in Xcode, then it probably will be a bit overwhelming for you. Therefore, we will break it down into five parts:
Navigator panel
The primary use for the Navigator panel is to add new files and/or select existing files. The other icons are used from time to time, which we will cover as we need them.
Standard editor
The Standard editor is a single panel view used to edit files. The Standard editor area is the primary area in which you will work. In this area, we can view Storyboard files, see our Swift files, or view our project settings.
Utilities panel
The Utilities panel can be a bit confusing when you first use Xcode, because this menu changes based on what you have selected in the Standard editor. When we start building an app, we will dig deeper into this. For now, just know that the Utilities panel is made up of the inspector pane at the top and the library pane at the bottom. The inspector pane allows you to change attributes or properties of things you put in your Storyboard—the library pane allows you to insert objects, image assets, and code snippets into your app.
Debug panel
The Debug panel will allow us to see log messages from our app. You will become very familiar with this panel by the time you finish this book. The Debug panel is one of the greatest tools to get feedback on what your app is doing or not doing.
Toolbar
Next, we look at the Toolbar:
First, we have a Play button, which is how we launch our app (or use Cmd + R). Next, you will see a Stop button, which will not be active until you run your app. This Stop button (or Cmd + .) is used to stop your app from running. To the right of the Stop button, you will see your target (your project name) along with the current simulator selected. If you click on your project name, you will see a screen similar to this:
This drop-down menu, which we will call the device and Simulator drop-down menu, allows you to change your simulator type. For the purposes of our project, select iPhone 7 Plus as your simulator and then click on the play icon (or use Cmd + R) to run your app. Your app will be blank and most likely will not fit the entire screen (unless you are on a large screen).
In order to see the entire screen, you can scroll right and left—however, doing this gets harder once you have elements in your app. So, an alternative to scrolling is to resize your app to fit the screen. We can do this by going to your Simulator menu and navigating to Window | Scale:
Here, you will be able to scale from 100% to 75%, 50%, 33%, or 25% (select whichever percentage allows the app to best fit your screen size).
Now, let's return to Xcode and select the Stop button (or use Cmd + .).
Tip
If you use the keyboard shortcut, make sure Xcode is in focus; otherwise, this shortcut will not work. I work on a 15-inch Macbook Pro Retina—therefore, when I am working on an app, I will use the iPhone 6 or iPad Air 2 simulator in landscape. They both fit nicely on my screen without having to resize either.
In addition to the simulator, there is a Build Only Device as well as a Device section, both at the top of the device and Simulator drop-down menu that was shown earlier in this chapter. Note that, for our purposes, you will only need a Simulator while we are building the app—however, you can add an iOS device if you would like (see under iOS Device).
Generic iOS Device
The Generic iOS Device, under the Build Only Device section of the device and simulator drop-down menu, is used for when you need to archive your app, which means that you are preparing your app for submission to Apple (either to the App Store or to Test Flight). If you try to select Generic iOS Device now and run the app, you will get the following message:
Therefore, changeGeneric iOS Device to an actual Simulator, and then you will be able to continue.
iOS device
If you do not have a device connected to the computer, you will see No devices connected . . . under the Device section of the device and simulator drop-down menu.
As noted earlier, when we start building the Let's Eat app, you will have the option of using the Simulator or connecting a device to Xcode. Using a device is slower—however, the simulator will not perform the same as a device will.
In the past you, you needed to have a paid account to build your app on a device. Now, you do not need a developer account in order to run the app on your device. Note that if you decide to connect your device instead of using a simulator, you will need iOS 10 installed on it. The following steps are only for those who do not want to pay for the Apple Developer Program at this time:
You will get two errors that state the following:
Ignore the specifics of these errors as they basically indicate that we need to create an account and add our device to that account.
Now, in the Standard editor, you will see under Signing that you need to add an account:Click on Add Account. If a Sign in to Xcode with your Apple ID dialog box does not pop up, inside of the Accounts screen on the bottom left, click on the + and select Add Apple ID:Then, you will click on Create Apple ID. You will be asked to enter your birth date, name, e-mail, and password, along with security questions. Make sure that you verify your e-mail before you answer the security questions; otherwise, you will have to come back to this screen and add Apple ID again.Once you have finished all the steps, you will see your account:If you already have an account, then, instead of seeing Add Account, you will see a drop-down menu with your account listed. If your device is not connected to this account, you might see a message asking if you would like to add your device to your account.
You will not need to use a device for the majority of this book—however, depending on the type of Macbook you have, you might need to use a device.
Before we get to the right side of the Toolbar, select the Main.storyboard file in your Navigator panel. This file is used to do all of your visual setup for your entire app. We will cover this in detail later in the book. After you select the file, you should see the following:
Window Pane Controls
The following screenshot shows Window Pane Controls:
Tip
For better quality of images, download the Graphics bundle from : https://www.packtpub.com/sites/default/files/downloads/iOS10ProgrammingforBeginners_ColoredImages.pdf
Moving onto the Window Pane Controls, you will see two groups of icons. The first group is called the Editor Mode, and the second group is called the View. Let's look at the functions of the Editor Mode icons:
Editor Mode icons
Function
This icon controls the Standard editor (which is the center panel in the earlier screenshot of the Main.storyboard file in the Navigator panel).
This icon splits the Standard editor into two panels, where you will see the ViewController.swift file on the right. We will use this split screen throughout the book.
This icon is the Version editor. We will not address the Version editor in this book, since it is a more advanced feature.
At this point, you might be thinking that there are way too many panels open, and I would agree with you. This is where the last group of View icons in the Toolbar comes in handy.
Let's look at these icons and their functions in the following table:
View Mode icons
Functions
This icon will toggle (hide or show) the Navigator panel (or use Cmd + 0).
This icon will toggle (hide or show) the Debug panel (or use Cmd + Shift + Y).
This icon will toggle (hide or show) the Utilities panel (or use Cmd + Alt + 0).
Summary
Congratulations! You have finished exploring the basics of Xcode. When we start building our app, we will cover the more important parts of Xcode in depth. It is now time to start learning Swift 3.
Chapter 2. Building a Foundation with Swift
Now that we have had a short tour of Xcode, it is time to start learning about Swift. Remember, if you are new to programming, things will be very different for you, so take your time. The important skills that you will learn here will set you up with a solid foundation in iOS development. If you have previous programming experience, you should still review this chapter, as it can only enhance your programming skills and act as a refresher for you.
On June 2, 2014, Apple changed the game for iOS development, because this was the day Swift was announced to the world. With this announcement, everybody was put on an even playing field, because they had to learn a new programming language. Swift has brought a more modern approach to developing apps and has seen a huge influx of new developers of all ages wanting to build iOS apps. But, enough about history! Let's dig in and see what you are going to learn.
The following will be covered in this chapter:
Playgrounds – an interactive coding environment
Before we jump into building the app that we will be creating in later chapters, called Let's Eat, we need to understand the basics of Swift. An easy way to experiment with Swift is to use Playgrounds. It is an interactive coding environment, which evaluates your code and displays the results. Using Playgrounds gives us the ability to work with Swift without needing to create a project. It is great for prototyping a particular part of your app. So, whether you are learning or experimenting, Playgrounds is an invaluable tool. In order to create a Playground, we need to launch Xcode and click on Get started with a playground:
The options screen for creating a new Playground screen will appear:
First, name your new Playground SwiftFoundation, and then make sure your Platform is set to iOS. Now, we can explore Playgrounds a bit.
When you launch the app, you will see five distinct areas:
Let's breakdown each area in Playgrounds:
As we discussed earlier, the first group is called the Editor Mode, and the second group is called the View. Refer to the detailed description of these icons in the previous chapter for information about what each of these icons does.
DEBUG TOGGLE: This button allows you to hide and show the Debug panel and toggle on the Debug panel.Play/Stop: This button is used in order to make Playgrounds execute code or in order to stop Playgrounds from running. Typically, Playgrounds runs on its own, but sometimes you need to manually toggle it on when Playgrounds does not execute your code for you.Now that we have our setup finished, delete everything in this file. Your Playground should have three open panels—your Playground editor, Results panel, and Debug panel. Let's start digging into some code.
Comments – leaving yourself notes or reminders
Comments are a great way to create notes or reminders to yourself. When you comment code, it means that it will not be executed when your code runs. There are two types of comments used // or /* */. // is typically used for a one-line comment and /**/ is used for a block of text.
You can add comments to your code, such as a TODO item or just a brief explanation of what something is doing.
Let's see what both of these look like:
