10,99 €
Mehr erfahren.
- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
- Serie: Digital Futures
- Sprache: Englisch
Artificial intelligence (AI) is presented as a solution to the greatest challenges of our time, from global pandemics and chronic diseases to cybersecurity threats and the climate crisis. But AI also contributes to the climate crisis by running on technology that depletes scarce resources and by relying on data centres that demand excessive energy use. Is AI Good for the Planet? brings the climate crisis to the centre of debates around AI, exposing its environmental costs and forcing us to reconsider our understanding of the technology. It reveals why we should no longer ignore the environmental problems generated by AI. Embracing a green agenda for AI that puts the climate crisis at centre stage is our urgent priority. Engaging and passionately written, this book is essential reading for scholars and students of AI, environmental studies, politics, and media studies and for anyone interested in the connections between technology and the environment.
Sie lesen das E-Book in den Legimi-Apps auf:
Seitenzahl: 128
Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2021
Ähnliche
CONTENTS
Cover
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright
Acknowledgements
Introduction
The climate crisis is here to stay
1 Defining AI: Beyond the Hype
The promises of artificial intelligence
Global consultancies promise: Automating industry, boosting profits
Maximizing profits through AI: From the United States to China, excluding the developing world
Why techno-solutionism will not fix the world: AI as ‘mover’ of capital accumulation
Falling in love with technological determinism
The promise to stop the climate crisis: An AI for the environment
Beyond the awe and hype, what exactly is artificial intelligence?
Machine learning and deep learning
Artificial intelligence as material technologies: Machines, cables, dust, devices
Notes
2 Controlling AI: Understanding Data Capitalism
Data capitalism and AI: The indissoluble marriage
The most powerful AI companies in the United States
And what about the most powerful AI companies in China?
Who controls AI controls the debate
Notes
3 Why AI Worsens the Climate Crisis
Computational power and algorithms
Energy and data centre carbon footprint
Additional environmental costs of data centres
Artificial intelligence, uberconsumerism and waste
AI runs on devices: The carbon footprint of information and communication technologies
Energy and waste disposal
Pushing fossil fuel extractionism
Notes
Conclusion: AI and the Climate Crisis
What can we do?
A final word
Notes
References
Index
End User License Agreement
Guide
Cover
Table of Contents
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright
Acknowledgements
Introduction
Begin Reading
Conclusion: AI and the Climate Crisis
References
Index
End User License Agreement
List of Illustrations
Chapter 1
Figure 1.1:
Visual distinction between AI, machine learning and deep learning
Chapter 3
Figure 3.1:
Comparing carbon footprints: Carbon-intensive activities versus AI language mode…
Pages
ii
iii
iv
vi
vii
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
Digital Futures Series
Benedetta Brevini, Is AI Good for the Planet?
Axel Bruns, Are Filter Bubbles Real?
Richard Maxwell & Toby Miller, How Green Is Your Smartphone?
Milton Mueller, Will the Internet Fragment?
Neil Selwyn, Should Robots Replace Teachers?
Neil Selwyn, Is Technology Good for Education?
Is AI Good for the Planet?
BENEDETTA BREVINI
polity
Copyright © Benedetta Brevini 2022
The right of Benedetta Brevini to be identified as Author of this Work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
First published in 2022 by Polity Press
Polity Press65 Bridge StreetCambridge CB2 1UR, UK
Polity Press101 Station LandingSuite 300Medford, MA 02155, USA
All rights reserved. Except for the quotation of short passages for the purpose of criticism and review, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher.
ISBN-13: 978-1-5095-4796-8
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
The publisher has used its best endeavours to ensure that the URLs for external websites referred to in this book are correct and active at the time of going to press. However, the publisher has no responsibility for the websites and can make no guarantee that a site will remain live or that the content is or will remain appropriate.
Every effort has been made to trace all copyright holders, but if any have been overlooked the publisher will be pleased to include any necessary credits in any subsequent reprint or edition.
For further information on Polity, visit our website: politybooks.com
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I have been inspired, shocked and challenged by the company of many scholars, environmental activists, artists and thinkers when writing this book. I am most grateful for the intellectual generosity of the people who have read portions of this manuscript and supported me on this journey. First and foremost my wonderful friend and editor in chief, Fiona Giles, whose literary and academically rigorous comments helped to keep me focused, at a time when the world seemed to be falling apart during the pandemic. I am also grateful to a group of women who are a constant inspiration to me, for their activism, strength and integrity: Vicky Mayer, Alana Mann, Priscilla Karant, Terry Woronov, Lyn Hsieh, Sarah Gong, Lucia Sorbera, Laura Forlano, Melinda Rankin and Felicity Ruby. I am grateful for the feedback I received from Graham Murdock, and our constant exchanges – Graham is the best mentor in the world. I’m also grateful to Frank Pasquale for our numerous conversations on AI, public interest and our beloved political economy. My unbounded thanks to Mary Savigar at Polity Press for believing in this project since its start and whose thoughtful comments helped bring the manuscript to life. Finally, a special thank you to my family, for the love I always received and for giving me the strength, values and determination to always fight for a more just world.
Introduction
Imagine sitting at your desk during one of those long COVID-19 lockdowns and remotely controlling a cartoon-like character that has your features. You’ve given her your name and move her through the big Piazza del Duomo in Milan – yes, just beside la Galleria – so she can buy that cool dress for you by Dolce & Gabbana that you’ve been dreaming about for ages.
This isn’t a video game. It’s your cheaply rented humanoid robot shopping for you, trying on clothes for you, giving you the best advice on colour combinations on the basis of your thousands of previous Google searches, then even mailing your purchase to your home address. And next, you send your robot-you to visit your mum, to keep her company until you have time to call her for a live video stream conversation. Meanwhile your robot-you sends your mum your favourite poetry, which your robot knows better than you do, thanks to the algorithm that revisits your YouTube and Netflix feeds.
We often think of artificial intelligence (AI) as a thing of the immediate future. This is hardly surprising, because we are constantly bombarded by slogans of AI coming to change our life, whether we like it or not. We are reassured it will be a better life. A better capitalism. A better environment. But AI is already here, and perhaps many of you didn’t even notice – since many AI applications are already so embedded in our everyday life they no longer capture our attention.
Think of the AI-enabled camera that helps control traffic at the next intersection you cross. Or the facial recognition scan that you are forced to go through when you are at the stadium entrance. Think of all the latest smart phone applications, all running a variety of AI programs, when you are recommended music videos on YouTube, or when the Facebook app on your mobile scans your newsfeed in search of fake news, until you go home to your Google Home and Amazon Alexa.
But there is much more. AI technologies are translating languages, advising corporations on investments, flying drones, diagnosing diseases, protecting borders.
Fancy a social bot to overcome loneliness? Microsoft’s Xiaoice (pronounced Shou-ice) chatbot recently became a global phenomenon with over 660 million international users and a reach of over 450 million smart devices (Zhang 2020). Xiaoice, which means ‘Little Bing’ in Chinese, was launched in 2014 by a small team of researchers and has since gained notoriety as a ‘virtual girlfriend’ across China, Japan and Indonesia. Presented as a teenage girl, Xiaoice is built on an empathetic computing framework that enables machine recognition of feelings and states, allowing dynamic responses; and this results in an AI companion with high emotional intelligence, which encourages long-term connections with its users.
‘If we lose our environment, we lose our planet and our lives. We must understand and debate the environmental costs of AI.’
There is also a significant amount of research connecting AI systems to applications in medicine. An international study examining the potential use of AI in the field of dermatology has found improved diagnostic accuracy and clinical decision-making when AI is used in conjunction with human clinical checks, suggesting stronger results than the use of AI or experts alone (Tschandl et al. 2020). The artificial neural networks analyse uploaded pictures and identify potential sites of malignant melanoma; this is currently being tested in an Australian skin clinic. The program has since been able to recognize melanoma at sizes smaller than the human eye can detect, for instance melanomas as small as 0.2 millimetres (UQ News 2020).
This is without mentioning AI’s current applications in the global conservation field – from modelling biodiversity loss to monitoring migratory species and climate change scenarios. AI’s emerging use in agriculture has aimed to optimize everything from crop production to resource consumption, harvesting, monitoring and processing. In 2019, twenty-five European countries signed a declaration of cooperation for the digitalization of agriculture, in an acknowledgement of the potential power of digital technologies and with the goal to establish infrastructure designed to support a smart agri-food sector (European Commission 2020a). Projects funded by the European Union (see Brevini and Murdock 2017) include Sweeper, a sweet pepper-harvesting robot that uses algorithms for fruit detection and localization and that was the first of its kind to demonstrate harvest success in a commercial greenhouse (Arad et al. 2020).
Or take CORaiL, an AI-powered solution to monitor and analyse coral reef resilience. Since May 2019, it has been deployed in the reef surrounding Pangatalan Island in the Philippines and has helped researchers to study the effects of climate change in the area (Wu 2020). Another famous robot wandering around the Great Barrier Reef in Australia is called LarvalBot and designed to carry coral larvae across destroyed areas of the reef. The larvae are distributed so that new coral colonies can form and new coral communities can develop. This process mitigates the damage caused by mass bleaching, weather events and climate change (Cimons 2019).
Some of these AI technologies are simply processing the data according to a basic set of formulae. Others are more complex systems that are effectively able to teach themselves progressively and learn from data as they are collected.
Despite the different complexities and endless applications, the dominant rhetoric around AI extends far past its current capabilities. Accounts across countries throughout the world proclaim the imminent development of intelligent machines, capable of outsmarting the human mind, amid promises to change everything fundamentally, from our working lives and domestic habits to transport and health services – to name just a few areas that will be affected. In the last decade we have witnessed a clear increase in predictions that the arrival of superintelligence is imminent; thus nations are expressing an urgent need to be ready for AI. As Goode writes, this is leading to the ‘sublime spectacle of inevitability … that does little to offer lay citizens the sense that they can be actively involved in shaping its future’ (Goode 2018: p. 204).
AI is thus being promoted as the principal solution for many of humanity’s challenges; it is put forward as inevitable and ineluctable (Brevini in press). The following statement, taken from the official communications of the European Union, could not be clearer: ‘AI is helping us to solve some of the world’s biggest challenges: from treating chronic diseases or reducing fatality rates in traffic accidents to fighting climate change or anticipating cybersecurity threats’ (European Commission 2018b).
The High-Level Expert Group on Artificial Intelligence (AI HLEG) appointed by the European Commission goes into even greater detail about the capabilities of AI to make humanity ‘flourish’ by solving virtually all problems of society:
We believe that AI has the potential to significantly transform society. AI is not an end in itself, but rather a promising means to increase human flourishing, thereby enhancing individual and societal well-being and the common good, as well as bringing progress and innovation. In particular, AI systems can help to facilitate the achievement of the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals, such as promoting gender balance and tackling climate change, rationalising our use of natural resources, enhancing our health, mobility and production processes, and supporting how we monitor progress against sustainability and social cohesion indicators. (European Commission 2019a)
Consequently, when the artificial machine arrives in this future–present that is always inevitably imminent, it will manifest as a superior intelligence, capable of solving the problems that humans have created – and climate change in primis.
As citizens, we are almost left with the sense that this artificial entity that will come to rescue humanity, the world, and all living things is a divine, magic hand, a deus ex machina.
This portrayal of AI as a benevolent deity has a crucial effect: it obfuscates the materiality of the infrastructures and devices that are central to AI’s functioning. In all its variety of forms, AI relies on large swathes of land and sea, vast arrays of technology, and greenhouse gas-emitting machines and infrastructures that deplete scarce resources through their production, consumption and disposal. AI requires increasing amounts of energy, water and finite resources.
Why are we not talking about the negative impact of AI on the climate crisis? This is precisely what I want to discuss in this book. And more: I want to bring the climate crisis to the centre of debates around AI developments.
Clearly there are other important concerns about AI developments, from moral and ethical appeals for caution in the use of AI in military operations to mounting fears in areas where human expertise is crucial to safeguarding human rights (such as public health and the judiciary). There are huge ethical issues concerning documented algorithmic racial and gender biases, and fears that AI will make human labour redundant, producing a class of supereducated employees and another of less educated, unemployable workers.
