Isotopic Constraints on Earth System Processes E-Book

Kenneth W. Sims

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Serie: Geophysical Monograph Series
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1078

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2022

Beschreibung

Using isotopes as a tool for understanding Earth processes From establishing the absolute age of the Earth to providing a stronger understanding of the nexus between geology and life, the careful measurement and quantitative interpretation of minor variations in the isotopic composition of Earth's materials has provided profound insight into the origins and workings of our planet. Isotopic Constraints on Earth System Processes presents examples of the application of numerous different isotope systems to address a wide range of topical problems in Earth system science. Volume highlights include: * examination of the natural fractionation of non-traditional stable isotopes * utilizing isotopes to understand the origin of magmas and evolution of volcanic systems * application of isotopes to interrogate and understand Earth's Carbon and Oxygen cycles * examination of the geochemical and hydrologic processes that lead to isotopic fractionation * application of isotopic reactive transport models to decipher hydrologic and biogeochemical processes The American Geophysical Union promotes discovery in Earth and space science for the benefit of humanity. Its publications disseminate scientific knowledge and provide resources for researchers, students, and professionals.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Series Page

Title Page

Copyright Page

List of Contributors

Preface

PART I: HIGH‐TEMPERATURE/DEEP EARTH PROCESSES

PART II: LOW‐TEMPERATURE/SHALLOW EARTH PROCESSES

REFERENCES

About the Companion Website

Dedication Page

Part I: High‐Temperature/Deep Earth Processes

1 High‐Temperature Kinetic Isotope Fractionation of Silicate Materials

1.1. INTRODUCTION

1.2. DIFFUSION IN MULTI‐COMPONENT CONDENSED SYSTEMS: THEORY AND DEFINITIONS

1.3. KINETIC ISOTOPE FRACTIONATION DURING DIFFUSION BETWEEN NATURAL MELTS

1.4. ISOTOPE FRACTIONATION BY SORET DIFFUSION

1.5. ISOTOPE FRACTIONATION BY DIFFUSION IN SILICATE MINERALS

1.6. ISOTOPE FRACTIONATION BY EVAPORATION FROM SILICATE MELTS

1.7. SUMMARY

1.8. THOUGHTS ON FURTHER RESEARCH

REFERENCES

2 Ca and K Isotope Fractionation by Diffusion in Molten Silicates

2.1. INTRODUCTION

2.2. METHODS

2.3. RESULTS

2.4. DISCUSSION

2.5. MODELING

2.6. CONCLUSIONS AND POSSIBLE FUTURE APPLICATIONS

APPENDIX LINEAR VERSUS EXPONENTIAL DEPENDENCE OF ACTIVITY ON SIO

2

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

3 Calcium Isotope Constraints on Recycled Carbonates in Subduction‐Related Magmas

3.1. INTRODUCTION

3.2. ANALYTICAL METHODS AND SAMPLES

3.3. RESULTS

3.4. DISCUSSION

3.5. CONCLUSIONS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

4 Reassessing the Role of Continental Lithospheric Mantle in Cenozoic Magmatism, Southwestern North America

4.1. INTRODUCTION

4.2. GEOLOGIC BACKGROUND & GENERAL TERMINOLOGY

4.3. METHODS/DATA

4.4. RESULTS

4.5. DISCUSSION

4.6. CONCLUSIONS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

5 Rhyolite Ignimbrite Generation in the Northern Andes

5.1. INTRODUCTION

5.2. GEOLOGICAL SETTING AND AGE OF THE CHALUPAS CALDERA

5.3. GEOCHEMICAL RESULTS

5.4. EVOLUTION OF THE CHALUPAS MAGMATIC SYSTEM

5.5. CRUSTAL STRUCTURE, MAGMA SUPPLY, AND TRANSPORT

5.6. CHALUPAS ERUPTION VOLUME AND MAGMA SUPPLY

5.7. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

APPENDIX 5A Appendix

APPENDIX 5B MINERAL CHEMISTRY AND PETROGRAPHIC DESCRIPTIONS

APPENDIX 5C MODELS FOR CRYSTAL FRACTIONATION, ASSIMILATION-FRACTIONAL CRYSTALLIZATION, AND MAGMA FLUXES

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

6 Xenolith Constraints on “Self‐Assimilation” and the Origin of Low δ

18

O Values in Mauna Kea Basalts

6.1. INTRODUCTION

6.2. SAMPLES AND ANALYTICAL METHODS

6.3. RESULTS

6.4. DISCUSSION

6.5. CONCLUSIONS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

SUPPLEMENTAL DATA

7 Monitoring Volcanic Activity Through Combined Measurements of CO

2

Efflux and (

222

Rn) and (

220

Rn) in Soil Gas

7.1. INTRODUCTION

7.2. BACKGROUND

7.3. SAMPLING STRATEGY AND ANALYTICAL METHODS

7.4. SYNOPSIS OF THIS STUDY’S RESULTS

7.5. THE SOIL GAS DISEQUILIBRIUM INDEX (SGDI)

7.6. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FILTERED SGDI DATA AND VOLCANIC ACTIVITY OF MT. ETNA

7.7. SUMMARY

APPENDIX STATISTICAL TREATMENT OF SGDI DATA

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

Part II: Low‐Temperature/Shallow Earth Processes

8 The Carbon Isotope Record and Earth Surface Oxygenation

8.1. INTRODUCTION

8.2. THE CARBON ISOTOPE BUDGET

8.3. f

org

AND THE OXYGEN BUDGET

8.4. OXYGEN SINKS IN A LOW‐OXYGEN WORLD

8.5. RESOLVING THE pO

2

– f

org

PARADOX

8.6. PREDICTIONS OF THE AUTHIGENIC FEEDBACK HYPOTHESIS

8.7. CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

9 Detrital Garnet Geochronology

9.1. INTRODUCTION AND MOTIVATION

9.2. THEORETICAL FEASIBILITY OF DETRITAL GARNET GEOCHRONOLOGY

9.3. DETAILED METHODOLOGY

9.4. CASE STUDIES

9.5. CONCLUSION

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

10 A Review of the Development of Cr, Se, U, Sb, and Te Isotopes as Indicators of Redox Reactions, Contaminant Fate, and Contaminant Transport in Aqueous Systems

10.1. INTRODUCTION

10.2. MASS SPECTROMETRY AND SAMPLE PREPARATION METHODS

10.3. CURRENT UNDERSTANDING OF ISOTOPIC FRACTIONATION

10.4. APPLICATIONS OF CR, U, AND SE ISOTOPE MEASUREMENTS

10.5. REACTIVE TRANSPORT MODELS: AN ESSENTIAL PART OF THE SCIENCE

10.6. CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK

APPENDIX

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

11 The Effects of Reactive Transport on Sulfur Isotopic Compositions in Natural Environments

11.1. MOTIVATION

11.2. SULFUR ISOTOPE INTRODUCTION

11.3. REACTIVE TRANSPORT EFFECTS ON SULFUR ISOTOPE‐SIGNATURES

11.4. SUMMARY

REFERENCES

12 A Reactive Transport Framework Describing Covariation in the Isotopic Ratios of Multiple Elements in Natural Systems

12.1. MOTIVATION

12.2. A SYNTHETIC MODEL STUDY OF PAIRED ISOTOPE SIGNATURES

12.3. SUMMARY

REFERENCES

13 Stable Ca Isotope Fractionation in Cenozoic Marine Mammals

13.1. INTRODUCTION

13.2. BACKGROUND

13.3. METHODS

13.4. RESULTS

13.5. DISCUSSION

13.6 CONCLUSIONS

APPENDIX 13A MARINE MAMMAL BONE ANALYSIS

APPENDIX 13B BALEEN ANALYSIS I

APPENDIX 13C BALEEN ANALYSIS II

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

REFERENCES

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 1

Table 1.1 Summary of the exponents

β

from laboratory diffusion exper...

Chapter 2

Table 2.1 Major element composition of starting materials (fused glasses) m...

Table 2.2 Summary of isotopic results.

Chapter 3

Table 3.1 Mass‐dependent calcium isotope compositions of igneous rocks and ...

Table 3.2 Difference between igneous rocks used to estimate δ

44

Ca of BSE an...

Chapter 4

Table 4.1 Whole rock trace element compositions from the Cretaceous Slidero...

Table 4.2 Whole rock Nd and Sr isotopic data from Sliderock Mountain Volcan...

Chapter 5

Table 5.1 Major and trace element data for samples from the Chalupas calder...

Table 5.2 Isotopic analyses of samples from the Chalupas volcanic system.

Table 5.3 Major and trace element data for metamorphic basement rocks.

Table 5.4 Isotopic analyses of metamorphic basement rocks.

Table 5.5 Summary of analytical data resulting from incremental heating exp...

Table 5.6 Representative electron microprobe analyses of Chalupas samples....

Table 5.7 Major element composition of Chalupas AFT and calculated glass co...

Table 5.8 Inputs for finite difference‐AFC modeling.

Chapter 6

Table 6.1 Mineral Sr‐, Nd‐, Pb‐, and O‐isotope compositions of Mauna Kea xe...

Table 6.2 Average clinopyroxene major and trace element compositions

Table 6.3 Average mineral major element data (plagioclase, olivine, orthopy...

Table S6.1 Clinopyroxene Major and Trace Element Compositions

Table S6.2 Olivine major element compositions

Table S6.3 Orthopyroxene major element compositions

Table S6.4 Plagioclase major element compositions

Table S6.5 Spinel major element compositions

Chapter 7

Table 7.1a Values of soil CO

2

efflux (g/m

2

/d) and soil activities of

222

Rn a...

Table 7.1b Values of soil CO

2

efflux (g/m

2

/d) and soil activities of

222

Rn a...

Table 7.1c Values of soil CO

2

efflux (g/m

2

/d) and soil activities of

222

Rn a...

Table 7.1d Values of soil CO

2

efflux (g/m

2

/d) and soil activities of

222

Rn a...

Table 7.2a Values of soil CO

2

efflux (g/m

2

/d) and soil activities of

222

Rn a...

Table 7.2b Values of soil CO

2

efflux (g/m

2

/d) and soil activities of

222

Rn a...

Table 7.3 Schematic summary of the occurrence of SGDI anomalies divided by ...

Table 7.4 Values of SGDI (in dimensionless units) for the sites of the ZE‐S...

Table 7.5 Values of SGDI (in dimensionless units) for the sites of the PAT ...

Table 7.6 Correlation matrix for filtered SGDI values and corresponding atm...

Table 7.7 Correlation matrix for filtered SGDI values and corresponding atm...

Chapter 9

Table 9.1 Isotope ratios and age results from preliminary detrital garnet a...

Table 9.2 Isotope ratios and age results for both case studies utilizing ga...

Table 9.3 Isotope ratios and age results from detrital garnet dating attemp...

Chapter 10

Table 10.1 Naturally occurring redox states of Cr, Se, U, Sb and Te, with e...

Table 10.2 Interferences encountered during Se isotope measurement by MC‐IC...

Table 10.3 Summary of Cr isotopic fractionation factors for Cr(VI) reductio...

Table 10.4 Se isotope fractionations associated with various reduction reac...

Table 10.5 U isotopic fractionation observed for U(VI) reduction in laborat...

Table 10.6 Cr isotope fractionation induced by various oxidation reactions....

Chapter 12

Table 12.1 Influent solute composition and isotope ratios at pH 8.2 and 25°...

Table 12.2 Model scenarios.

Chapter 13

Table 13.1 All marine mammals (extant and fossil), prey organisms, standard...

Table 13.2 Bowhead whale baleen measurements for three different individual...

Table 13.3 Isotopic data for common prey items, including necessary taxonom...

Table 13.4 Isotopic data for non‐traditional food sources of odontocete spe...

Table 13.5 List of all sample codes for specimens examined in this study fr...

Table 13.6 Summary of all measurements of NIST1486 made during bone analysi...

Table 13.7 Summary of all measurements of CSW (Carolina Seawater) made duri...

Table 13.8 Baleen measurements for the one‐year‐old bowhead whale (2012‐B5)...

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1

Figure 1.1 Normalized concentration of CaO, MgO, K2O, FeO, and SiO2 measured...

Figure 1.2 A schematic of the piston cylinder assembly used by Richter et al...

Figure 1.3 The panels show the concentration of major oxides measured along ...

Figure 1.4 Figure taken from Richter et al. (2003) showing the δ

44

Ca of slab...

Figure 1.5 The panel on the left shows a schematic of the piston cylinder as...

Figure 1.6 The upper panel on the left shows the weight % MgO measured along...

Figure 1.7 The black squares in this figure show the temperature derived fro...

Figure 1.8 The panel on the left shows the steady state distribution of the ...

Figure 1.9 Thermal fractionation of isotopes of the listed elements in molte...

Figure 1.10 Diagram showing the experimental design used to diffused lithium...

Figure 1.11 The panel on the left uses black circles to show the lithium con...

Figure 1.12 Lithium concentration and isotopic fractionation normalized by t...

Figure 1.13 Lithium concentration data normalized by the average value in th...

Figure 1.14 Results of a diffusion calculation for the evolution of the lith...

Figure 1.15 Chemical concentration (open circles) and isotopic fractionation...

Figure 1.16 The panel on the left shows a false color image of a Type B CAI ...

Figure 1.17 The unfilled circles and squares are the isotopic fractionation ...

Figure 1.18 This figure compares the correlation of the silicon and magnesiu...

Chapter 2

Figure 2.1 Alkali‐silica diagram showing the coordinates of the two starting...

Figure 2.2 Piston‐cylinder sample assembly used for the diffusion couple exp...

Figure 2.3 Major‐element diffusion profiles from two experiments lasting 2.5...

Figure 2.4 Isotopic profiles from two experiments lasting 2.5 hours and 6 ho...

Figure 2.5 The Zhang model and its parameters are based on the concept of el...

Figure 2.6 Model behavior showing concentration, activity, and transient equ...

Figure 2.7 The modified EBD model applied to the data. Top panels: SiO

2

diff...

Figure 2.8 β factors from this study (points with an asterisk) compared to l...

Figure 2.9 The 2.5 hour run modeled using a linear dependence of CaO activit...

Chapter 3

Figure 3.1 Maps of Central America, Eastern Africa, and Europe showing locat...

Figure 3.2 Regional variations in trace element ratios along the Central Ame...

Figure 3.3 Calcium isotopic composition of Central American volcanic arc mag...

Figure 3.4 Ba/Th‐

87

Sr/

86

Sr (a),

143

Nd/

144

Nd‐

87

Sr/

86

Sr (b), and

206

Pb/

204

Pb‐

8

...

Chapter 4

Figure 4.1 Physiographic map of southwest North America. Locations of < 40 M...

Figure 4.2 Smoothed 2D histogram of Nd and Sr initial isotopic compositions ...

Figure 4.3 N‐MORB normalized trace element abundances from Sliderock Mountai...

Figure 4.4 Ta/Th and ε

Nd

(T) vs. wt% SiO

2

for < 55 wt% SiO

2

volcanic rocks a...

Figure 4.5 Spatial distribution of ε

Nd

(T) values for < 40 Ma basaltic volcan...

Figure 4.6 Initial ε

Nd

vs. wt% P

2

0

5

/wt% K

2

0 for Cenozoic basalts as 2D smoot...

Figure 4.7 Initial ε

Nd

vs. (Zn/Fe) *1000 for mafic volcanic rocks (wt% MgO ≥...

Figure 4.8 Initial ε

Hf

vs ε

Nd

values for Cenozoic basalts and peridotite xen...

Figure 4.9 (a) Measured

187

Os/

188

Os vs. whole rock wt% Al

2

O

3

for peridotite ...

Figure 4.10

176

Hf/

177

Hf vs.

176

Lu/

177

Hf for whole rock and clinopyroxenes fr...

Figure 4.11 Measured ε

Nd

values vs.

147

Sm/

144

Nd for spinel and garnet peridot...

Figure 4.12 Relative probability histograms (left axis) and cumulative proba...

Figure 4.13 ε

Nd

(T) vs. whole rock Ta/Th for <40 Ma basaltic rocks. The 2D hi...

Figure 4.14 Initial

87

Sr/

86

Sr vs. Ta/Th for basaltic rocks with wt% SiO

2

≤ 5...

Figure 4.15 Initial

208

Pb/

204

Pb (a) and

207

Pb/

204

Pb (b) vs.

206

Pb/

204

Pb for ...

Figure 4.16

208

Pb/

204

Pb (a) and

207

Pb/

204

Pb (b) vs.

206

Pb/

204

Pb for high Ta/...

Figure 4.17 Ta (ppm) vs. Th (ppm) (a) and (b) ε

Nd

(T) vs Ta (ppm) for asthen...

Figure 4.18 Wt % P

2

O

5

/ wt% K

2

O (P/K) vs.

87

Sr/

86

Sr (T) for Late Cretaceous S...

Figure 4.19 Spatial variations in Nd isotopic compositions of ≥ 20 Ma (a) an...

Figure 4.20 Distribution of intermediate and low Ta/Th group volcanic rocks ...

Figure 4.21 ε

Nd

(T) (a),

87

Sr/

86

Sr (T) (b), and Ta/Th (c) vs. eruptive age f...

Figure 4.22 Cartoons depicting physical settings leading to volcanism of var...

Chapter 5

Figure 5.1 Generalized geologic map of Ecuador showing the major geologic an...

Figure 5.2 Geologic map of the Chalupas caldera assembled from field observa...

Figure 5.3 Stratigraphic column based on exposures in Naxiche Gorge showing ...

Figure 5.4 SiO

2

variation diagrams for the Chalupas lavas. The high‐AhO

3

, hi...

Figure 5.5 NMORB‐normalized trace element concentrations for representative ...

Figure 5.6 Sr‐, Nd‐, and O‐isotope ratios of Chalupas whole rock samples plo...

Figure 5.7 Sr‐, Nd‐, and O‐isotope ratios of metamorphic basement samples. A...

Figure 5.8 Results of two‐stage finite difference‐AFC modeling of isotopic e...

Figure 5.9 Comparison of measured concentrations of Rb, Th, Nb, and K versus...

Figure 5.10 Nd isotopic data plotted versus latitude for Andean volcanic roc...

Figure 5.11 Variation of melt density with depth compared to crustal density...

Figure 5.12 Comparison of estimated magma supply rates for Chalupas, Cotopax...

Figure 5.13 Groundmass (a), plagioclase (b), and biotite (c)

40

Ar/

39

Ar incre...

Figure 5.14 Major element trends in Chalupas lavas and tuffs.

Figure 5.15 Schematic two‐stage AFC/FC model for the lavas and tuffs of the ...

Figure 5.16 Effects of assimilation on the relationship between SiO

2

concent...

Figure 5.17 Model estimates of the magma supply (Q

AFC

of Fig. 5.15) needed t...

Chapter 6

Figure 6.1 Cone locations based on maps from Fodor et al. (1997), Fodor (200...

Figure 6.2 Primitive mantle‐normalized REE abundances in clinopyroxene from ...

Figure 6.3 Comparison of

208

Pb/

207

Pb variations in Mauna Kea xenoliths with ...

Figure 6.4 Comparison of Sr‐Pb and Nd‐Pb isotope variations in Mauna Kea xen...

Figure 6.5 Comparison of δ

18

O values of clinopyroxene and olivine from the s...

Figure 6.6 Comparison of Sr‐ and O‐isotope compositional variations in Mauna...

Figure 6.7 Correlation between mineral Mg# and δ

18

O values in Mauna Kea xeno...

Figure 6.8 MgO‐CaO trends in Mauna Kea glasses and wholerocks suggest olivin...

Figure 6.9 Distribution of forsterite content in olivine phenocrysts from sh...

Figure 6.10 Comparison of observed major element correlations in Mauna Kea b...

Chapter 7

Figure 7.1 Simplified volcano‐tectonic map of Mt. Etna volcanowith the l...

Figure 7.2 Correlation between the (

220

Rn/

222

Rn) and CO

2

efflux in the sampl...

Figure 7.3 Location of sites for the measurement of soil CO

2

efflux, soil ra...

Figure 7.4 Correlations between (

222

Rn) “activity” and CO

2

efflux in the sam...

Figure 7.5 Correlations between (

220

Rn) “activity” and CO

2

efflux in the sam...

Figure 7.6 Correlation plot between the log values of (

220

Rn/

222

Rn) and the ...

Figure 7.7 Schematic of closed system ingrowth model of (

220

Rn) and (

222

Rn) ...

Figure 7.8 Temporal patterns of the average SGDI values calculated for each ...

Figure 7.9 Temporal patterns of the average SGDI values calculated for each ...

Figure 7.10 – Left plots: Temporal variation of interpolated SGDI values, be...

Figure 7.11 Temporal variation of interpolated SGDI values, before and after...

Figure 7.12 Simulations of the possible temporal patterns of SGDI values (ye...

Figure 7.13 Dendrograms showing the results of cluster analysis on the SGDI ...

Figure 7.14 Spectrograms of frequencies for the SGDI time series in each of ...

Figure 7.15 Spectrograms of frequencies for the SGDI time series in each of ...

Figure 7.16 Normal probability plots for the SGDI data of the four clusters ...

Figure 7.17 Normal probability plots for the SGDI data of the three clusters...

Chapter 8

Figure 8.1 Variations in f

org

and atmospheric pO

2

over Earth history as infe...

Figure 8.2 Carbon cycle parameters consistent with a steady state seawater δ

Figure 8.3 Variation in the δ

13

C of seawater and primary marine carbonates (...

Chapter 9

Figure 9.1 Comparison of Detrital Mineral Geochronometers. Garnet provides g...

Figure 9.2 Predicted Age Precision as a Function of Starting Grain Diameter....

Figure 9.3 Nd Sample‐to‐Blank Ratio vs. Grain Diameter. These predictions of...

Figure 9.4 Conceptual workflow showing the major methodological steps for de...

Figure 9.5 Ternary diagrams showing garnet chemistry as measured using a tab...

Figure 9.6 Hampton Beach (NH) Detrital Garnet Isochrons. Two‐point isochrons...

Figure 9.7 Townshend Dam (VT) Garnet Isochrons. (a) shows two‐point isochron...

Figure 9.8 Predicted vs. Actual Age Precision on Single Detrital Grains. Rea...

Figure 9.9 Scottish Southern Uplands Terrane Detrital Garnet Isochrons. Two ...

Chapter 10

Figure 10.1 δ

53

Cr of aqueous Cr(VI) in a Cr‐contaminated shallow aquifer tha...

Figure 10.2 δ

53

Cr of aqueous Cr(VI) in the Snake River Plain aquiferδ

53

C...

Figure 10.3 Concentration (circles) and δ

238

U (squares) of aqueous U(VI) in ...

Figure 10.4 δ

238

U vs inverse of dissolved U concentration during an oxidatio...

Figure 10.5 Se(VI) concentration and isotopic composition in a simple model ...

Figure 10.6 Rayleigh models for the δ

238

U data shown in Fig. 10.3, for aceta...

Figure 10.7 Aqueous Cr(VI) concentrations and δ

53

Cr reported by Berna et al....

Chapter 11

Figure 11.1 Schematic of the two prevalent sulfur species, oxidized sulfate ...

Figure 11.2 (a) an example of classic Rayleigh distillation between reactant...

Figure 11.3 (a) Sulfur isotope fractionation factor between reactant sulfate...

Figure 11.4 A compilation of four experimental datasets of pure cultures gro...

Figure 11.5 Four sets of 30 cm push cores from a salt marsh in the North Nor...

Figure 11.6 (a) Measured sulfate (open circles) and sulfide (filled diamonds...

Figure 11.7 Dissolved sulfate (blue) and associated δ

34

S (red) as a function...

Chapter 12

Figure 12.1 The base case simulation of sulfate reduction across a one‐dimen...

Figure 12.2 The reactive transport model implemented in Section 12.2.1 now a...

Figure 12.3 Relationships between reaction progress (f) and isotope ratio fo...

Figure 12.4 The reactive transport model implemented in Section 12.2.1 now a...

Figure 12.5 The reactive transport model implemented in Section 12.2.1 now a...

Figure 12.6 Relationships between reaction progress (f) and isotope ratio fo...

Figure 12.7 Summary of cross‐plot behavior for sulfur and calcium isotopic c...

Chapter 13

Figure 13.1 Conceptual diagram detailing the paradigm of Ca isotope variatio...

Figure 13.2 (a) Mass fractionation plot for marine mammal bone samples, seaw...

Figure 13.3 δ

44/42

Ca values for all marine mammals included in this study, s...

Figure 13.4 δ

44/42

Ca values for all extant odontocetes measured in this stud...

Figure 13.5 δ

44/42

Ca values for all bowhead whale baleen samples and bowhead...

Figure 13.6 Elution curve for Na, Mg, K, Ca, Fe, and Sr acquired on a Perkin...

Figure 13.7 All measured baleen δ

44/42

Ca values for the one‐year‐old bowhead...

Guide

Cover Page

Series Page

Title Page

Copyright Page

List of Contributors

Preface

About the Companion Website

Dedication Page

Table of Contents

Begin Reading

Index

Wiley End User License Agreement

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212 The Early Earth: Accretion and DifferentiationJames Badro and Michael Walter (Eds.)

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273 Isotopic Constraints on Earth System ProcessesKenneth W. W. Sims, Kate Maher, and Daniel P. Schrag (Eds.)

Geophysical Monograph 273

Isotopic Constraints on Earth System Processes

Kenneth W. W. SimsKate MaherDaniel P. SchragEditors

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Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data

Names: Sims, Kenneth W. W., editor. | Maher, Katharine, editor. | Schrag, Daniel P. (Daniel Paul), editor.Title: Isotopic constraints on earth system processes / Kenneth W. W. Sims, Kate Maher, Daniel P. Schrag, editors.Description: Hoboken, NJ : Wiley, [2022] | Series: Geophysical monograph seriesIdentifiers: LCCN 2021052516 (print) | LCCN 2021052517 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119594970 (hardback) | ISBN 9781119594987 (adobe pdf) | ISBN 9781119594963 (epub)Subjects: LCSH: Isotope geology. | Geochemistry.Classification: LCC QE501.4.N9 I893 2022 (print) | LCC QE501.4.N9 (ebook) | DDC 551.9–dc23/eng/20211208LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021052516LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021052517

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LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

Danny W. AndersonDepartment of Geological SciencesJackson School of GeosciencesThe University of Texas at AustinAustin, Texas, USAandDepartment of Earth, Environmental, and Planetary SciencesBrown UniversityProvidence, Rhode Island, USA

Jaime D. BarnesDepartment of Geological SciencesJackson School of GeosciencesThe University of Texas at AustinAustin, Texas, USA

Anirban BasuDepartment of Earth SciencesRoyal Holloway, University of LondonEgham, UK

Ethan F. BaxterDepartment of Earth and Environmental SciencesBoston CollegeChestnut Hill, Massachusetts, USA

Bernardo BeateDepartment of Mineral ResourcesNational Polytechnic SchoolQuito, Ecuador

John N. ChristensenEarth and Environmental Science Area Energy Geosciences DivisionLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeley, California, USA

Mark T. ClementzWyoming High Precision Isotope LaboratoryDepartment of Geology and GeophysicsUniversity of WyomingLaramie, Wyoming, USA

Alan L. DeinoBerkeley Geochronology CenterBerkeley, California, USA

Donald J. DePaoloEarth and Environmental Science Area Energy Geosciences DivisionLawrence Berkeley National LaboratoryBerkeley, California, USAandDepartment of Earth and Planetary ScienceUniversity of CaliforniaBerkeley, California, USA

Jennifer L. DruhanDepartment of GeologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbana, Illinois, USA

G. Lang FarmerDepartment of Geological Sciences, and CooperativeInstitute for Research in Environmental SciencesUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulder, Colorado, USA

Salvatore GiammancoNational Institute of Geophysics and VolcanologyEtna ObservatoryCatania, Italy

Lisa HammersleyDepartment of GeologyCalifornia State University, SacramentoCalifornia, USA

Noah E. JemisonUniversity of New MexicoAlbuquerque, New Mexico, USA

Thomas M. JohnsonDepartment of GeologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbana, Illinois, USA

Michelle K. JordanEarth and Environment DepartmentBoston UniversityBoston, Massachusetts, USAandEarth and Planets LaboratoryCarnegie Institution for ScienceWashington, DC, USA

Thomas A. LaaksoDepartment of Earth and Planetary SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridge, Massachusetts, USA

John C. LassiterDepartment of Geological SciencesJackson School of GeosciencesThe University of Texas at AustinAustin, Texas, USA

Kate MaherSchool of Earth, Energy and Environmental SciencesStanford UniversityStanford, California, USA

Kathryn A. ManeiroDepartment of Earth and Environmental ScienceWheaton CollegeWheaton, Illinois, USAandEarth and Environment DepartmentBoston UniversityBoston, Massachusetts, USA

Edward W. MarshallDepartment of Geological SciencesJackson School of GeosciencesThe University of Texas at AustinAustin, Texas, USAandSchool of Engineering and Natural SciencesUniversity of IcelandReykjavik, Iceland

Cole M. MessaWyoming High Precision Isotope LaboratoryDepartment of Geology and GeophysicsUniversity of WyomingLaramie, Wyoming, USA

Frank M. RichterDepartment of the Geophysical SciencesThe University of ChicagoChicago, Illinois, USA

Frederick J. RyersonAtmospheric, Earth and Energy DivisionLawrence Livermore National LaboratoryLivermore, California, USA

Kathrin SchillingDepartment of Environmental Health SciencesMailman School of Public HealthColumbia UniversityNew York, USA

Daniel P. SchragDepartment of Earth and Planetary SciencesHarvard UniversityCambridge, Massachusetts, USA

Sean R. ScottWyoming High Precision Isotope LaboratoryDepartment of Geology and GeophysicsUniversity of WyomingLaramie, Wyoming, USAandWisconsin State Laboratory of HygieneUniversity of Wisconsin‐MadisonMadison, Wisconsin, USA

Justin I. SimonCenter for Isotope Cosmochemistry and GeochronologyAstromaterials Research and Exploration Science DivisionNASA Johnson Space CenterHouston, Texas, USA

Kenneth W. W. SimsWyoming High Precision Isotope LaboratoryDepartment of Geology and GeophysicsUniversity of WyomingLaramie, Wyoming, USA

Alexandra V. TurchynDepartment of Earth SciencesUniversity of CambridgeCambridge, UK

Daniel Villanueva‐LascurainDepartment of Geological SciencesJackson School of GeosciencesThe University of Texas at AustinAustin, Texas, USA

Xiangli WangKey Laboratory of Cenozoic Geology and EnvironmentInstitute of Geology and GeophysicsChinese Academy of Sciences Beijing, China

Naomi L. WassermanNuclear and Chemical Sciences DivisionPhysical and Life Sciences DirectorateLawrence Livermore National LaboratoryLivermore, California, USA

James M. WatkinsDepartment of Earth SciencesUniversity of OregonEugene, Oregon, USA

ABOUT THE COMPANION WEBSITE

This book is accompanied by a companion website:

www.wiley.com\go\sims\isotopic_constraints

This website includes:

Supplementary data for chapters 2 and 3.

DEDICATION

Education isn’t filling a vessel, it is lighting a fire

—W. B. Yeats

Donald J. DePaolo commenced his scientific pursuits during a period when rapid technological advances in analytical mass spectrometry spawned an era of isotopic exploration and discovery, cementing the field of isotope geochemistry as a cornerstone discipline within the geosciences.

For his Ph.D. thesis at Caltech, under the supervision of Gerald Wasserberg, Don measured neodymium isotopes in volcanic rocks, combining the data with a model of crustal formation to define Earth’s mantle structure. It was simple, powerful, and changed the way we think about the structure of the Earth.

From those early days, it was clear that Don had great potential, but few could have predicted the extraordinary trajectory his career would follow, first at UCLA until 1988, and then at UC Berkeley. Over more than 40 years, Don combined careful and rigorous measurements with even greater scientific intuition to make contributions that span dozens of fields. From the crustal evolution of the Earth to reactive transport in groundwater, Don courageously explored new questions and challenged old orthodoxies. Whether in oceanography, glaciology, petrology, mineralogy, or sedimentology, Don aspired for his students and post‐docs to also think critically and clearly about every aspect of the Earth system.

Those of us who were fortunate enough to study under Don, either at UC Berkeley or UCLA, were keenly aware of Don’s fascination with simple models of the Earth at all scales – from models of the crust and mantle to models of ocean chemistry and biogeochemical cycles, and from sediments and pore waters and their mutual interaction to nucleation and growth kinetics of individual calcite crystals. Don pushed all of us to tackle complicated questions using simple tools and clever measurements, reminding us that there was almost no aspect of Earth science that could not benefit from fresh scrutiny.

In his seventieth year, this monograph honors the contributions Don has made as one of the foremost thinkers in the geological sciences. Don’s eclectic scientific interests have not only inspired future generations of scholars but also promoted a new way of attacking the mysteries of the Earth system. We all call ourselves isotope geochemists – but Don expanded the definition of what that means to touch nearly every corner of Earth science and explore the full range of geologic time. Many of us would hardly recognize each other’s work at conferences, but we all share a common background and a common approach cultivated by Don, which is now being passed on to successive generations.

For all of us students, Don has inspired and transformed our lives. Through Don, we learned to think more critically and to find value in quiet contemplation. His unwavering vision of his own scientific career helped us to define our own paths. His unconcealable enthusiasm for a problem well‐posed taught us that science is both important and fun. But perhaps most importantly, through Don’s belief in each of us, we learned to believe in ourselves. And it is for that gift that we will be forever appreciative.

Kenneth W. W. Sims, Kate Maher, and Daniel P. Schrag

Part IHigh‐Temperature/Deep Earth Processes