Laboratory Hematology Practice E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 2406

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2012

Beschreibung

Expertly edited and endorsed by the International Society for Laboratory Hematology, this is the newest international textbook on all aspects of laboratory hematology. Covering both traditional and cutting-edge hematology laboratory technology this book emphasizes international recommendations for testing practices. Illustrative case studies on how technology can be used in patient diagnosis are included. Laboratory Hematology Practice is an invaluable resource for all those working in the field.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Dedication

Title page

Copyright page

Contributors

Preface

Abbreviations

I: Cellular Analysis

1 Historical Perspective on Cellular Analysis

Introduction

Microscopy

Manual cell analysis

Hemoglobin

Single-channel analyzers

Early multiparameter cell analyzers

Automation of the leukocyte differential count

Flow cytometry

Modern multiparameter cell analyzers

2 Cellular Morphologic Analysis of Peripheral Blood

Introduction

Sample collection

Pre-analytic variables

Peripheral blood smears

Artifacts on peripheral blood smears

Blood cell examination: the complete blood count

Blood cell examination

Limitations of the blood smear

Clinical utility of the blood smear

Definitive diagnoses for devotees of the blood smear

Conclusions

Acknowledgments

3 Automated Cell Analysis: Principles

Introduction

Optical light measurements

Data presentation (formats)

Hemoglobinometry

Conclusion

4 Differential Leukocyte Analysis

Introduction

A brief overview of hematopoiesis

Reference methods

Pre-analytic requirements

Leukocyte differential analysis

5 Automated Platelet Analysis

Introduction

Fully automated methods for platelet counting

Quality control for automated hematology analyzers

Immunologic platelet counting

Additional parameters from an automated platelet count

Problems with automated platelet counting

Reticulated or immature platelets

Platelet microparticles

Conclusions

6 Method Standardization in Cellular Analysis

Introduction

Standardization considerations in instrument design

Methodologic standardization

Quality control

Method validation principles and accreditation considerations

Conclusion

7 Spurious Counts and Spurious Results on Hematology Analyzers: Platelets

Introduction

General considerations about platelet counts

Situations that lead to spuriously low platelet counts

Situations that lead to spuriously elevated platelet counts

Conclusions

Acknowledgments

8 Spurious Counts and Spurious Results on Hematology Analyzers: White Blood Cells, Red Blood Cells, Hemoglobin, Red Cell Indices, and Reticulocytes

Introduction

White blood cells

Hemoglobin, red blood cell count, and red blood cell parameters

Spurious red blood cell counts and red cell parameters

Reticulocytes

Conclusions

Acknowledgments

9 Evaluation of Hematology Analyzers

Introduction

Levels of evaluation

Stages of evaluation

II: Flow Cytometry in Hematologic Diagnosis

10 Flow Cytometric Specimen Collection, Processing, and Reporting

Introduction

Medical indications for flow cytometric testing

Recommended levels of responsibility and training

Method validation

Accuracy

Precision

Sensitivity

Limit of quantitation

Specificity

Test stability and sample handling

Reference range (interval)

Documentation, summary, and implementation

Sample collection

Sample processing

Quality control

Data acquisition and analysis

Interpretation and reporting of flow cytometric data

Interpretation of hematolymphoid neoplasia: a clear message

11 Validation and Quality Control in Clinical Flow Cytometry

Instrument installation, operation, and performance qualification

Optimization and validation of laboratory-developed tests

Monitors of specimen integrity

Summary

12 A New Paradigm for Cytometric Analysis

Introduction

Limitations of the current paradigm

Paradigm change and the music analogy

Parametric plots

B-cell lineage defined by 12 correlated parameters

How it works

Probability state model

Stochastic selection

Modeling process

Accounts for population overlap

Multiple sample or tube integration

Summary

III: Molecular Diagnostics

13 Sample Collection, Processing, and Storage for Molecular Genetic Testing

Introduction

Standard precautions and safety

Specimen collection and processing

Nucleic acid extraction and purification

Assessment of purified nucleic acid quality and quantity

Specimen transportation and storage

14 Development of Amplification-Based Molecular Genetic Testing in Hematology

Introduction

The basis of amplification-based methodologies

Diagnostic molecular abnormalities in hematolymphoid malignancies

Development and implementation of PCR techniques in the diagnostic laboratory

Restriction enzyme and other post-amplification techniques

Modern methods used for PCR analysis

Validation and quality control of PCR-based assays

Conclusion

15 Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Molecular Diagnostics

Overview of genomic variations

Single nucleotide polymorphisms

Haplotype

Sequencing

Clinical genotyping of SNPs/mutations

SNPs/mutations associated with thrombosis

SNPs/mutations associated with warfarin therapy

Detection, interpretation, and limitations of molecular assays

Conclusion

16 Molecular Cytogenetic (FISH) Analysis of Hematolymphoid Disorders

Introduction

Basic principles of FISH

Clinical indications for FISH testing in hematolymphoid disorders

Advantages and limitations of FISH

Laboratory validation of FISH probes

Diagnostic and prognostic FISH markers in myeloid disorders

Diagnostic and prognostic FISH markers in lymphoid disorders

Other FISH technologies

Conclusions

17 Immunoglobulin and T-Cell Receptor Gene Rearrangement Analysis for Diagnosis of Hematologic Malignancies

Introduction

Immunoglobulin/T-cell receptor gene rearrangement processes

Clonality diagnostics in lymphoid malignancies using immunoglobulin and TCR gene rearrangements

Prognostic subclassification of lymphoid malignancies through VH somatic hypermutation analysis

Identification of chromosomal translocations involving immunoglobulin/TCR genes

Detection of MRD using immunoglobulin/TCR gene rearrangements as PCR targets

Conclusions

18 Minimal Residual Disease Detection in Acute Myeloid Leukemia by RQ-PCR and Multiparameter Flow Cytometry

Introduction

MRD quantitation by multiparameter flow cytometry

MRD assessment by quantitative PCR

Comparison of multiparameter flow cytometry and RQ-PCR

Conclusions

19 Engraftment Analysis Using Short Tandem Repeats Following Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation

Introduction

STR applications

States of chimerism

Clinical utility of chimerism analysis in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation

Laboratory detection of engraftment using short tandem repeats

Chimerism analysis for allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation

Other methodologies

Conclusions

20 Molecular Profiling Methods in the Diagnosis of Hematologic Disorders

Introduction

Gene expression profiling

Clinical applications in diagnostic hematopathology

Array comparative genomic hybridization

Methylation arrays

Proteomics

Conclusions

21 The Role of Classical Cytogenetics in Hematologic Diagnosis

Sample processing and culture methods for cytogenetic analysis

Interpretation of cytogenetic results

Utilization of classical cytogenetics in the diagnosis of hematologic malignancies

New technologies in cytogenetic analysis

IV: Bone Marrow Analysis

22 Bone Marrow Processing and Normal Morphology

Introduction

Normal hematopoiesis

Bone marrow aspirate and biopsy procurement

Bone marrow aspirate and biopsy: staining and processing

Bone marrow evaluation

Reporting results of a comprehensive bone marrow evaluation

Research techniques: bone marrow tissue microarray

23 Cytochemical, Immunocytochemical, Histochemical, and Immunohistochemical Staining of Bone Marrow and Peripheral Blood

Introduction

Aspirate cytochemical staining

Aspirate immunocytochemical staining

Histochemical staining of bone marrow trephine biopsy sections

Immunohistochemical staining of bone marrow trephine biopsy sections

Tissue microarrays

24 The Myeloproliferative Neoplasms

Introduction

Chronic myelogenous leukemia

Polycythemia vera

Essential thrombocythemia

Primary myelofibrosis

Rare chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms

Chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms, unclassifiable

Mixed MDS/MPN

Conclusions

25 Myelodysplastic Disorders

Introduction

Criteria for diagnosis and classification

Diagnostic and prognostic utility of flow cytometry in MDS

Cytogenetics in the myelodysplastic syndromes

Prognosis in the myelodysplastic syndromes

26 Acute Leukemias

Introduction

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia

Acute myeloid leukemia

Acute leukemias of ambiguous lineage

27 Lymphoproliferative Disorders

Introduction

Clinical and laboratory manifestations

Diagnostic approach

Lymphoid neoplasms

28 Plasma Cell Disorders

The approach to plasma cell disorders in laboratory hematology

Plasma cell myeloma

Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance

Plasma cell leukemia

Amyloidosis

29 Diagnosis of Adult Mastocytosis: Role for Bone Marrow Analysis

Introduction

Criteria for the diagnosis of systemic mastocytosis

Integrated diagnostic features of the most frequent subtypes of adult mastocytosis

Conclusions

Acknowledgment

30 Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria (PNH) Analysis

Introduction

Historical perspective

PNH defect

Disease classification

Diagnosis by flow cytometry

Diagnosis of PNH by flow cytometry: clinical value

Quality assurance

V: Hemostasis and Thrombosis

31 Sample Collection and Processing in Hemostasis

Introduction

Sample collection

Specimen transportation

Specimen processing

Stability and storage of plasma samples

Controlled thawing of frozen plasma samples

Conclusions

32 Performance and Interpretation of Routine Coagulation Assays

Introduction

Overview of coagulation physiology

Laboratory measurement of clot-based coagulation tests

Tests of global hemostasis

Quality in the hemostasis laboratory

Hemostasis reference ranges

Test validation and performance characteristics

Internal quality control

Results reporting

External quality assessment

33 Clotting Factors and Inhibitors: Assays and Interpretation

Clotting factor assays

Clotting factor inhibitor assays

34 Diagnosis of von Willebrand Disease

Introduction and background

Phenotypic assays used in the diagnosis of VWD

Fundamental problems with the phenotypic evaluation of VWD

Diagnosis or exclusion of congenital VWD

Conclusions

35 Diagnosis of Fibrinolytic Disorders

Introduction to the fibrinolytic system

Clinical evaluation of the fibrinolytic system

Hereditary fibrinolytic bleeding disorders

Acquired fibrinolytic bleeding disorders

Fibrinolysis and venous thrombosis

Fibrinolysis and the risk of arterial thrombosis

Fibrinolysis, dysfibrinogens, and thrombosis

Fibrinolysis and sepsis

Disseminated intravascular coagulation

36 Laboratory Evaluation of Acquired Coagulation Disorders

Introduction

Disseminated intravascular coagulation

Coagulation and cancer

Liver disease

Newborn and pediatric coagulation

Conclusions

Acknowledgments

37 Platelet Assays and Platelet Dysfunction

Platelet function

Initial approach to diagnosing a platelet defect

Platelet function testing

Classification of platelet disorders

38 Thrombophilia: Assays and Interpretation

Introduction

Testing for inherited thrombophilic risk

Testing for acquired thrombophilic risk

Special considerations in neonates and children

Testing for thrombophilia in children

Special considerations in hormone therapy and pregnancy

Approach to the patient with thrombosis or thrombophilic risk

39 Lupus Anticoagulants, Antiphospholipid Antibodies, and Antiphospholipid Syndrome

Introduction

Assays for the lupus anticoagulant

Immunoassays for phospholipid antibodies

Special issues and problems

Conclusions

40 Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia

Introduction

Pathogenesis of HIT

Clinical picture of HIT

Laboratory assays (immunologic and functional)

Diagnosis of HIT

41 Anticoagulant, Antiplatelet, and Thrombolytic Drugs

Introduction

Antiplatelet agents

Anticoagulant agents

Thrombolytic agents

42 Guidelines for Evaluation of Coagulation Analyzers and Coagulation Testing

Introduction

Selection of a coagulometer

Planning the evaluation

Performance evaluation by the end user

Point-of-care coagulometers

VI: Special Hematology Techniques

43 Essentials of Immunohematology

Introduction

Red cell antigens and disease

The blood bank and evaluation of the patient with new anemia

Thrombocytopenia

Artifacts of transfusion

Component therapy

Human leukocyte antigen typing

Transfusion and transplantation

Conclusions

44 Analysis of Hemoglobinopathies, Hemoglobin Variants and Thalassemias

Background

Hemoglobin

Classification of hemoglobinopathies

Laboratory diagnosis of abnormal hemoglobins and thalassemias

Screening algorithms and interpretation of results for newborns and adult patients and carriers

Conclusions

45 Nutritional Anemia

Introduction

Iron deficiency

Vitamin A deficiency

Folic acid and vitamin B12 deficiency

Other causes of nutritional anemia

Diagnostic approach to suspected nutritional anemia

Acknowledgments

46 Hemolytic Anemias Associated with Disorders of Erythrocyte Membrane and Cytoskeleton Proteins

Introduction

Hereditary spherocytosis

Hereditary elliptocytosis and hereditary pyropoikilocytosis

Hereditary stomatocytoses, Southeast Asian ovalocytosis, and related disorders

Patient and sample information

Laboratory tests

47 Body Fluid Analysis

Sample collection and transport

Testing methodology

Proficiency testing issues concerning body fluids

Post-analytic considerations in body fluid analysis

48 Malaria Analysis

Introduction

Microscopic diagnosis of malaria with Giemsa stains

Alternative diagnoses of malaria

High-throughput parasite assay in drug development

Drug resistance markers and assessments

Method comparison and recommendation

49 Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate (ESR)

Introduction

The ESR phenomenon

Clinical applications of the ESR

Sample collection

Pre-analytic processing

Quality control

Method comparison

Current international guidelines for appropriate medical use

Conclusions

VII: Point-of-Care Testing

50 Needs Analysis and Selection of Point-of-Care Testing Analyzers

Introduction

Guidelines

Needs analysis

Organization and quality management

POC analyzer selection

Conclusions

51 Point-of-Care Testing in Hemostasis

Introduction

General issues related to POC

POC INR monitoring

Thromboelastography and thromboelastometry

Activated clotting time

POC platelet function tests

52 Point-of-Care Hematology Assays

Introduction

Benefits of POC testing

Guidelines

Hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit measurement

CBC measurement

CD4+ lymphocyte measurement

Conclusions

VIII: Management of Information

53 Laboratory Management

Introduction

Laboratory design

Test system selection

Information management

Human resource management

Creating a quality and patient safety culture

54 Hematology Quality Practices

Instrument/method selection

Quality control in the hematology laboratory

Proficiency testing (external quality assessment)

Reference intervals (normal range)

55 Digital Imaging in Hematology

Introduction

Digital imaging

Virtual slides

Applications

Standardization

The future

Index

This book is dedicated to the memory of Dr Berend Houwen and Dr Noriyuki Tatsumi

This edition first published 2012 © 2012 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Laboratory hematology practice / edited by Kandice Kottke-Marchant, Bruce H. Davis.

p. ; cm.

 Includes bibliographical references and index.

 ISBN-13: 978-1-4051-6218-0 (hard cover : alk. paper)

 ISBN-10: 1-4051-6218-X (hard cover : alk. paper)

 1. Hematology. 2. Blood–Analysis. I. Kottke-Marchant, Kandice. II. Davis, Bruce H., M.D.

 [DNLM: 1. Hematologic Tests–methods. 2. Blood Chemical Analysis–methods. 3. Cytological Techniques. 4. Hematologic Diseases–diagnosis. QY 400]

RB45.L235 2012

616.07'561–dc23

2011023990

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books.

Contributors

Dorothy M. Adcock MD

Medical Director

Esoterix Inc.

Englewood, CO, USA

Robert W. Allan MD

Clinical Associate Professor

Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine

University of Florida College of Medicine

Gainesville, FL, USA

Julia Almeida MD, PhD

Associate Professor

Servicio General de Citometría and Departamento de Medicina

Instituto de Biología Celular y Molecular del Cáncer

Centro de Investigación del Cáncer/IBMCC (CSIC-USAL)

Universidad de Salamanca

Salamanca, Spain

Samer Z. Al-Quran MD

Associate Professor

Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine

University of Florida College of Medicine

Gainesville, FL, USA

Ivan Alvarez-Twose MD

Clinical Associate Professor

Instituto de Estudios de Mastocitosis de Castilla La Mancha

Hospital Virgen del Valle

Toledo, Spain

Diane C. Arthur MD

Staff Clinician

Head, Clinical Cytogenetics Section

Laboratory of Pathology, CCR, NCI, NIH

Bethesda, MD, USA

C. Bruce Bagwell MD, PhD

President

Verity Software House

Topsham, ME, USA

Barbara J. Bain MBBS, FRACP, FRCPath

Professor of Diagnostic Haematology

Imperial College Faculty of Medicine

St Mary’s Hospital

London, UK

Patrick W. Barnes MA MT(ASCP)

Laboratory Manager—Hematology

Barnes-Jewish Hospital

St. Louis, MO, USA

Marie-Christine Béné PharmSciD, PhD

Immunology Professor and Biologist

Centre Hospitalier Universitaire et Faculté de Médecine de Nancy

Nancy Université

Nancy, France

David J. Blomberg MD

Formerly Associate Professor, Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Univ. of MN, Duluth, School of Medicine.

Formerly of Arrowhead Pathologists, P.A.

Duluth, MN, USA

Bobby L. Boyanton Jr. MD

Associate Professor of Pathology

Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine

Medical Director, Clinical Microbiology

Associate Medical Director, Molecular Pathology

Beaumont Hospital

Department of Clinical Pathology

Royal Oak, MI, USA

Raul C. Braylan MD

Professor Emeritus

Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine

University of Florida College of Medicine

Gainesville, FL, USA

Carol Briggs BSc, FIBMS

Chief Biomedical Scientist and Researcher

Department of Haematology

University College London Hospitals

London, UK

Lesley J. Bruce PhD

Senior Research Scientist

Bristol Institute for Transfusion Sciences

NHS Blood & Transplant

Bristol, UK

Layna K. Cardel BS, MT(ASCP)

Education Specialist

Mayo Special Coagulation Laboratory

Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology

Mayo Clinic Rochester;

Instructor, Laboratory Medicine

Mayo Clinic College of Medicine

Rochester, MN, USA

George S. Cembrowski MD, PhD

Director, Medical Biochemistry,

University Hospital

Associate Professor,

Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology

University of Alberta

Edmonton, Alberta, Canada

Wayne Chandler MD

Vice Chair

Clinical Coagulation and Chemistry

Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine

The Methodist Hospital

Houston, TX, USA

Sindhu Cherian MD

Assistant Professor

Department of Laboratory Medicine

University of Washington

Seattle, WA, USA

Hyun-Sook Chi MD, PhD

Emeritus Professor

University of Ulsan

College of Medicine and Asan Medical Center

Seoul, Korea

James R. Cook MD, PhD

Associate Professor of Pathology

Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine

Molecular Hematopathology Section Head

Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute