Large Rivers E-Book
279,99 €
Mehr erfahren.
- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
- Sprache: Englisch
An updated treatment of management and geomorphology of large rivers around the world
The newly revised Second Edition of Large Rivers: Geomorphology and Management delivers a thoroughly updated exploration of the form and function of major rivers. The book brings together a set of papers on the large rivers of the world, offering readers an insightful examination of a demanding subject. The new Second Edition of the book includes fully updated and revised chapters, as well as two entirely new chapters on the Ayeyarwady and the Arctic rivers.
This fascinating volume describes the environmental requirements for creating and maintaining a major river system, case studies on over a dozen large rivers from different continents in a variety of physical environments, and the measurement and management of large rivers. Unmatched in scope, Large Rivers sheds light on a subject lacking in comprehensive study. Readers will benefit from the inclusion of:
- A thorough introduction to the geology of large river systems, hydrology and discharge, transcontinental moving and storage of sediment, and the greatest floods and largest rivers
- An exploration of the classification, architecture, and evolution of large-river deltas
- Discussions of sedimentology and stratigraphy of large river deposits, including their recognition in the ancient record and the distinction from incised valley fills
- An examination of the effects of tectonism, climate change, and sea-level change on the form and behavior of the modern Amazon river and its floodplain
- Measurement and management of large rivers
- The effect of climatic change on large rivers
Perfect for postgraduate students and researchers in fluvial geomorphology, hydrology, sedimentary geology, and river management, Large Rivers: Geomorphology and Management will also earn a place in the libraries of engineers and environmental consultants in the private and public sectors working on major rivers around the world.
Sie lesen das E-Book in den Legimi-Apps auf:
Seitenzahl: 2305
Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2022
Ähnliche
Table of Contents
Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
About the Editor
List of Contributors
Preface
1 Introduction
1.1 Large Rivers and People
1.2 What Is a Large River?
1.3 The Book and its Content
References
2 Geology of Large River Systems
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Tectonic Settings of Large River Systems
2.3 Complexity of Drainage Types and Channel Morphology
2.4 Large Rivers – Climatic Settings and Climatic Variability
2.5 Modern Large Rivers – Hydrology and Sediment Dispersal
2.6 Landforms and Alluvial Architecture of Large River Systems
2.7 Growth and Development of Large River Systems
2.8 Duration of Large River Systems and the Rock Record
2.9 Sea Level, Tectonic, and Climatic Controls on the Large River Systems
2.10 Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgments
References
3 Hydrology and Discharge
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Large Rivers of the Equatorial Regions
3.3 Large Rivers of the Drylands
3.4 Rivers of the Mid‐Latitudes
3.5 Rivers Draining South from the Himalaya
3.6 Rivers of East and Southeast Asia
3.7 High‐Latitude Rivers
3.8 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
4 Transcontinental Moving and Storage: The Orinoco and Amazon Rivers Transfer the Andes to the Atlantic
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Andean Sources and Alluvial Storage
4.3 Orinoco
4.4 Amazon
4.5 The Amazon Goes to Sea
4.6 Coda
Acknowledgements
References
5 Megafloods and Large Rivers
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Historical Background
5.3 Terrestrial Glacial Megafloods
5.4 Extraterrestrial Megafloods and Megarivers
5.5 Conclusion
References
6 Classification, Architecture, and Evolution of Large River Deltas
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Definition of a Delta and Delta Components
6.3 Classification of Deltas
6.4 Morphology and Sediment
6.5 Delta Evolution
6.6 Problems of Sediment Supply
6.7 Concluding Remarks
Acknowledgements
References
7 Sedimentology and Stratigraphy of Large River Deposits: Recognition and Preservation Potential in the Rock Record
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Geomorphology of Modern Big Rivers
7.3 Sedimentology and Stratigraphy of Modern Big Rivers
7.4 Sedimentology and Stratigraphy of Ancient Big Rivers
7.5 Discussion: Preservation Potential of Big River Deposits
7.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
8 Effects of Tectonism and Sea‐Level Change on the Form and Behaviour of the Modern Amazon River and Its Floodplain
8.1 Background
8.2 Amazon Basin Characteristics
8.3 Tectonic Influences on the Modern Amazon
8.4 Structural Influences on Amazon River Geomorphology
8.5 Influences of Sea‐Level Changes on the Amazon River and Floodplain
8.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
Notes
9 The Mississippi River System
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Cenozoic Drainage Evolution
9.3 Influence of Quaternary Glaciations
9.4 Proglacial Lakes and Extreme Floods
9.5 Response of the Lower Mississippi Valley to Upper Valley Glaciation and Flooding
9.6 The Mississippi River System During the Holocene
9.7 Morphology of the Mississippi River
9.8 Modern Hydrology
9.9 The Mississippi River System: Summary and Outlook
Acknowledgements
References
Note
10 The Colorado River
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Physiography
10.3 Gradient, Valley Width, and Channel Form in the Colorado Plateau
10.4 Hydrology
10.5 The Colorado River in the Millennium Drought
10.6 Hydrology: Past and Future
10.7 Pre‐dam and Post‐dam Sediment Yield and Sediment Transport
10.8 Channel Adjustment and Ecological Change During the Twentieth Century
10.9 Modern Fish Community
10.10 Environmental Management of the Modern River
10.11 The Future
10.12 Conclusion
References
Notes
11 The Lena: A Large River in a Deep Permafrost Zone
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Description of the Lena Drainage Basin
11.3 A Periglacial Environment
11.4 Floodplain, Delta, and Periglacial Land Forms
11.5 Impact of Climatic Change on the Hydrosystem
11.6 Conclusion
References
12 The Danube: Morphology, Evolution, and Environmental Issues
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Water and Sediment
12.3 Headwaters of the Danube
12.4 Hydromorphology of the Danube Sections
12.5 The Danube Delta
12.6 The Evolution of the Valley of the Danube
12.7 Human Impacts
References
13 The Yukon and the Mackenzie: Large Arctic Rivers of North America
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Large Arctic Rivers of North America
13.3 The Yukon and the Mackenzie: A Study in Contrasts
13.4 The Future of Large Arctic Rivers in North America
13.5 Conclusion
References
14 The River Nile: Evolution and Environment
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Nile Basin River Environments
14.3 Early Origins and the Neogene Nile
14.4 The Late Pleistocene and Holocene Nile
14.5 Records of Nile River Behaviour in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea
14.6 The Modern Nile: Hydrology and Geomorphology
14.7 The Suspended Sediment Budget
14.8 The Nile Delta and The Eastern Mediterranean
14.9 River Basin Management and Global Change
Acknowledgements
References
15 The Congo River, Central Africa
15.1 Introduction
15.2 The Course of the Congo River
15.3 Geology and Geomorphology of the Congo Basin
15.4 Evolution of the Congo River
15.5 The Flow Regime of the Congo
15.6 Solid, Suspended, and Dissolved Load
15.7 The Congo Mouth and the Submarine Canyon
15.8 The Congo River and Its Economic Importance
15.9 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
16 The Zambezi: Origins and Legacies of Earth's Oldest River System
16.1 Introduction
16.2 The Zambezi River System
16.3 Hydrology
16.4 Ecological Impact of Major Dams
16.5 Evolution of the Zambezi River System
16.6 Drainage Evolution and Speciation
16.7 Cultural and Economic Aspects
16.8 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
17 The Geographic, Geological, and Oceanographic Setting of the Indus River – An Update
17.1 Introduction
17.2 The Drainage Basin
17.3 Evolution of the Indus River
17.4 Indus Water and Sediment Discharge
17.5 The Indus Delta
17.6 Submarine Indus System
17.7 Water Management
17.8 The Indus Dolphins
17.9 Environmental Changes
17.10 Conclusion
References
18 The Ganga River
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Hydrology
18.3 Water Quality
18.4 Material Transfer in the Ganga
18.5 Mineralogy and Geochemistry of Sediments
18.6 Heavy Metals and Pollutants in the Sediment
18.7 The Plain and the River
18.8 The Delta
18.9 A Summary of Current Geomorphic Processes
18.10 Quaternary Evolution of the Ganga
18.11 Utilization of the River and Associated Problems
Acknowledgements
References
Note
19 Erosion and Weathering in the Brahmaputra River System
19.1 Introduction
19.2 The Brahmaputra River System
19.3 Geology of the Basin
19.4 Hydrology
19.5 Floods in the Brahmaputra
19.6 Characteristics of the Brahmaputra Channel
19.7 Erosion and Weathering
19.8 Sediment Yield or Erosion Rates in the Various Zones
19.9 Chemical Weathering and Erosion
19.10 Bed Load and Weathering Intensity
19.11 Control of Physical and Chemical Erosion in the Brahmaputra Basin
19.12 Conclusion
References
20 The Jamuna–Brahmaputra River, Bangladesh
20.1 Background
20.2 Channel Scale Morphology and Recent Historical Changes in the Course of the Brahmaputra–Jamuna River
20.3 Bedform Types and Dynamics
20.4 Bifurcations, Offtakes, and Confluences
20.5 Floodplain Sedimentation
20.6 Sedimentology of the Jamuna River
20.7 Applied Geomorphology and Engineering in the Jamuna River
20.8 Summary: What Does the Future Hold?
Acknowledgements
References
21 The Ayeyarwady River
21.1 Introduction
21.2 The Ayeyarwady Drainage Basin
21.3 History of the Ayeyarwady
21.4 Looking Ahead
References
22 The Mekong River: Morphology, Evolution, and Management
22.1 Introduction
22.2 The Mekong Basin: Physical Characteristics
22.3 The River
22.4 The Mekong Over Time: The Geomorphic History
22.5 Erosion and Sediment Transfer
22.6 The Mekong and Its Basin: Resource and Management
22.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
23 Dynamic Hydrology and Geomorphology of the Yangtze River
23.1 Basin Geology and Landforms
23.2 River Morphology
23.3 Storage and Transfer of Water and Sediment
23.4 Large‐Scale River Management – Three Gorges Damand the Planned Water Transfer
Acknowledgements
References
24 The Nile River: Geology, Hydrology, Hydraulic Society
24.1 Introduction
24.2 Physiography
24.3 Geologic History
24.4 Climate and Climate Change
24.5 Hydrology
24.6 A Unique Record
24.7 The Nile and Hydraulic Civilizations
24.8 A Recent History of Nile Water Management
Acknowledgements
References
Notes
25 Patterns and Controls on Historical Channel Change in the Willamette River, Oregon USA
25.1 Introduction
25.2 An Approach for Interpreting Multiple Impacts on Large Rivers
25.3 Geologic Setting, Human, and Flood History of the Willamette
25.4 Data and Methods for Measuring Historical Channel Change
25.5 Results: Patterns and Controls on Historical Channel Changes
25.6 Discussion, Narrative of Historical Channel Change
25.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
26 Rivers and Humans – Unintended Consequences
26.1 Introduction
26.2 Armour
26.3 Hydrology
26.4 Conclusion
References
Notes
27 Large Rivers from Space
27.1 Introduction and Update
27.2 Basin Characteristics
27.3 Valley Configuration
27.4 Geomorphology
27.5 Water‐surface Elevation, Gradient, and Discharge
27.6 Water Extent and Inundation Mapping
27.7 Mapping Sediment Concentration
27.8 Zambezi River – Water Type Mapping on Floodplains
27.9 Thermal Properties
27.10 Change Detection
References
Notes
28 Channel Geometry Analysis Technique for the Lower Mississippi River
28.1 Introduction
28.2 Context
28.3 Data Acquisition and Pre‐processing
28.4 Analytical Approach and Methodology
28.5 Results
28.6 Interpretation and Commentary
28.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
29 The Management of Large Rivers: Technical and Political Challenges
29.1 Introduction
29.2 The Challenges of River Management
29.3 Management of Rivers in Developing Countries
29.4 Conclusion
References
30 The Physical Diversity and Assessment of a Large River System: The Murray–Darling Basin, Australia
30.1 Introduction
30.2 The Murray–Darling Basin
30.3 The Character of Rivers within the Murray–Darling Basin
30.4 Assessment of the Physical Condition of Rivers in the Murray–Darling Basin
30.5 Resilience and Large Rivers as Social‐Ecological Systems – Future Directions
30.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
31 Spatial and Temporal Variations of Water and Sediment Discharges of the Yangtze River (Changjiang) from 1950 to 2018: Erosion of Lake, Channel, and Delta
31.1 Introduction
31.2 Physical Setting
31.3 Data and Methods of Study
31.4 Spatial Variations of Water and Sediment
31.5 Temporal Variations of Water and Sediment
31.6 Discussion
31.7 Channel and Coastal Responses to Declining Sediment Discharge
31.8 Future Water and Sediment Discharges
31.9 Climatic and Anthropogenic Impacts on Other Global Rivers – the Mississippi Example
Acknowledgements
References
32 Large River Systems and Climate Change
32.1 Introduction
32.2 A Brief History of Ideas
32.3 Fluvial Response to Climate Change: Some General Concepts
32.4 Fluvial Response to Past Climate Change: Contrasting Examples
32.5 Epilog: Large Rivers and Climate Change, Past to Future
References
Index
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
Chapter 1
Table 1.1 Selected characteristics of 24 large rivers.
Chapter 2
Table 2.1 Tectonic settings and morphological variability of large rivers.
Chapter 3
Table 3.1 Basic characteristics of selected large river basins, listed from ...
Chapter 5
Table 5.1 Properties of various terrestrial megafloods.
Chapter 6
Table 6.1 Large rivers in the world in terms of suspended sediment load, wat...
Table 6.2 Delta areas of selected major river systems.
Chapter 7
Table 7.1 Selected properties of some of the World's Large Rivers, with rank...
Chapter 9
Table 9.1 Percentages of land uses in the Mississippi River drainage basin....
Chapter 10
Table 10.1 Estimated natural flow and measured flows of the three headwater ...
Table 10.2 Average annual consumptive uses and losses in the Colorado River ...
Table 10.3 Early estimates of the total annual flow of the Colorado River....
Chapter 12
Table 12.1 Proportions of the estimated bedload and suspended load transport...
Table 12.2 A summary of medium‐flow regulation of the Danube.
Chapter 13
Table 13.1 Characteristics of the Mackenzie and Yukon Rivers.
Chapter 14
Table 14.1 Drainage basin area of the Nile and major tributary basins.
Table 14.2 A comparison of the modern Grand Canyon in Arizona with estimates...
Table 14.3 Runoff data for the largest rivers in Africa.
Table 14.4 Long‐term water balance data for lakes and swamps in the Nile Bas...
Table 14.5 Water balance of the Sudd region for various periods of the twent...
Table 14.6 Mean annual unregulated discharges for the major basins of the Ni...
Table 14.7 The suspended sediment loads and yields of some large African riv...
Table 14.8 Geographical, hydrological, and water resource data for each of t...
Chapter 15
Table 15.1 Gradient of the Congo River for selected sites.
Table 15.2 Hypsometric structure of the Congo Basin.
Chapter 16
Table 16.1 Flow data used in Figure 16.11.
Table 16.2 Zambezi River: mean monthly flows (m
3
s
−1
).
Chapter 17
Table 17.1 Major floods events in Pakistan.
Table 17.2 Net translocation, translocation rate, vulnerability/sustainabili...
Table 17.3 Major dams and barrages on the Indus River.
Table 17.4 Rapidly declining water and sediment discharges downstream of the...
Chapter 18
Table 18.1 Seasonal variation in flow at various stations of the Ganga River...
Table 18.2 Variation in monsoon discharge at various stations of the Ganga R...
Table 18.3 Ganga River segments and their geomorphic characteristics.
Chapter 19
Table 19.1 Discharge and drainage of the Brahmaputra main stream and its tri...
Table 19.2 Various flood control measures in Assam.
Table 19.3 Rb, Sr, Sm, Nd, Re, and Os concentrations and Sr, Nd, and Os isot...
Table 19.4 Erosion and exhumation rates of various regions of the Himalaya....
Table 19.5 Major ion composition of waters of the Brahmaputra River system....
Table 19.6 Chemical erosion and CO
2
consumption rates in various zones of th...
Chapter 20
Table 20.1 Classification of floodplain water depths.
Chapter 22
Table 22.1 Dimensions of the Mekong.
Table 22.2 The Mekong: characteristics of the river units, south of China bo...
Chapter 23
Table 23.1 Historical record on highest water stage in Duochang Hydrological...
Chapter 24
Table 24.1 Climatic conditions: selected locations, Nile River region (Pleis...
Table 24.2 Distribution of coefficient
K
in equation for the range
R
, where
Table 24.3 Frequency and characterization of Nile floods from long historica...
Table 24.4 Periods of growth in societies in Egypt and associated factors.
Chapter 25
Table 25.1 Predicted channel response to natural and anthropogenic disturban...
Table 25.2 Channel maps used to quantify historical channel change.
Chapter 26
Table 26.1 No‐flow days at Platte River gauges.
Table 26.2 Top 10 flood discharges at St Louis.
Table 26.3 Top 10 flood discharges at St Louis.
Chapter 27
Table 27.1 Alphabetical list of instrument acronyms and names (representativ...
Table 27.2 Summary statistics for 13 large rivers shown in Figures 27.2 and ...
Chapter 28
Table 28.1 Results of initial screening of cross‐sections.
Table 28.2 Revised screening of cross‐sections, following limited extrapolat...
Chapter 29
Table 29.1 The 10 longest rivers in the world with their locations.
a)
Table 29.2 The 10 largest rivers in the world by discharge.
a)
Chapter 30
Table 30.1 A description of the physical character of functional process zon...
Table 30.2 Metrics used to assess the physical condition of rivers in the Mu...
Chapter 31
Table 31.1 Mann–Kendall trend analyses of precipitation and runoff from the ...
Chapter 32
Table 32.1 Drainage basin characteristics and equilbrium response times for ...
Table 32.2 Summary of Ganga system behavior over the late Quaternary.
List of Illustrations
Chapter 2
Figure 2.1 Major rivers of the world; numbers correspond to the river names ...
Figure 2.2 Tectonic setting of large rivers and their deltas. Major highland...
Figure 2.3 Complexity of drainage types of large river systems: (a) longitud...
Figure 2.4 Examples of channel patterns of large rivers as seen on Google Ea...
Figure 2.5 Large rivers – their climatic settings and climatic variability. ...
Figure 2.6 Characterization of large rivers on the basis of precipitation (
P
Figure 2.7 Drainage area, discharge and sediment of selected large rivers. P...
Figure 2.8 Variability in alluvial architecture of large rivers; (a) longitu...
Figure 2.9 Sea level, tectonic, and climate control on valley formation for ...
Chapter 3
Figure 3.1 Map indicating the location of the large rivers discussed in this...
Figure 3.2 Coefficient of variation of (a) annual peak discharge and (b) mon...
Figure 3.3 Average annual hydrographs for selected rivers. Scale of axis ind...
Figure 3.4 (a) Peak unit discharge and (b) mean annual unit discharge in rel...
Chapter 4
Figure 4.1 (a, b) Orinoco River basin of Venezuela and Colombia. Andes Mount...
Figure 4.2 Average discharges of suspended sediment (a) and fresh water (b) ...
Figure 4.3 Oblique aerial photographs of the Venezuelan llanos, showing visu...
Figure 4.4 Graphs showing the progressive maturation in the mineral composit...
Figure 4.5 (a, b) Amazon River basin in context of northern South America. A...
Figure 4.6 Average discharges of suspended sediment (a) and fresh water (b) ...
Figure 4.7 Side‐looking‐airborne‐radar mosaic of large tract of floodplain b...
Figure 4.8 Diagrams showing average annual fluxes and exchanges of sediment ...
Figure 4.9 Cross‐sections of rio Amazonas at Óbidos, 15 June 1976, showing v...
Figure 4.10 Astronaut photograph of Orinoco delta region. NASA photograph 51...
Chapter 5
Figure 5.1 Aerial photograph of giant current ripples (gravel dunes) located...
Figure 5.2 Sketch map of the late Pleistocene glacially diverted drainage sy...
Figure 5.3 Hypothetical pattern of the northern hemisphere glacial megaflood...
Figure 5.4 Sketch map of the late Pleistocene glacially diverted drainage sy...
Figure 5.5 Schematic longitudinal profile of the late Pleistocene glacially ...
Figure 5.6 Conventionally accepted pattern of late Pleistocene megafloods (a...
Figure 5.7 Sketch map of the western hemisphere of Mars, showing the 8000 km...
Figure 5.8 Schematic profile and cross‐section along the 8000 km drainage sy...
Chapter 6
Figure 6.1 Map showing the locations of mouths of major large rivers. Solid ...
Figure 6.2 Basic delta environments: (a) fluvial‐dominated delta Source: Mod...
Figure 6.3 Components of deltas based on their morphology and sedimentary en...
Figure 6.4 Wave‐influenced (type 1) deltas: (a) and (b) Mississippi Delta. S...
Figure 6.5 Mixed tide‐ and wave‐influenced (type 2) deltas: (a) Orinoco. Sou...
Figure 6.6 Tide‐influenced (type 3) deltas: (a) Changjiang (Yangtze), (b) Fl...
Figure 6.7 A classification of deltas in terms of relative amounts of fluvia...
Figure 6.8 Coastal environments for major large‐river deltas plotting log (m...
Figure 6.9 Evolution of deltas in response to sea‐level changes: (a) stable ...
Figure 6.10 Schematic illustration of delta switching. (a) Fluvial‐, and wav...
Chapter 7
Figure 7.1 Conceptual framework for large rivers and their deposits. Source:...
Figure 7.2 Aerial images of some of the world's large modern rivers, all cou...
Figure 7.3 Scale drawings to illustrate elements of scale invariance in the ...
Figure 7.4 Examples of ancient big river deposits from the Permian and Trias...
Chapter 8
Figure 8.1 (a) Generalized map of lithologic zones and structural features i...
Figure 8.2 Regional patterns of channel‐floodplain and coastal characteristi...
Figure 8.3 Structural framework of the Solimões, Amazonas, and Parnáiba Pala...
Figure 8.4 Reconstruction by Latrubesse and Franzinelli (2002) of the former...
Figure 8.5 (a) Map of the Amazon floodplain (shaded image) overlaid on a Bou...
Figure 8.6 (a) Schematic illustration of the relation between geomorphic and...
Figure 8.7 Floodplain and anabranching channel of the Central Amazon River b...
Figure 8.8 The Solimões River reach centred approximately at 69°45′W where t...
Figure 8.9 The Solimões River reach centred on 66°45′W downstream of the Riv...
Figure 8.10 The Solimões River reach between the Purús (lower left corner) a...
Figure 8.11 The Amazon River reach centred at 57°45′W approximately at 2450 ...
Figure 8.12 The Amazon River reach centred at 56°15′W approximately at 2650 ...
Figure 8.13 False‐colour Landsat image of the Amazon R. (dark blue) and the ...
Figure 8.14 The Amazon River reach centred at 53°15′W approximately at 3050 ...
Figure 8.15 Modern water surface elevation, modern bed elevation, and incise...
Chapter 9
Figure 9.1 The Mississippi River drainage basin drains more than 3.2 million...
Figure 9.2 Quaternary age continental glaciation has occurred within the Mis...
Figure 9.3 Major structural features within and near the Mississippi River d...
Figure 9.4 Wisconsin and Holocene alluvial deposits in the lower Mississippi...
Figure 9.5 Prior to Euro‐American settlement prairie grasslands dominated mo...
Figure 9.6 Proxy palaeoflood histories, for south‐western Wisconsin sites in...
Figure 9.7 Approximately three‐fourths of the drainage area of the Mississip...
Figure 9.8 Entry of the Mississippi River into the Gulf of Mexico has involv...
Figure 9.9 Longitudinal profile of the low water surface on the upper Missis...
Figure 9.10 (a) January daily average temperature (°C) in the Mississippi Ri...
Figure 9.11 Annual maximum flood series at selected sites in the Mississippi...
Figure 9.12 Time series of average daily discharge for sites along the Missi...
Figure 9.13 Dams reduce flood peaks and flow variability for downstream rive...
Figure 9.14 The dramatic reduction in suspended sediment load on the middle ...
Chapter 10
Figure 10.1 Watershed of the Colorado River in dark line and areas outside t...
Figure 10.2 Physiography of the Colorado River watershed and distinguishing ...
Figure 10.3 Major bedrock terrains and bedrock near river level of the Green...
Figure 10.4 The Green River in the restricted meandering section of the Uint...
Figure 10.5 Incised meanders of the Green River in Stillwater Canyon in Cany...
Figure 10.6 A fan‐eddy complex in the Green River in Grey Canyon. Flow is fr...
Figure 10.7 Observed average annual temperature (upper left), observed avera...
Figure 10.8 Median hydrographs of mean daily discharge at selected stations ...
Figure 10.9 Estimated total annual natural flow of the Colorado River at Lee...
Figure 10.10 Distribution of reservoirs and diversions of the Colorado River...
Figure 10.11 Upper Colorado River watershed, with mean annual measured strea...
Figure 10.12 Annual maximum instantaneous discharge for selected gauging sta...
Figure 10.13 Green River watershed, with mean annual measured stream flow (2...
Figure 10.14 Annual hydrology of the upper Green River near Greendale, immed...
Figure 10.15 Annual hydrology of the Green River at Green River, UT. (a) Est...
Figure 10.16 San Juan River watershed, with mean annual measured stream flow...
Figure 10.17 Average annual flows between Lake Powell and Hoover Dam. The da...
Figure 10.18 Flow regime of the Colorado River at Lees Ferry, 25 km downstre...
Figure 10.19 The Blue Dragon diagram showing the water distribution system o...
Figure 10.20 Daily hydrographs of the Colorado River at Yuma, Arizona (USGS ...
Figure 10.21 Twenty‐five‐year moving averages of natural flow of the Colorad...
Figure 10.22 Probability density functions of temperature‐induced flow reduc...
Figure 10.23 The relative amounts of suspended sediment in transport in the ...
Figure 10.24 Graph showing variation in annual suspended‐sediment loads befo...
Figure 10.25 Colorado River basin divided into four parts, based on the degr...
Figure 10.26 Colorado River delta region showing approximate dates and locat...
Figure 10.27 Aerial photographs showing transformation of the lower Colorado...
Figure 10.28 Longitudinal profile of the Colorado River immediately downstre...
Figure 10.29 Badger Creek Rapids in Marble Canyon. Photo taken from the clif...
Figure 10.30 Photographs showing channel narrowing caused by aggradation and...
Figure 10.31 Channel narrowing and simplification of the lower Green River i...
Figure 10.32 Drawing of a humpback chub. Courtesy of the Arizona Game and Fi...
Figure 10.33 Early drawing of a razorback sucker from D. S. Jordan (1891).
S
...
Figure 10.34 Drawing of a Colorado pikeminnow. Courtesy of the Arizona Game ...
Figure 10.35 Diagram of part of the Colorado River showing modern river temp...
Figure 10.36 Surface‐water budget for the March 2014 pulse flow released fro...
Chapter 11
Figure 11.1 Location map of the Lena River.
Figure 11.2 The Lena River delta, viewed by Landsat 7. Notes the thermokarst...
Figure 11.3 Fluvial regime of the Lena River – Mean monthly discharge (Tabag...
Figure 11.4 The Lena River at the Aldan junction, Landsat image. Width of th...
Figure 11.5 Fluvial landforms of the Lena River at the Aldan junction. Sourc...
Figure 11.6 Section in the Lena River of a frozen riverbank (63°25′N–129°25′...
Figure 11.7 Inlet of an anastomosed channel on the Lena River. The width of ...
Figure 11.8 Evolution of islands in the fluvial bed between 1967 and 2002 al...
Figure 11.9 Thermoerosional niching along the Lena River. Height of the rive...
Figure 11.10 Inundation of the Lena River floodplain, downstream of Pokrovsk...
Chapter 12
Figure 12.1 The Danube catchment. All geographical names mentioned in the te...
Figure 12.2 The longitudinal profile of the Danube with impounded reaches.
Figure 12.3 Sediment transport along the Danube (Habersack et al. 2016). 1, ...
Figure 12.4 The channelized Breg and the braided Brigach join to form the Da...
Figure 12.5 Percolation of water underground at Immendingen. The river bed i...
Figure 12.6 The Aachquelle, a spring of abundant discharge in Germany. Sourc...
Figure 12.7 The deepest gorge on the Danube: the Iron Gate on the Romanian–S...
Figure 12.8 The Danube Delta. (a) Earlier stage (after Hartley 1887) and (b)...
Figure 12.9 Floating vegetation on one of the lakes in the Danube Delta. Sou...
Figure 12.10 Terraces in the Vienna Basin (a, after Fink 1972) and in the Da...
Figure 12.11 The reconstructed ancient drainage of the Carpathian Basin. (a)...
Figure 12.12 Biological (BOD
5
) and
chemical oxygen demand
s (
COD
Cr
) and total...
Figure 12.13 Hydromorphological classification of the Danube sections (ICPDR...
Chapter 13
Figure 13.1 Large North American rivers draining into the Arctic and their m...
Figure 13.2 Annual hydrographs for the Mackenzie and Yukon Rivers.
Figure 13.3 Eroding bank along the Black River, a tributary of the Yukon in ...
Figure 13.4 Aufeis along the Aichilik River, Arctic Coastal Plain, Alaska, e...
Figure 13.5 Longitudinal profiles for the Mackenzie and the Yukon River main...
Figure 13.6 (a) Example of shoreline complexity from driftwood deposits on t...
Figure 13.7 Examples of planform characteristics along the Mackenzie (near r...
Chapter 14
Figure 14.1 Map of the Nile Basin showing the drainage network, major tribut...
Figure 14.2 Long profile of the Nile from the White Nile headwaters to the M...
Figure 14.3 Schematic reconstruction of the Nile Canyon showing the main cha...
Figure 14.4 The geomorphology of the middle and lower reaches of the White N...
Figure 14.5 Geomorphological processes in the Blue Nile Basin during (a) the...
Figure 14.6 Geomorphological maps of the lower White Nile floodplain showing...
Figure 14.7 The Dongola Reach in northern Sudan. (a) View looking westwards ...
Figure 14.8 Archaeological sites (red dots) and river channel dynamics in th...
Figure 14.9 The strontium isotope record from the Nile Delta (Manzala Lagoon...
Figure 14.10 Sources of sediment in the Holocene floodplain deposits of the ...
Figure 14.11 Phases of sapropel formation in the Eastern Mediterranean in re...
Figure 14.12 (a) Typical annual flow regime of the pre‐impoundment Nile at A...
Figure 14.13 Typical pre‐regulation water flows in the Nile basin. Source: A...
Figure 14.14 Geomorphological map of the Blue Nile and Atbara River basins a...
Figure 14.15 (a) The pre‐ and post‐impoundment flow regime at Aswan between ...
Figure 14.16 (a) The major geomorphological features and canals and pumping ...
Figure 14.17 The pattern of Nile sediment dispersal in the Eastern Mediterra...
Figure 14.18 Major water resource development projects in the Nile Basin. So...
Chapter 15
Figure 15.1 Location map of the Congo River Basin. Source: Caputo (1991).
Figure 15.2 Drainage net and elevation layers (m asl) of the Congo Basin. El...
Figure 15.3 Longitudinal profiles of the Congo‐Lualaba and the enlarged prof...
Figure 15.4 Historical topographic sketch map of the Nzilo Gorge/Falls south...
Figure 15.5 Morphology within the Congo River catchment. Hillshade and thalw...
Figure 15.6 Sketch map of the Congo River (middle course) south of Mbandaka....
Figure 15.7 Malebo Pool in the western part of the Congo Basin forms a remna...
Figure 15.8 The Lowa River, a right bank tributary to the Congo‐Lualaba whic...
Figure 15.9 General landform units of the Congo Basin.
Figure 15.10 Hydrological regimes in the Congo Basin from January to Decembe...
Figure 15.11 Mean annual discharge of the Congo River for selected gauging s...
Figure 15.12
Digital elevation model
(
DEM
) of the Congo submarine canyon wes...
Chapter 16
Figure 16.1 The Upper Zambezi system. Triangle shows the position of Kalene ...
Figure 16.2 The Zambezi drainage system, adapted from Nugent (1990) and larg...
Figure 16.3 Barotse floodplain. Source: Photograph reprinted with permission...
Figure 16.4 Ngonye Falls. Upper Zambezi. Source: Photograph reprinted with p...
Figure 16.5 Victoria Falls. Source: Photograph reprinted with permission fro...
Figure 16.6 Zambezi River profile across the boundary (at Victoria Falls) be...
Figure 16.7 Geomorphology of the Zambezi River in the vicinity of Victoria F...
Figure 16.8 Wide Zambezi at Mana Pools. Source: Photograph reprinted with pe...
Figure 16.9 Mupata Gorge. Source: Photograph reprinted with permission from ...
Figure 16.10 Zambezi floodplain and delta. Source: Photograph reprinted with...
Figure 16.11 (a) Mean and cumulative annual flow of the Zambezi and major tr...
Figure 16.12 Wall of the Kariba Dam. Source: Photograph reprinted with permi...
Figure 16.13 (a) Early Cretaceous drainage system in south‐central Africa ba...
Figure 16.14 Digital elevation model (DEM) covering the upper Zambezi to the...
Figure 16.15 (a) Location of the palaeo‐lake of the Makgadikgadi basin in re...
Figure 16.16 Distribution of the tigerfish (
Hydrocynus vittatus
species comp...
Chapter 17
Figure 17.1 Major tributaries of the Indus River.
Figure 17.2 Some of the Pakistani cities located along the Indus River.
Figure 17.3 Derived from satellite data, this map shows the extent of floodi...
Figure 17.4 Erosion along river banks due to high‐intensity downstream flow ...
Figure 17.5 Lower Indus River with a network of major creeks and Indus Canyo...
Figure 17.6 (a) True colour, image base map acquired from the Environmental ...
Figure 17.7 Aerial photograph of one of the Barrier Islands of the Indus Del...
Figure 17.8 (a) BIs worldwide chains (red dots) and (b) BIs located within t...
Figure 17.9 Pixel by pixel frequency. The black coloured polygons show the e...
Figure 17.10 Major dams and barrages of Pakistan.
Figure 17.11 Status of water discharge below Kotri Barrage from 1937 to 2015...
Figure 17.12 Status of Indus River water discharge downstream Kotri Barrage ...
Figure 17.13 Stunted growth of mangrove plants on the southernmost Indus Del...
Figure 17.14 Satellite Image of rivers and creeks in the vicinity of Karachi...
Chapter 18
Figure 18.1 Schematic map showing the plains of north India and the alluvial...
Figure 18.2 The Ganga Basin and the drainage net.
Figure 18.3 Schematic map showing Ganga River, its alluvial valley and segme...
Figure 18.4 Hydrograph of the Ganga River at Farakka. High discharge during ...
Figure 18.5 Schematic representation of contributions of different rivers in...
Figure 18.6 Seasonal flow at different gauging stations along the Ganga. Sou...
Figure 18.7 Schematic diagram of the T
0
, T
1
, and T
2
surfaces occupying diffe...
Figure 18.8 Distribution of grain size of the deposited bed load (
n
= 159) a...
Figure 18.9 Changes in grain size of the bed load of the Ganga along its cou...
Figure 18.10 Regional geomorphic surface of the Ganga Plain. T
0
, active floo...
Figure 18.11 Changes in the bar morphology and the channel of the Ganga at B...
Figure 18.12 The deep valley of the Ganga in the Himalaya. Source: Photograp...
Figure 18.13 Gravel bars in the Ganga River channel at Haridwar. Source: Pho...
Figure 18.14 Comparison of the channel of the Ganga near Bijnore between (a)...
Figure 18.15 Satellite imagery showing the broad Ganga Valley south of Garhm...
Figure 18.16 Ganga River showing a complex system of bars at low discharge c...
Figure 18.17 Highly sinuous Ganga River confined in a narrow valley near Var...
Figure 18.18 The Ganga River with confluences of Ghaghara, Gandak, and Son R...
Figure 18.19 The Ganga River with huge distorted meanders and complex bar‐ch...
Figure 18.20 Ganga River at Bhagalpur. On the left margin an alluvial cliff ...
Figure 18.21 Comparison of channel and bar morphology of the Ganga River nea...
Figure 18.22 Ganga River at Sultanganj with a gneissic cliff in the foregrou...
Figure 18.23 Longitudinal profile of the Ganga indicating the sharp break at...
Figure 18.24 Longitudinal profile of the Ganga River within the alluvial pla...
Figure 18.25 Schematic cross‐section of the Ganga Valley at Hastinapur, near...
Chapter 19
Figure 19.1 The Brahmaputra Basin. The Brahmaputra originates from northern ...
Figure 19.2 The Brahmaputra mainstream and its major tributaries in Tibet an...
Figure 19.3 Long profile and water discharge of the Brahmaputra main stream....
Figure 19.4 Geology of the Brahmaputra basin. Source: Singh 2018.
Figure 19.5 Annual rainfall in the Brahmaputra Basin. Mountain fronts along ...
Figure 19.6 Monthly rainfall in north‐east India in the Brahmaputra Basin (1...
Figure 19.7 Monthly water discharge of the Brahmaputra at Bahadurabad. Sourc...
Figure 19.8 Annual peak discharge of the Brahmaputra at Pandu near Guwahati....
Figure 19.9 Flood effects: (a) area affected; (b) people affected; (c) damag...
Figure 19.10 MODIS image of narrowed channel of the Brahmaputra mainstream n...
Figure 19.11 Two isotope mixing diagram of the sediments of the Brahmaputra....
Figure 19.12 Downstream variation of Sr, Nd, and Os isotope composition of t...
Figure 19.13 Erosion rates of the different parts of the Brahmaputra Basin. ...
Figure 19.14 Ternary plots of (a) cations and (b) anions of the waters of th...
Figure 19.15 CO
2
consumption rates by silicate weathering in the various Him...
Figure 19.16 Variation of total and silicate erosion rates with runoff in th...
Figure 19.17 Plot of physical erosion rates against
chemical erosion rates
(
Chapter 20
Figure 20.1 Landsat image of Bangladesh, showing the Brahmaputra–Jamuna, Gan...
Figure 20.2 Geomorphotectonic domains of the Ganges–Brahmaputra–Meghna delta...
Figure 20.3 (a) Reconstruction of the principal river pathways and patterns ...
Figure 20.4 The stage‐hydrograph of the Jamuna River at Bahadurabad (see Fig...
Figure 20.5 (a) Maps showing the avulsion of the Brahmaputra River into the ...
Figure 20.6 (a) Reproduction of part of Rennell's (1776) map illustrating th...
Figure 20.7 Trends in the mean width of the Jamuna River 1830–2010. Inset sh...
Figure 20.8 A schematic representation of the influence of different forcing...
Figure 20.9 Examples of different bedforms and sedimentary structures found ...
Figure 20.10 Percentage occurrence of dunes in the main channels of the Jamu...
Figure 20.11 Histograms of (a) dune height, (b) dune wavelength, (c) dune fo...
Figure 20.12 Form index of dunes in the Jamuna River as a function of leesid...
Figure 20.13 Composite tracing of dune crestline planform morphology as deri...
Figure 20.14 Plots of (a) dune height and (b) dune wavelength as a function ...
Figure 20.15 Plot of primary dune height against height of secondary dunes t...
Figure 20.16 Hysteresis plots for 1994 and 1995 hydrographs at Bahadurabad (...
Figure 20.17 Macroturbulence erupting on the water surface of the Jamuna Riv...
Figure 20.18 Summary model of the key stages in the evolution of a kilometre...
Figure 20.19 Morphological evolution of the reach studied by Ashworth et al....
Figure 20.20 Distribution of channel abandonment as a function of bifurcatio...
Figure 20.21 Confluence scour depth as a function of junction angle for data...
Figure 20.22 Plots of bed morphology and channel change at the junction of t...
Figure 20.23 Representative landforms of the Jamuna River floodplain. Source...
Figure 20.24 Stages of floodplain soil development in Bangladesh (after ISPA...
Figure 20.25 (a) The four principal ground‐penetrating‐radar facies document...
Figure 20.26 Styles of deposition and vertical facies profiles for a mid‐cha...
Figure 20.27 Facies model for bar‐top deposition in the Jamuna River. Source...
Figure 20.28 Plots of seismic data and their interpretations from the conflu...
Figure 20.29 Large‐scale slab failure by bank undercutting near Shailabari (...
Figure 20.30 Bankline positions on the east (left) bank of the Jamuna River ...
Figure 20.31 Landsat images of the Jamuna River in the vicinity of the B2 ha...
Figure 20.32 CubeSat images of the Jamuna River in the vicinity of the B2 ha...
Figure 20.33 Construction of the B2 hardpoint at Sirajganj showing: (a) dred...
Figure 20.34 Image of the B2 hardpoint in 1998 showing the multiple failures...
Figure 20.35 Sand‐filled geotextile bags, or geobags, used for bank protecti...
Figure 20.36 Comparison of bank erosion predictions by the branches model (l...
Figure 20.37 Flow diagram for predicting bank erosion along the outflanking ...
Chapter 21
Figure 21.1 The Ayeyarwady River and its tributaries in Myanmar with the nam...
Figure 21.2 Simplified geological map of central Myanmar and eastern Himalay...
Figure 21.3 Drainage basin, tributaries, and course of the Ayeyarwady River....
Figure 21.4 Profile of the Ayeyarwady River including the Mali Hka (a) and w...
Figure 21.5 Upper reach of the Ayeyarwady near Bagan.
Figure 21.6 The Ayeyarwady delta plain evolution phases and associated subaq...
Figure 21.7 Hydrology of the Ayeyarwady: (a) discharge contributions in perc...
Figure 21.8 Left: Mean precipitation (mm/day) for summer monsoon and winter ...
Figure 21.9 Fishery on an oxbow lake in the Ayeyarwady delta.
Chapter 22
Figure 22.1 Location map.
Figure 22.2 Map showing generalized basin geology and the river units.
Figure 22.3 The Mekong, flowing through a narrow valley at Luang Prabang, wi...
Figure 22.4 Annual hydrographs (1997) of the Mekong at Chiang Saen, Thailand...
Figure 22.5 Mekong flood of 2000, Cambodia and Viet Nam. Map prepared from S...
Figure 22.6 Annual hydrographs of the Mekong tributaries: Nam Lik at Muong K...
Figure 22.7 Cumulative discharge along the Mekong River. Source: Reprinted f...
Figure 22.8 Rock ribs and flood marker in the Mekong channel, unit 1b, upstr...
Figure 22.9 The Mekong channel (unit 1b), examples of scabland channel and n...
Figure 22.10 llustrations of selected river units. (a), (b), and (c) from SP...
Figure 22.11 Braid bars at low flow, Vientiane. Source: Photograph Avijit Gu...
Figure 22.12 (a) IKONOS image of a large U‐bend in the Mekong (unit 3). Sour...
Figure 22.13 Rock‐cored island downstream of Pakse (from Gupta 2004). Source...
Figure 22.14 Sand accumulation as bank inset. Source: Photograph Avijit Gupt...
Chapter 23
Figure 23.1 Drainage basin of the Yangtze River and multi‐yearly sediment lo...
Figure 23.2 Landforms of the eastern Tibetan Plateau at 3000–4000 m: (a, b) ...
Figure 23.3 Coarse sediment load contributed by small tributaries forming al...
Figure 23.4 Rainfall distribution in the Yangtze drainage basin, heavy preci...
Figure 23.5 Discharge hydrographs of 1998 along the Yangtze River.
Figure 23.6 Decreasing sediment load at Datong hydrological gauging station ...
Figure 23.7 Anthropogenic supply of sediment to the gorges (a, b) and the Th...
Figure 23.8 Changes of sediment load with time at (a) Yichang, (b) Hankou, a...
Figure 23.9 Schematic section showing riverbed aggradation at the Jingjiang ...
Figure 23.10 Suspended grain‐size distribution in the Yangtze River channel ...
Figure 23.11 Sediment on river bed, the Middle and Lower Yangtze channel.
Figure 23.12 (a) The middle Yangtze River basin, where hydrological gauging ...
Figure 23.13 Monthly suspended sediment loads at the five gauging stations o...
Chapter 24
Figure 24.1 Map of the drainage basin of the Nile River. Source: Sutcliffe a...
Figure 24.2 Longitudinal profiles of the Nile, White, and Blue Nile. Note ve...
Figure 24.3 Map showing discharge and open‐water evaporation of the Nile Riv...
Figure 24.4 Annual hydrographs of White, Blue, and Main Nile at and below th...
Figure 24.5 Frequency distribution of annual floods of the Nile River at the...
Figure 24.6 Water‐control structures on the modern Nile. Faraskour Barrage, ...
Chapter 25
Figure 25.1 Willamette River Basin in northwestern Oregon. Box indicates 200...
Figure 25.2 Geologic and physiographic setting of Willamette River study are...
Figure 25.3 Generalized cross section of Willamette floodplain. Geological U...
Figure 25.4 Timeline of geomorphically relevant historical events in Willame...
Figure 25.5 Snag removal 1870–1950 along upper Willamette. Plot shows total ...
Figure 25.6 Cumulative percentage of revetment constructed along Willamette ...
Figure 25.7 Peak Discharge 1813–2000 for Willamette River at Salem. Peak flo...
Figure 25.8 Patterns of channel change for mainstem Willamette River 1850–19...
Figure 25.9 Example of avulsions 1850–1895 along upper Willamette River. Sim...
Figure 25.10 Example of rapid meander migration 1985–1932 along upper Willam...
Figure 25.11 Length of channel bordered by resistant bank materials. Revetme...
Figure 25.12 Comparison of streampower for large floods and moderate floods....
Figure 25.13 Examples of avulsions and meander migration recorded in remnant...
Figure 25.14 Examples of restoration strategies used to increase frequency o...
Figure 25.15 Schematic of Willamette River cross‐section illustrating floodp...
Chapter 26
Figure 26.1 Map showing location of many rivers discussed.
Figure 26.2 Decrease of water‐surface elevation downstream of Fort Randall D...
Figure 26.3 Decrease of water‐surface elevation downstream of Fort Randall D...
Figure 26.4 Impact of dam on downstream channel. Source: Rahn (1977).
Figure 26.5 Map of River Nile course in Egypt. Distance from Aswan to Cairo ...
Figure 26.6 Composition of Mississippi River bed sediment sampled in 1932. S...
Figure 26.7 Composition of Mississippi River bed sediment sampled in 1989. S...
Figure 26.8 Map of Platte River system. Distance from Brady to Grand Island ...
Figure 26.9 Mean width of the Platte River for each US Geological Survey qua...
Figure 26.10 Platte River on Cozad quadrangle: (a) 1860; (b) 1938; (c) 1957;...
Figure 26.11 Platte River on Newark quadrangle: (a) 1860; (b) 1938; (c) 1957...
Figure 26.12 Chart listing stages of channel change for the braided and anas...
Figure 26.13 Cross‐section of Middle Mississippi River downstream of St Loui...
Chapter 27
Figure 27.1 Spatial and temporal resolution of remote sensing instruments. T...
Figure 27.2 Schematic illustrations of continental settings for large rivers...
Figure 27.3 Watershed boundaries for 14 large rivers described in this chapt...
Figure 27.4 Landsat mosaics of 14 rivers showing valley configuration along ...
Figure 27.5 Examples of analyses of Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) ...
Figure 27.6 Examples of water‐surface elevation, gradient, and discharge der...
Figure 27.7 Examples of analyses of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) and (LIDA...
Figure 27.8 Satellite derived surface sediment concentrations from MODIS dat...
Figure 27.9 Examples of analyses of water properties using Landsat data. (a)...
Figure 27.10 (a) Location map showing the Euphrates and Tigris Rivers and th...
Chapter 28
Figure 28.1 Location map showing the Lower Mississippi River, pilot study re...
Figure 28.2 Regional scale adjustments to the longitudinal profile in the pe...
Figure 28.3 LWRP elevations in the Lower Mississippi computed by the Vicksbu...
Figure 28.4 Example of initial data processing: (a) original cross‐sections ...
Figure 28.5 Change in channel direction (positive) between cross‐sections.
Figure 28.6 Development of cumulative frequency plots of channel geometry va...
Figure 28.7 Sample results from the probability analysis: (a) width in 2001 ...
Figure 28.8 Example results from the spatial analysis: (a) width (ft) in 199...
Figure 28.9 Changes in average depth (ft) between 1992 and 2001, indicative ...
Figure 28.10 Changes in area (1000 ft
2
) between 1992 and 2001, indicative of...
Figure 28.11 Discharge recorded at Vicksburg between 1991 and 2001. Source: ...
Chapter 29
Figure 29.1 A diagram indicating the linkages between stream catchments and ...
Chapter 30
Figure 30.1 A flow‐chain model for describing process interactions and the c...
Figure 30.2 The Murray–Darling Basin and its major tributaries.
Figure 30.3 Modelled reduction in average annual water availability under a ...
Figure 30.4 The spatial arrangement of Functional Process Zones within the M...
Figure 30.5 The composition of Functional Process Zones within the Murray–Da...
Figure 30.6 The physical condition of rivers within the Murray–Darling Basin...
Figure 30.7 The physical condition of Functional Process Zones within the Mu...
Figure 30.8 A framework for assessing the resilience of large rivers. Source...
Chapter 31
Figure 31.1 Yangtze River drainage basin. Dots represent six major gauging s...
Figure 31.2 Mean annual precipitation (mm) in Yangtze drainage basin, 1951–2...
Figure 31.3 Runoff, sediment yield, and suspended‐sediment concentrations in...
Figure 31.4 Spatial variation of water discharge, sediment discharge, and co...
Figure 31.5 Precipitation change (mm) of the Yangtze drainage basin, 1951–20...
Figure 31.6 Spatial and temporal variations of precipitation and runoff in t...
Figure 31.7 Temporal variations of water discharge (a) and sediment discharg...
Figure 31.8 Temporal sediment variations at four stations in which sediment ...
Figure 31.9 Changes in monthly water discharge (a) and sediment discharge (b...
Figure 31.10 Precipitation, runoff, and sediment discharge between Pingshan ...
Figure 31.11 (a) The passages and tributaries connecting to Dongting Lake as...
Figure 31.12 Spatial distribution of runoff and sediment yield in the Yangtz...
Figure 31.13 (a) 1950–2010 trends water and sediment discharges from the low...
Chapter 32
Figure 32.1 Historical ideas. (a) Rendition of original Penck and Brückner (...
Figure 32.2 Quaternary climate and sea‐level change. (a) Oxygen isotope reco...
Figure 32.3 (a) General relationship between channel plan‐view geometry, val...
Figure 32.4 Conceptual model for large river systems from source‐to‐sink. In...
Figure 32.5 (a) Schematic model for mixed bedrock‐alluvial valley setting, w...
Figure 32.6 Inferred links between El Nino‐Southern Oscillation events and f...
Figure 32.7 (a) Long profile model for fluvial response to sea‐level change ...
Figure 32.8 (a) Landsat Thematic Mapper image of eastern Grand Canyon. Inset...
Figure 32.9 (a) Outcrop of graveliferrous late Pleistocene deposits of the C...
Figure 32.10 Stratigraphic framework for eastern Grand Canyon. (a) Schematic...
Figure 32.11 (a) Map of Gangetic plains, illustrating major rivers and the g...
Figure 32.12 (a) Schematic view of Ganga megafan deposits illustrating an in...
Figure 32.13 Drainage basin for the Mississippi River. Also shown is the Ple...
Figure 32.14 The northern lower Mississippi valley and meltwater discharge. ...
Figure 32.15 The southern lower Mississippi valley and interactions between ...
Figure 32.16 The lower Mississippi valley during the Holocene. (a) Surficial...
Figure 32.17 Model predictions of changes in discharge due to future climate...
Figure 32.18 Graph illustrating changes in subaerial sand bar area within Ma...
Figure 32.19 Land surface gains and losses in lower Mississippi delta region...
Guide
Cover Page
Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
About the Editor
List of Contributors
Preface
Table of Contents
Begin Reading
Index
WILEY END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT
Pages
iii
iv
v
xxiii
xxv
xxvi
xxvii
xxviii
xxix
xxx
xxxi
xxxiii
xxxiv
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
363
364
365
366
367
368
369
370
371
372
373
374
375
376
377
378
379
380
381
382
383
384
385
386
387
388
389
390
391
392
393
394
395
396
397
398
399
400
401
402
403
404
405
406
407
408
409
410
411
412
413
414
415
416
417
418
419
420
421
422
423
424
425
426
427
428
429
430
431
432
433
434
435
436
437
438
439
440
441
442
443
444
445
446
447
448
449
450
451
452
453
454
455
456
457
458
459
460
461
462
463
464
465
466
467
468
469
470
471
472
473
474
475
476
477
478
479
480
481
482
483
484
485
486
487
488
489
490
491
492
493
494
495
496
497
498
499
500
501
502
503
504
505
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
524
525
526
527
528
529
530
531
532
533
534
535
536
537
538
539
540
541
542
543
544
545
546
547
548
549
550
551
552
553
554
555
556
557
558
559
560
561
562
563
564
565
566
567
568
569
570
571
572
573
574
575
576
577
578
579
580
581
582
583
584
585
586
587
588
589
590
591
592
593
594
595
596
597
598
599
600
601
602
603
604
605
606
607
608
609
610
611
612
613
614
615
616
617
618
619
620
621
622
623
624
625
626
627
628
629
630
631
632
633
634
635
636
637
638
639
640
641
642
643
644
645
646
647
648
649
650
651
652
653
654
655
656
657
658
659
660
661
662
663
664
665
666
667
668
669
670
671
672
673
674
675
676
677
678
679
680
681
682
683
684
685
686
687
688
689
690
691
692
693
694
695
696
697
698
699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
718
719
720
721
722
723
724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
742
743
744
745
746
747
748
749
750
751
752
753
754
755
756
757
758
759
760
761
762
763
764
765
766
767
768
769
770
771
772
773
774
775
776
777
778
779
780
781
782
783
784
785
786
787
788
789
790
791
792
793
794
795
796
797
798
799
800
801
802
803
804
805
806
807
808
809
810
811
812
813
814
815
816
817
818
819
820
821
822
823
824
825
826
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
834
835
836
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
847
848
849
850
851
852
853
854
855
856
857
858
859
860
861
862
863
864
865
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
873
874
875
876
877
878
879
880
881
882
883
884
885
886
887
888
889
890
891
892
893
894
895
896
897
898
899
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
918
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
967
968
969
970
971
972
973
974
975
976
977
978
979
980
981
982
983
984
985
986
987
988
989
990
991
992
993
994
995
996
997
998
999
1000
1001
