Layered 2D Materials and Their Allied Applications E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 678

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2020

Beschreibung

Ever since the discovery of graphene, two-dimensional layered materials (2DLMs) have been the central tool of the materials research community. The reason behind their importance is their superlative and unique electronic, optical, physical, chemical and mechanical properties in layered form rather than in bulk form. The 2DLMs have been applied to electronics, catalysis, energy, environment, and biomedical applications. The following topics are discussed in the book's fifteen chapters: * The research status of the 2D metal-organic frameworks and the different techniques used to synthesize them. * 2D black phosphorus (BP) and its practical application in various fields. * Reviews the synthesis methods of MXenes and provides a detailed discussion of their structural characterization and physical, electrochemical and optical properties, as well as applications in catalysis, energy storage, environmental management, biomedicine, and gas sensing. * The carbon-based materials and their potential applications via the photocatalytic process using visible light irradiation. * 2D materials like graphene, TMDCs, few-layer phosphorene, MXene in layered form and their heterostructures. * The structure and applications of 2D perovskites. * The physical parameters of pristine layered materials, ZnO, transition metal dichalcogenides, and heterostructures of layered materials are discussed. * The coupling of graphitic carbon nitride with various metal sulfides and oxides to form efficient heterojunction for water purification. * The structural features, synthetic methods, properties, and different applications and properties of 2D zeolites. * The methods for synthesizing 2D hollow nanostructures are featured and their structural aspects and potential in medical and non-medical applications. * The characteristics and structural aspects of 2D layered double hydroxides (LDHs) and the various synthesis methods and role of LDH in non-medical applications as adsorbent, sensor, catalyst, etc. * The synthesis of graphene-based 2D layered materials synthesized by using top-down and bottom-up approaches where the main emphasis is on the hot-filament thermal chemical vapor deposition (HFTCVD) method. * The different properties of 2D h-BN and borophene and the various methods being used for the synthesis of 2D h-BN, along with their growth mechanism and transfer techniques. * The physical properties and current progress of various transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDC) based on photoactive materials for photoelectrochemical (PEC) hydrogen evolution reaction. * The state-of-the-art of 2D layered materials and associated devices, such as electronic, biosensing, optoelectronic, and energy storage applications.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Preface

1 2D Metal-Organic Frameworks

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Synthesis Approaches

1.3 Structures, Properties, and Applications

1.4 Summary and Outlook

Acknowledgements

References

2 2D Black Phosphorus

2.1 Introduction

2.2 The Research on Black Phosphorus

2.3 Applications of Black Phosphorus

2.4 Conclusion and Outlook

Acknowledgements

References

3 2D Metal Carbides

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Synthesis Approaches

3.3 Structures, Properties, and Applications

3.4 Summary and Outlook

Acknowledgements

References

4 2D Carbon Materials as Photocatalysts

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Carbon Nanostructured-Based Materials

4.3 Photo-Degradation of Organic Pollutants

4.4 Carbon-Based Materials for Hydrogen Production

4.5 Carbon-Based Materials for CO

2

Reduction

References

5 Sensitivity Analysis of Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensor Based on Heterostructure of 2D BlueP/MoS

2

and MXene

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Proposed SPR Sensor, Design Considerations, and Modeling

5.3 Results Discussion

5.4 Conclusion

References

6 2D Perovskite Materials and Their Device Applications

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Structure

6.3 Discussion and Applications

6.4 Conclusion

References

7 Introduction and Significant Parameters for Layered Materials

7.1 Graphene

7.2 Phosphorene

7.3 Silicene

7.4 ZnO

7.5 Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (TMDCs)

7.6 Germanene and Stanene

7.7 Heterostructures

References

8 Increment in Photocatalytic Activity of g-C

3

N

4

Coupled Sulphides and Oxides for Environmental Remediation

8.1 Introduction

8.2 GCN Coupled Metal Sulphide Heterojunctions for Environment Remediation

8.3 GCN Coupled Metal Oxide Heterojunctions for Environment Remediation

8.4 Conclusions and Outlook

References

9 2D Zeolites

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Synthetic Method

9.3 Properties

9.4 Applications

9.5 Conclusion

References

10 2D Hollow Nanomaterials

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Structural Aspects of HNMs

10.3 Synthetic Approaches

10.4 Medical Applications of HNMs

10.5 Non-Medical Applications of HNMs

10.6 Toxicity of 2D HNMs

10.7 Future Challenges

10.8 Conclusion

Acknowledgement

References

11 2D Layered Double Hydroxides

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Structural Aspects

11.3 Synthesis of LDHs

11.4 Nonmedical Applications of LDH

11.5 Biomedical Applications

11.6 Toxicity

11.7 Conclusion

Acknowledgement

References

12 Experimental Techniques for Layered Materials

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Methods for Synthesis of Graphene Layered Materials

12.3 Selection of a Suitable Metallic Substrate

12.4 Graphene Synthesis by HFTCVD

12.5 Graphene Transfer

12.6 Characterization Techniques

12.7 Potential Applications of Graphene and Derived Materials

12.8 Conclusion

Acknowledgement

References

13 Two-Dimensional Hexagonal Boron Nitride and Borophenes

13.1 Two-Dimensional Hexagonal Boron Nitride (2D h-BN): An Introduction

13.2 Properties of 2D h-BN

13.3 Synthesis Methods of 2D h-BN

13.4 Application of 2D h-BN

13.5 Borophene

References

14 Transition-Metal Dichalcogenides for Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Evolution Reaction

14.1 Introduction

14.2 TMDC-Based Photoactive Materials for HER

14.3 TMDCs Fabrication Methods

14.4 Current Photocatalytic Activity Performance

14.5 Summary and Perspective

References

15 State-of-the-Art and Perspective of Layered Materials

15.1 Introduction

15.2 State-of-the-Art and Future Perspective

15.3 Conclusion

References

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 4

Table 4.1 Photo-catalytic performance of different G-based hybrid materials.

Chapter 5

Table 5.1 Plasma and collision wavelength for Au, Ag, Al, and Cu metal as per...

Table 5.2 Resonance angle shift and sensitivities obtained for different numb...

Table 5.3 Optimized metal layer thicknesses for different prism.

Table 5.4 Number of BlueP/MoS

2

layers needed to get maximum sensitivity for p...

Table 5.5 Number of MXene (Ti

3

C

2

T

x

) layers needed to get maximum sensitivity ...

Chapter 7

Table 7.1 Measurements of various physical quantity of graphene.

Table 7.2 Various observed values of specific capacitance of graphene.

Table 7.3 Lattice parameters and bond lengths of heterostructures.

Table 7.4 Bond lengths of heterostructures.

Chapter 12

Table 12.1 Comparison of single-layer graphene on Cu substrate by using diffe...

Chapter 14

Table 14.1 Performance and fabrication methods of current TMDCs photocatalyst...

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1

Figure 1.1 Schematic illustration of the overall process developed to produc...

Figure 1.2 Schematic illustration of the preparation procedure of highly

c

-o...

Chapter 2

Figure 2.1 Atomic structure of graphene (a) and black phosphorus (b). The pl...

Figure 2.2 (a) Regular tetrahedral structure of WP [4], (b) one of the atomi...

Figure 2.3 The band structure of different number of layers: (a) the band ga...

Figure 2.4 The different band structures of monolayer BP under different str...

Figure 2.5 (a–d) The procedures of ME method to prepare few-layer BP [65]. (...

Figure 2.6 Optical microscopy images of a 2D-phosphane multilayer on a SiO

2

/...

Figure 2.7 (a) The schematic of FET based on BP [76], (b) the schematic of F...

Figure 2.8 (a) The schematic of FET based on BP [7]. (b) Black Phosphorus wi...

Figure 2.9 (a) Schematic diagram of photocatalysis based on black phosphorus...

Figure 2.10 The BP is used to in bioimaging. (a, d) The bright field images ...

Chapter 3

Figure 3.1 (a) Ti

3

AlC

2

structure. (b) Al atoms replaced by OH after reaction...

Figure 3.2 Schematic showing synthesis and delamination of Mo

2

CT

x

[reprinted...

Figure 3.3 (a) The structure factors. (b) The measured PDF of pristine Ti

3

C

2

Figure 3.4 (a) XRD patterns of Ti

2

C MXene. (b) The SEM image of Ti

2

C MXenes ...

Figure 3.5 Crystalline structure of 2D α-Mo

2

C crystals. (a) Atomic model of ...

Figure 3.6 (a) Schematic representation of synthesis and intercalation-assis...

Figure 3.7 Schematic diagram of Ti

3

C

2

MXene photothermal conversion [reprint...

Figure 3.8 (a) Cycling performance of mesoporous Mo

2

C spheres. (b) Cycling p...

Figure 3.9 Schematic illustration of the fabrication of porous TCCN film [re...

Figure 3.10 The scheme of modulating the HER performance of V

2

CO

2

by introdu...

Figure 3.11 Schematic illustration of exfoliation process and surface engine...

Figure 3.12 Schematic of a biosensing device based on MXene field-effect tra...

Figure 3.13 Gas sensing characteristics of molybdenum carbide (α-MoC

1-x

and ...

Chapter 4

Schema 4.1 The different forms of carbon [25].

Schema 4.2 Mechanism for electron and hole transfer for the photo-catalytic ...

Figure 4.1 Diagram energetic of g-C

3

N

4

, g-CNS, and ZnTNPc samples [85].

Figure 4.2 Schematic of photo-catalytic removal of MB over the ZnTNPc/g-CNS ...

Chapter 5

Figure 5.1 Schematic of proposed SPR biosensor.

Figure 5.2 Reflectance curve for (a) Conventional SPR biosensor, (b) Ag- MXe...

Figure 5.3 Reflectance curve for proposed SPR biosensor on varying layers of...

Figure 5.4 Reflectance curve for proposed SPR biosensor on varying layers of...

Figure 5.5 Variation of minimum reflectance (R

min.

) with respect to Au, Ag, ...

Figure 5.6 Variation of resonance angle shift with respect to Au, Ag, Al, Cu...

Figure 5.7 Sensitivity variation for proposed SPR biosensor with respect to ...

Figure 5.8 Sensitivity variation for proposed SPR biosensor with respect to ...

Chapter 6

Figure 6.1 Schematic illustration of RP and DJ phase 2D layered perovskites ...

Figure 6.2 Energy diagram corresponding to the 2D structures. Valence band, ...

Figure 6.3 Structure of perovskite solar cell.

Chapter 7

Figure 7.1 One atom thick 2D layer of graphene with carbon atoms at corners ...

Figure 7.2 (a) Band structure. (b) Density of states plot for pure graphene....

Figure 7.3 Density of states of graphene (a) absorbed with Li atom and (b) a...

Figure 7.4 Optimized layered structure of phosphorene.

Figure 7.5 Two-dimensional layer of silicene with buckled structure. (a) Fro...

Figure 7.6 Two-dimensional layer of zinc oxide; gray and red ball represents...

Figure 7.7 Two-dimensional layer of germanene with buckled structure. (a) Fr...

Figure 7.8 Two-dimensional layer of stanene with buckled structure. (a) Fron...

Figure 7.9 Heterostructure of (a) CP, (b) BNC, and (c) BNP from side view, w...

Figure 7.10 DOS of three (a) CP, (b) BNC, and (c) BNP heterostructures. Red ...

Figure 7.11 Band structures of (a) PC, (b) BNP, and (c) BNP heterostructures...

Chapter 8

Figure 8.1 Schematic illustration of (a) s-Triazine and (b) tri-s-triazine a...

Figure 8.2 Schematic illustration of XRD patterns of (a) BGCN, SGCN, PGCN, S...

Figure 8.3 (a) Scheme representing the preparation of the 2D CN/MG heterojun...

Figure 8.4 Schematic representation of (a) TEM image of GCN/CdS (1:3) compos...

Figure 8.5 Mechanistic insight for the formation of ZnIn

2

S

4

/GCN heterojuncti...

Figure 8.6 Schematic illustration of (a) the photocatalytic action of metal ...

Figure 8.7 Schematic representation of (a) the trapping experiments of react...

Figure 8.8 (a) Proposed photodegradation mechanisms of TC under visible ligh...

Chapter 9

Figure 9.1 Structure of 2D zeolite.

Figure 9.2 Schematic diagram of the ADOR process

Figure 9.3 Properties of 2D zeolites

Figure 9.4 Biomass conversion using 2D zeolites

Chapter 10

Figure 10.1 Flowchart showing various synthetic strategies for HNMs.

Figure 10.2 Different biomedical applications of CNTs.

Figure 10.3 Immediate lethal response of Fe/Pt-CoS

2

core-shell nanoparticlea...

Figure 10.4 Applicability of gold nanorods in combined photodiagnostics and ...

Figure 10.5 Various non-medical applications of HNMs.

Chapter 11

Figure 11.1 Structure of LDH.

Figure 11.2 Synthesis methods for layered double hydroxides (LDH).

Figure 11.3 Application of Li-Al LDH as CO

2

sensor.

Figure 11.4 Steps involved in the fabrication of NiAl-LDH/G LBL composite.

Figure 11.5 Pictorial representation of LDH mediated gene delivery.

Chapter 12

Figure 12.1 The Experimental set-up [9]..

Figure 12.2 Schematic of graphene growth deposition in HFTCVD technique [9]....

Figure 12.3 Synthesis of graphene by using CVD growth on copper substrate (a...

Figure 12.4 Flow chart for synthesis of high quality graphene by using HFTCV...

Figure 12.5 Graphene transfer methodology.

Figure 12.6 XRD spectra of graphite, graphene oxide, and graphene [28].

Figure 12.7 (a) FESEM of Graphene Oxide (GO) (b) FESEM of Graphene [25].

Figure 12.8 Shows the TEM image of pure graphene 2D layered material [28].

Figure 12.9 FTIR image of graphene oxide and graphene [25].

Figure 12.10 UV spectrum of Graphene Oxide and Graphene [28].

Figure 12.11 Raman spectra to transfer graphene on substrate by using the PM...

Figure 12.12 LEEM images collected at 50, 15, and 7.5 μm at 10, 25, and 50 s...

Figure 12.13 Potential applications of graphene-based 2D layered materials....

Chapter 13

Figure 13.1 (a) Structural model of 2D h-BN (reprinted with permission from ...

Figure 13.2 (a) Structure of h-BN. (b) Unit cell of honeycomb structure of h...

Figure 13.3 FTIR spectra of h-BN (reprinted with permission from ref. [26]. ...

Figure 13.4 (a) Simulation model of UV-visible absorption spectra of h-BN...

Figure 13.5 (a and c) SEM micrograph of 2D h-BN synthesized by wet ball mill...

Figure 13.6 (a) Representation of exfoliation mechanism, (b) SEM images of c...

Figure 13.7 Schematic representation of a low-pressure CVD system for the gr...

Figure 13.8 Schematic diagram of the stages of the CVD: (1) pre-annealing st...

Figure 13.9 Schematic representation of 2D h-BN growth mechanism on Cu subst...

Figure 13.10 Schematic representation of stepwise transfer of h-BN from subs...

Figure 13.11 (a) Schematic representation of the IBSD process for synthesis ...

Figure 13.12 (a) Scheme of h-BN synthesis by the vacuum annealing of sandwic...

Figure 13.13 Schematic of construction of van der Waals heterostructures of ...

Figure 13.14 Schematic illustration of the transfer method for fabrication o...

Figure 13.15 (a) SEM images of pure Ni after oxidization at 1,100°C and (b) ...

Figure 13.16 (a) I–V characteristics of 2D h-BN thin sheet DUV detector in t...

Figure 13.17 (a and b) Structural model of honeycomb borophene on Ag (111). ...

Figure 13.18 Atomic structure model of four different phases of borophene (a...

Figure 13.19 (a) STM image of boron structures on Ag (111), with a growth te...

Figure 13.20 Band structures of (a) the β

12

phase and (b) χ

3

phase calculate...

Chapter 14

Figure 14.1 Physical properties of layered TMDCs (center image). (i) Chemica...

Figure 14.2 (i) SEM images of flower-like MoS

2

thin films synthesized for 15...

Figure 14.3 (i) Optical image of MoS

2

crystals(ii) As-synthesized top la...

Figure 14.4 Grain size variation of monolayer MoS

2

depending on the hydrogen...

Figure 14.5 SEM images of as-deposited MoSe

2

thin films or flakes, prepared ...

Chapter 15

Figure 15.1 Schematic diagram, optical image, and electrical measurement of ...

Figure 15.2 ( a

)

Schematic diagram, (b) optical microscopy image, (c) transfe...

Figure 15.3 (a) Schematic diagram of MoS

2

FET-based biosensor, (b) constructi...

Figure 15.4 (a) Schematic diagram of MoTe

2

/BP heterostructure device, (b) op...

Figure 15.5 (a) Schematic diagram, (b) optical image, (c) height profile, an...

Figure 15.6 Schematic diagram of device (Adapted from reference [23] with th...

Figure 15.7 Schematic diagram of GeSe FET (Adapted from reference [26] with ...

Figure 15.8 Schematic diagram of the PdSe

2

-MoS

2

(top) and optical microscopy...

Figure 15.9 (a) Schematic diagram from the MoSe

2

/ WSe

2

heterostructure. (b) ...

Figure 15.10 (a) Optical image and (b) schematic diagram of graphene Schottk...

Figure 15.11 (a) Schematic diagram of device, (b) optical microscopy image, ...

Figure 15.12 Schematic diagram of the WS

2

-graphite dual-ion battery (DIB) (A...

Guide

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Publishers at ScrivenerMartin Scrivener ([email protected])Phillip Carmical ([email protected])

Green Adhesives

Layered 2D Advanced Materials and Their Allied Applications

Edited by

Inamuddin, Rajender Boddula, Mohd Imran Ahamed and Abdullah M. Asiri

This edition first published 2020 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA and Scrivener Publishing LLC, 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J, Beverly, MA 01915, USA© 2020 Scrivener Publishing LLCFor more information about Scrivener publications please visit www.scrivenerpublishing.com.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

ISBN 978-1-119-65496-4

Cover image: Pixabay.ComCover design by Russell Richardson

Preface

Synthetic adhesives are known for their toxic impact on the natural environment. In the emerging scientific world, many challenges are arising in the industrial sectors as a consequence of trying to meet the demands posed by upgraded technologies. The development of green adhesives based on renewable resources is the necessity of this age. Their importance is growing gradually as the commercial market is motivated to emphasize the benefits of green adhesives. Green adhesives, particularly those based on polysaccharides, have a number of good features, like biodegradability, biocompatibility, bio-inertness, antimicrobial activity, nontoxicity, and low cost, that keep pace with synthetic adhesives.

This edition of Green Adhesives: Preparation, Properties and Applications deals with the fabrication methods, characterization, and applications of green adhesives. It also includes the collective properties of waterborne, bio, and wound-healing green adhesives. Exclusive attention is devoted to discussing the applications of green adhesives in biomedical coatings, food, and industrial applications. This book will be useful for beginners and experts from undergraduate students to industrial engineers working in the field of polymer chemistry, materials science, and engineering. Based on thematic topics, this edition contains the following ten chapters:

Ever since the discovery of graphene, two-dimensional layered materials (2DLMs) have been the central tool of the materials research community. The reason behind their importance is their superlative and unique electronic, optical, physical, chemical, and mechanical properties in layered form rather than in bulk form. The 2DLMs have been applied to electronics, catalysis, energy, environment, and biomedical applications.

Layered Advanced Materials and Their Allied Applications is an in-depth exploration of 2DLMs and their applications, including fabrication and characterization methods. It also provides the fundamentals, challenges, as well as perspectives on their practical applications. The comprehensive chapters herein are written by various materials science experts from all over the world. Therefore, this book is an essential reference guide for junior research scholars, faculty members, engineers, and professionals interested in materials science applications. The following topics are discussed in the book’s 15 chapters:

Chapter 1 discusses the research status and development prospects for 2D metal-organic frameworks and the different techniques used to synthesize them. The advantages and limitations of these methods are summarized. Also, the structure, characteristics, and various applications of 2D metal-organic frameworks are mentioned.

Chapter 2 mainly discusses the research on 2D black phosphorus (BP) and its application in various fields. Several studies on 2D BP are introduced, including its properties and structures, preparation methods, and antioxidants. The major focus is given to communicating the advantages of 2D BP in practical applications.

Chapter 3 reviews the synthesis methods of MXenes and provides a detailed discussion of their structural characterization and physical, electrochemical, and optical properties. The major focus is given to introducing the applications of MXenes in catalysis, energy storage, environmental management, biomedicine, and gas sensing.

Chapter 4 describes the carbon-based materials and their potential applications via the photocatalytic process using visible light irradiation. Furthermore, 2D carbon-based materials are described for most large-scale photocatalytic applications mentioned in the literature for addressing environmental issues such as pollutant degradation, heavy metal elimination, hydrogen (H2) generation, and CO2 reduction.

Chapter 5 discusses the importance of 2D materials like graphene, TMDCs, few-layer phosphorene, MXene in layered form, and their heterostructures. It analyzes the sensitivity of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) bio-sensor based on heterostructure of 2D blueP/MoS2 and MXene (Ti3C2Tx). Their performance is analyzed for the different number of heterostructure layers and different prisms in the visible region.

Chapter 6 summarizes the structure and applications of 2D perovskites.

Chapter 7 details the exotic properties of layered materials. Physical parameters of pristine layered materials, ZnO, transition metal dichalcogenides, and heterostructures of layered materials are discussed. All parameters are calculated using density functional theory employing Vienna ab initio simulation package. The major focus of this chapter is on the significant parameters and intriguing applications of layered materials.

Chapter 8 describes the coupling of graphitic carbon nitride with various metal sulfides and oxides to form efficient heterojunction for water purification. The optical band edge alignments and mechanistic viewpoint of charge migration and space separation are also explored. Finally, challenges in the proposed field are also discussed.

Chapter 9 details the structural features, synthetic methods, properties, and different applications of 2D zeolites. It gives a brief account of advancements in 2D zeolites. Different synthetic methods of 2D zeolites, their properties, and various applications especially as a catalyst in different types of reactions are also elaborated in the chapter.

Chapter 10 discusses the importance and scope of 2D hollow nanomaterials. The methods for synthesizing hollow nanostructures are featured and their structural aspects and potential in medical and nonmedical applications are highlighted. Furthermore, the challenges and futuristic perspective of these nanomaterials are mentioned.

Chapter 11 features the characteristics and structural aspects of 2D layered double hydroxides (LDHs). The various synthesis methods and role of LDH in nonmedical applications as adsorbent, sensor, catalyst, etc., are discussed. Besides which, the application scope and biocompatibility of LDH in various biomedical applications are focused on in detail.

Chapter 12 primarily focuses on the synthesis of graphene-based 2D layered materials. Such materials can be synthesized using top-down and bottom-up approaches where the main emphasis is on the hot-filament thermal chemical vapor deposition (HFTCVD) method. Moreover, the characterization techniques, including X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV-Vis spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and low-energy electron microscopy (LEEM), are discussed.

Chapter 13 discusses the different properties of 2D h-BN and borophene in detail. The chapter also includes various methods being used for the synthesis of 2D h-BN, along with their growth mechanism and transfer techniques. Applications like electronics, fillers in polymer composite, and protective barrier are also discussed in detail.

Chapter 14 discusses the physical properties and current progress of various transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDC) based on photoactive materials for photoelectrochemical (PEC) hydrogen evolution reaction. Besides which, an overview of TMDC fabrication methods is presented and mitigation of an issue related to TMDC as a photocatalyst for PEC hydrogen evolution reaction is addressed.

Chapter 15 focuses on the state of the art and perspective of 2D layered materials and associated devices, such as electronic, biosensing, optoelectronic, and energy storage applications, due to their excellent properties. Moreover, recent developments in this area are discussed and perspectives on future developments are offered.

EditorsInamuddinRajender BoddulaMohd Imran AhamedAbdullah M. AsiriFebruary 2020