Legumes under Environmental Stress E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1083

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2014

Beschreibung

Legumes under Environmental Stress

Legumes under Environmental Stress
Yield, Improvement and Adaptations

Leguminous crops have been found to contribute almost 27% of the world’s primary crop production. However, due to environmental fluctuations, legumes are often exposed to different environmental stresses, leading to problems with growth and development, and ultimately, decreased yield.

This timely review explains the transcriptomics, proteomics, genomics, metabolomics, transgenomics, functional genomics and phenomics of a wide range of different leguminous crops under biotic and abiotic stresses, and their genetic and molecular responses. Amongst others the text describes the effect of nutrient deficiency, pesticides, salt and temperature stress on legumes.

Importantly, the book explores the physiobiochemical, molecular and omics approaches that are used to overcome biotic and abiotic constraints in legumes. It looks at the exogenous application of phytoprotectants; the role of nutrients in the alleviation of abiotic stress; and the microbial strategy for the improvement of legume production under hostile environments.

Key features:

• demonstrates how to mitigate the negative effect of stress on leguminous crops, and how to improve the yield under stress
• the most up-to-date research in the field
• written by an international team of active researchers and practitioners across academia, industry and non-profit organisations

This volume is a valuable and much-needed resource for scientists, professionals and researchers working in plant science, breeding, food security, crop improvement and agriculture worldwide. In universities it will educate postgraduate and graduate students in plant science and agriculture; it will also benefit those in scientific institutions and in biotech and agribusiness companies, who deal with agronomy and environment.

Leseprobe

CONTENTS

Cover

Title page

Copyright page

List of contributors

Preface

About the editors

Chapter 1: Legumes and breeding under abiotic stress: An overview

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Legumes under abiotic stress

1.3 Breeding of cool season food legumes

1.4 Breeding of cool season food legumes under abiotic stress

1.5 Breeding of warm season food legumes

1.6 Breeding of warm season food legumes under abiotic stress

1.7 Biotechnology approaches

1.8 Conclusions and future prospects

References

Chapter 2: Salt stress and leguminous crops: Present status and prospects

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Effects of salinity

2.3 Responses of plants to salinity

2.4 Lessons from studies of the leguminous crops

2.5 Omics technologies for understanding salt stress responses in legumes

2.6 Conclusions and future prospects

References

Chapter 3: Nutrient deficiencies under stress in legumes: An overview

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Environmental stresses and crop growth

3.3 Effects of nutrient deficiency

3.4 Methods to control nutrient deficiency

3.5 Micronutrient deficiency in plants

3.6 Roles of macronutrients in growth of legumes

3.7 Storage proteins in legumes and effect of nutritional deficiency

3.8 Protective mechanisms triggered in legumes under stress

3.9 Conclusion

References

Chapter 4: Chickpea: Role and responses under abiotic and biotic stress

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Origin and occurrence

4.3 General botany

4.4 Nutritional uses

4.5 Abiotic stress

4.6 Chickpea and abiotic stress: The ‘omics’ approach

4.7 Biotic stress

4.8 Breeding of chickpea for biotic stress

4.9 Conclusion and future prospects

References

Chapter 5: Chickpea and temperature stress: An overview

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Impacts on productivity

5.3 Impacts on nutritional and processing quality

5.4 Breeding for tolerance to temperature stresses

5.5 Conclusions

References

Chapter 6: Effect of pesticides on leguminous plants: An overview

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Uptake, metabolism and persistence of pesticides

6.3 Effects of pesticides on leguminous plants

6.4 Pesticide tolerance in legumes

6.5 Conclusion

References

Chapter 7: Oxidative stress and antioxidant defence systems in response to pesticide stress

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Fate of pesticides in plants, soil and water

7.3 Pyrethroids: mode of action

7.4 Oxidative stress and ROS production in plants

7.5 Conclusion and future prospects

References

Chapter 8: Legume-rhizobia symbiotic performance under abiotic stresses: Factors influencing tolerance behaviour

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Symbiotic association: A specific plant-microbe interaction

8.3 Legume-rhizobia symbiosis: A vulnerable association under osmotic stresses

8.4 Nodulation process and symbiotic performance variability

8.5 Variability of symbiotic partners’ input to symbiosis resilience

8.6 Effect of osmotic stress on nodule integrity and functioning

8.7 Future prospects

References

Chapter 9: Microbial strategies for the improvement of legume production in hostile environments

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Abiotic stresses affecting legume crop productivity

9.3 Improving legume yield by inoculation with rhizobacteria

9.4 Biomechanisms regulating growth and development

9.5 Conclusions and future prospects

References

Chapter 10: Role of abscisic acid in legumes under abiotic stress

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Effect of abiotic stress on ABA biosynthesis, catabolism and transport

10.3 Perception of ABA in legumes under abiotic stress

10.4 ABA mediating whole-legume responses to abiotic stress

10.5 ABA regulation of leaf expansion under abiotic stress

10.6 ABA as a regulator of nodulation under abiotic stress

10.7 ABA and assimilate accumulation under abiotic stress

10.8 ABA mediating the expression of abiotic stress-responsive genes

10.9 Concluding remarks and future prospects

References

Chapter 11: Exogenous application of phytoprotectants in legumes against environmental stress

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Importance of legumes

11.3 Legume responses to environmental stresses

11.4 Application of phytoprotectants for enhancing stress tolerance

11.5 Conclusion and future perspectives

11.6 Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 12: Genetic and molecular responses of legumes in a changing environment

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Legumes: a botanical treasure

12.3 Environmental threats to legumes

12.4 Genetic and molecular responses to salt stress

12.5 Genetic and molecular responses to drought

12.6 Genetic and molecular responses to extremes in temperatures

12.7 Plant defence mechanisms and their efficiency

12.8 Conclusion and future prospects

References

Chapter 13: Omics approaches and abiotic stress tolerance in legumes

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Omics: Solutions to abiotic stress in legumes?

13.3 Transcriptomics

13.4 Proteomics

13.5 Metabolomics

13.6 Genomics

13.7 Transgenomics

13.8 Functional genomics

13.9 Phenomics

13.10 Conclusions and future prospects

References

Chapter 14: MicroRNA-mediated regulatory functions under abiotic stresses in legumes

14.1 Introduction

14.2 MicroRNAs (miRNAs): Small but significant

14.3 Micro-RNA identification and functional diversity in legumes

14.4 MicroRNA expression profiling under abiotic stresses in legumes

14.5 MicroRNAs play important roles in nodulation and symbiosis in legumes

14.6 MicroRNA-mediated approaches for functional genomics in legumes

14.7 Conclusions and future prospects

References

Chapter 15: Biotechnology approaches to overcome biotic and abiotic stress constraints in legumes

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Legumes and their importance

15.3 Legumes in stressed environments

15.4 Host defence mechanisms

15.5 Disease and stress checkpoints

15.6 Biotechnology in legumes

15.7 Molecular approaches to improving legume defences

15.8 Integration of GM legumes in current agricultural systems

15.9 Conclusion and future prospects

References

Chapter 16: Gene pyramiding and omics approaches for stress tolerance in leguminous plants

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Approaches to incorporate stress tolerance mechanisms

16.3 Conclusions

References

Chapter 17: Combating phosphorus deficiency on alkaline calcareous soils by adsorption isotherm technique for legume crops in arid environments

17.1 Introduction

17.2 Methodology

17.3 Results and discussion

17.4 Conclusions

References

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 02

Table 2.1 List of leguminous crops (pulses) as classified by FAO (1994).

Table 2.2 Summary of leguminous crops genome sequence information.

Table 2.3 Summary of proteomic publications in leguminous crops.

Chapter 03

Table 3.1 List of important nutrients required for plant growth.

Table 3.2 Effects of nutrient deficiency on plant development.

Chapter 06

Table 6.1 Effect of pesticides on nodulation by symbiotic bacteria in legumes.

Chapter 09

Table 9.1 Germination of various soybean genotypes 2, 6 and 10 days after sowing in Petri dishes at different concentrations of NaCl.

Table 9.2 Mean squares from analysis of variance for various plant traits of 29 genotypes of chickpea at three concentrations of NaCl.

Table 9.3 Effect of salinity on shoot and root length of chickpea genotypes (seedlings were grown in a gnotobiotic sand system for 3 weeks).

Chapter 11

Table 11.1 Nutritional composition (per 100 g of edible parts) of the major pulses.

Table 11.2 Amount of nitrogen fixation in soil by different pulse crops.

Table 11.3 Yield reduction due to different abiotic stress in legumes.

Table 11.4 Protective effects of phytoprotectants on the growth and physiology of legumes grown under environmental stresses.

Chapter 12

Table 12.1 Metabolites produced by legumes in response to salt stress.

Table 12.2 Signalling cascade and effector elements activated in response to environmental stress factors.

Table 12.3 Genetic bases for induction of tolerance to environmental stress factors.

Chapter 15

Table 15.1 Biotic and abiotic stress response factors.

Table 15.2 Genetically modified legumes and the genes manipulated for enhancing abiotic stress resistance.

Table 15.3 Biotechnology tools applied to leguminous plants for stress resistance.

Chapter 16

Table 16.1 A summary of proteomic analysis of legume plants under variable stresses.

Table 16.2 Various molecular markers used for genomic analysis in stressed legumes.

Chapter 17

Table 17.1 Some basic physical and chemical properties of the three soils.

Table 17.2 P sorption parameters of the Freundlich model.

Table 17.3 Model and linear parameters of the Freundlich equation.

Table 17.4 P doses by Freundlich adsorption model for the three soils.

Table 17.5 Green fodder yield in five cuttings of berseem (1st crop) on sandy clay loam soil.

Table 17.6 Green fodder yield in five cuttings of berseem (1st crop) on clay loam soil.

Table 17.7 Green fodder yield in five cuttings of berseem (1st crop) on sandy loam soil.

Table 17.8 Dry matter (%) of berseem on the three soils.

Table 17.9 P concentration (%) of berseem on the three soils.

Table 17.10 Crude protein (%) of berseem on the three soils.

Table 17.11 Crude fibre (%) of berseem on the three soils.

Table 17.12 Model-based P rates for mung bean for sandy clay loam soil.

Table 17.13 Model-based P rates for mung bean for clay loam soil.

Table 17.14 Model-based P rates for mung bean for sandy loam soil.

Table 17.15 Effect of applied P on grain yield (Mg/ha) of mung bean on the three soils.

Table 17.16 Effect of applied P on protein content of mung bean on the three soils.

Table 17.17 Model-based P rates for berseem for sandy clay loam soil.

Table 17.18 Model-based P rates for berseem for clay loam soil.

Table 17.19 Model-based P rates for berseem for sandy loam soil.

Table 17.20 Effect of applied P on green fodder yield (Mg/ha) of berseem on the three soils.

Table 17.21 Effect of applied P on dry matter (%) of berseem on the three soils.

Table 17.22 Effect of applied P on P concentration (%) of berseem on the three soils.

Table 17.23 Effect of applied P on crude protein (%) of berseem on the three soils.

Table 17.24 Effect of applied P on crude fibre (%) of berseem on the three soils.

List of Illustrations

Chapter 02

Figure 2.1 Effect of salt stress and responses of plant.

Chapter 03

Figure 3.1 Mechanism of stress.

Figure 3.2 Stressor dose and stress effect relationship in plants.

Figure 3.3 Phases of stress and their consequences on the plant.

Figure 3.4 Emission spectrum of

Saccharum officinarum

plant under intense salinity.

Chapter 05

Figure 5.1 Heat-sensitive genotype anther structural abnormalities: anther stained with Alexander’s stain. (a) Locule number changed (ICC 4567). (b) Anther epidermis wall is thickened (ICC 4567). (c) Anther shows fertile and sterile pollen grain (ICC 5912). Fertile – red in colour; sterile – green in colour. Scale: 10 μm.

Figure 5.2 Effect of high temperatures on the pollen germination on the stigma. (a) Heat-tolerant: ICC 15614 – pollen germination on the stigma. (b) Heat-sensitive: ICC 10685 – no pollen germination on the stigma.

Figure 5.3 Comparison of seed size under heat stress. Larger seeds (left side) from non-stressed and smaller seeds (right side) from heat-stressed conditions.

Chapter 06

Figure 6.1 Effect of pesticide stress on nodulation and nitrogenase activity of nitrogen-fixing bacteria.

Chapter 07

Figure 7.1 Structural formulae of

cis

- and

trans

-permethrin.

Chapter 09

Figure 9.1 The effect of NaCl concentration on the colonization of

Mezorhizobium

sp. in the rhizosphere of

Glycyrrhiza uralensis

.

Chapter 10

Figure 10.1 Abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis and catabolism pathways. The steps from zeaxanthin to xanthoxin in

de novo

ABA synthesis occurring in plastids are shown. Xanthoxin moves from the plastids to the cytoplasm and is converted to ABA. In the catabolic pathways, ABA is inactivated through either oxidation or conjugation. Hydroxylation as well as hydrolysis of ABA-GE is shown with the corresponding enzymes. Postulated pathways are shown by broken lines and the confirmed pathways are shown as solid lines. ER, endoplasmic reticulum; PA, phaseic acid; DPA, dihydrophaseic acid; ABA-GE, ABA glucosyl ester.

Chapter 11

Figure 11.1 Major pulse crops grown in South Asia.

Figure 11.2 Root system of

Sesbania aculeata

containing nodules, organs formed in leguminous plants that help to fix N in soil. They are a product of successful interactions between the host plant and the soil bacteria,

Rhizobium

spp.

Figure 11.3 Glutathione-mediated toxic metal and xenobiotic detoxification in plant cells. AsA, ascorbic acid; GPX, glutathione peroxidase; GSH, glutathione; GST, glutathione-

S

-transferase; PC, phytochelatin, PCS, phytochelatin synthase; ROS, reactive oxygen species.

Figure 11.4 Possible mechanisms of NO-induced oxidative stress protection.

Chapter 12

Figure 12.1 Series of cellular changes in response to saline stress.

Figure 12.2 Physiological and biochemical responses to moderate drought.

Figure 12.3 Cellular changes involved in developing cold tolerance in legumes.

Chapter 13

Figure 13.1

Figure 13.2

Chapter 15

Figure 15.1 Importance of legumes in various sectors.

Figure 15.2 Legume response to biotic and abiotic stress factors.

Figure 15.3 Biotechnology intervention pathway for stress resistance in legumes.

Chapter 16

Figure 16.1 General steps of marker-assisted selection (MAS).

Figure 16.2 Example of gene pyramiding scheme accumulating six target genes. P1–P6: founding parents; H: hybrids.

Figure 16.3 Demonstration of phenomena of stress acclimatization by plants at the transcriptional level. ABA, abscisic acid; LEA, late embryogenesis abundant; ROS, reactive oxygen species.

Guide

Cover

Table of Contents

Begin Reading

Pages

iii

iv

vii

viii

ix

x

xi

xii

xii

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

53

54

55

56

57

58

59

60

61

62

63

64

65

67

68

69

70

71

72

73

74

75

76

77

78

79

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

103

104

105

106

107

108

109

110

111

112

113

114

115

116

117

118

119

120

121

122

123

124

125

126

127

128

129

130

131

133

134

135

136

137

138

139

140

141

142

143

144

145

146

147

148

149

150

151

152

153

154

155

156

157

158

159

160

161

162

163

164

165

166

167

168

169

170

171

172

173

174

175

176

177

178

179

180

181

182

183

184

185

186

187

188

189

190

191

192

193

194

195

196

197

199

200

201

202

203

204

205

206

207

208

209

210

211

212

213

214

215

216

217

218

219

220

221

222

223

224

225

226

227

228

229

230

231

232

233

234

235

236

237

238

239

240

241

242

243

244

245

247

248

249

250

251

252

253

254

255

256

257

258

259

260

262

263

264

265

266

267

268

269

270

271

272

273

274

275

276

277

278

279

280

281

282

283

285

286

287

288

289

290

291

292

293

294

295

296

297

298

299

301

302

303

304

305

306

307

308

309

310

Legumes under Environmental Stress

Yield, Improvement and Adaptations

EDITED BY

Mohamed Mahgoub Azooz

South Valley University, Egypt

Parvaiz Ahmad

S.P. College, Srinagar, J&K, India

This edition first published 2015. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Registered OfficeJohn Wiley & Sons, Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK

Editorial Offices9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UKThe Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774, USA

For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell.

The right of the author to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher.

Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book.

Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author(s) have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services and neither the publisher nor the author shall be liable for damages arising herefrom. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Azooz, M. M. Legumes under environmental stress : yield, improvement and adaptations / Mohamed Mahgoub Azooz, Parvaiz Ahmad.  pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index.

 ISBN 978-1-118-91708-4 (cloth)1. Legumes–Effect of stress on. 2. Legumes–Yields. 3. Legumes–Adaptation. I. Ahmad, Parvaiz. II. Title. SB177.L45A96 2015 633.3–dc23

    2014025842

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books.

List of contributors

Mohammad Abass AhangerSchool of Studies in BotanyJiwaji UniversityGwaliorIndia

Fakiha AfzalAtta-ur-Rahman School of Applied BiosciencesNational University of Sciences and Technology (NUST)IslamabadPakistan

Parvaiz AhmadDepartment of BotanyS.P. CollegeSrinagarJammu and KashmirIndia

Shakeel AhmadDepartment of AgronomyBahauddin Zakariya UniversityMultanPakistan

Md. Mahabub AlamLaboratory of Plant Stress ResponsesDepartment of Applied Biological ScienceKagawa UniversityKagawaJapan

Mohammad AliInstitute of BiotechnologyBahauddin Zakariya UniversityMultanPakistan

Saroj AroraDepartment of Botanical and Environmental SciencesGuru Nanak Dev UniversityAmritsarIndia

Sadia ArshadAtta-ur-Rahman School of Applied BiosciencesNational University of Sciences and Technology (NUST)IslamabadPakistan

Mohamed Mahgoub AzoozDepartment of BotanyFaculty of ScienceSouth Valley UniversityQenaEgypt