Linking Diagenesis to Sequence Stratigraphy E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Serie: International Association Of Sedimentologists Series
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1208

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2012

Beschreibung

Sequence stratigraphy is a powerful tool for the prediction of depositional porosity and permeability, but does not account for the impact of diagenesis on these reservoir parameters. Therefore, integrating diagenesis and sequence stratigraphy can provide a better way of predicting reservoir quality.

This special publication consists of 19 papers (reviews and case studies) exploring different aspects of the integration of diagenesis and sequence stratigraphy in carbonate, siliciclastic, and mixed carbonate-siliciclastic successions from various geological settings. This book will be of interest to sedimentary petrologists aiming to understand the distribution of diagenesis in siliciclastic and carbonate successions, to sequence stratigraphers who can use diagenetic features to recognize and verify interpreted key stratigraphic surfaces, and to petroleum geologists  who wish to develop more realistic conceptual models for the spatial and temporal distribution of reservoir quality.

This book is part of the International Association of Sedimentologists (IAS) Special Publications.

The Special Publications from the IAS are a set of thematic volumes edited by specialists on subjects of central interest to sedimentologists. Papers are reviewed and printed to the same high standards as those published in the journal Sedimentology and several of these volumes have become standard works of reference.

Leseprobe

Contents

Cover

Other Publications of the International Association of Sedimentologists

Special Publications

Reprint Series

Title Page

Copyright

Preface

Chapter 1: Linking Diagenesis to Sequence Stratigraphy: An Integrated Tool for Understanding and Predicting Reservoir Quality Distribution

Introduction

Sequence Stratigraphy: An Overview of the Key Concepts

Parameters Controlling Sediment Diagenesis

Basis for Linking Diagenesis and Sequence Stratigraphy

Distribution of Diagenetic Alterations Along Sequence Stratigraphic Surfaces

Distribution of Diagenetic Alterations Within Systems Tracts

Concluding Remarks

References

Chapter 2: The Occurrence of Glaucony in the Stratigraphic Record: Distribution Patterns and Sequence-Stratigraphic Significance

Introduction

Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 3: Sequence Architecture and Palaeoclimate Controls on Diagenesis Related to Subaerial Exposure of Icehouse Cyclic Pennsylvanian and Permian Carbonates

Introduction

Geologic Setting

Methods

Depositional Environments

Sequences

Diagenetic Alterations

Distribution of Fbo-Calcite Cement

Discussion

Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 4: Sequence Stratigraphic Influence on Regional Diagenesis of a Mixed Carbonate-Siliciclastic Passive Margin, Eocene, N.C., USA

Introduction

Background

Methods

Depositional Facies

Diagenetic Fabrics

Discussion

Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 5: Stratigraphic Controls on the Distribution of Diagenetic Processes, Quality and Heterogeneity of Fluvial-Aeolian Reservoirs from the Recôncavo Basin, Brazil

Introduction

Recôncavo Basin

Sergi Formation

Sampling and Analytical Methods

Petrology of Sergi Sandstones

Diagenetic Processes and Constituents

Discussion

Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 6: Diagenesis at Exposure Surfaces in a Transgressive Systems Tract in a Third Order Sequence (Lower Carboniferous, Belgium)

Introduction

Geological Setting

Methodology

Sedimentology and Sequence Stratigraphy

Diagenesis

Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 7: Diagenetic and Epigenetic Mineralization in Central Europe Related to Surfaces and Depositional Systems of Sequence Stratigraphic Relevance

Introduction

Geological and Geodynamic Settings

Diagenetic and Epigenetic Mineralizations in Central Europe and Their Sequence Stratigraphic Setting

Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 8: Distribution and Petrography of Concretionary Carbonate in a Falling-Stage Delta-Front Sandstone Succession: Upper Cretaceous Panther Tongue Member, Book Cliffs, Utah

Introduction

Geological and Stratigraphic Setting

Methods

Results

Data Interpretation

Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 9: Dolomite-Rich Condensed Sections in Overbank Deposits of Turbidite Channels: The Eocene Hecho Group, South-Central Pyrenees, Spain

Introduction

Geological and Stratigraphic Setting

Materials and Methods

Results

Discussion

Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 10: An Integrated Stratigraphic, Petrophysical, Geochemical and Geostatistical Approach to the Understanding of Burial Diagenesis: Triassic Sherwood Sandstone Group, South Yorkshire, UK

Introduction

Background

Outcrop Data

Results

Spatial Patterns

Discussion OF Spatial Patterns

Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 11: Geochemical Evidence for Meteoric Diagenesis and Cryptic Surfaces of Subaerial Exposure in Upper Ordovician Peritidal Carbonates from the Nashville Dome, Central Tennessee, USA

Introduction

Stratigraphic Context

Methods

Results

Discussion

Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 12: Distribution of Diagenetic Alterations in Relationship to Depositional Facies and Sequence Stratigraphy of a Wave- and Tide-Dominated Siliciclastic Shoreline Complex: Upper Cretaceous Chimney Rock Sandstones, Wyoming and Utah, USA

Introduction

Geological Setting and Sequence Stratigraphy

Samples and Methods

Results

Discussion

Summary Model of the Diagenetic Evolution

Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 13: Linking Diagenesis and Porosity Preservation versus Destruction to Sequence Stratigraphy of Gas Condensate Reservoir Sandstones; the Jauf Formation (Lower to Middle Devonian), Eastern Saudi Arabia

Introduction

General Geological Setting, Depositional Facies and Sequence Stratigraphy

Samples and Methods

Framework Composition of the Sandstones

Diagenetic Processes and Products

Discussion

Summary Model of the Diagenetic and Related Reservoir Quality Evolution Pathways

Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 14: Petrographic, Stable Isotope and Fluid Inclusion Characteristics of the Viking Sandstones: Implications for Sequence Stratigraphy, Bayhurst Area, SW Saskatchewan, Canada

Introduction

Geological Setting

Stratigraphy of the Viking Formation in the Study Area

Analytical Methods

Petrography

Carbon and Oxygen Isotopes of Carbonate Cements

Fluid Inclusions

Discussion

Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 15: Diagenetic Alterations Related to Falling Stage and Lowstand Systems Tracts of Shelf, Slope and Basin Floor Sandstones (Eocene Central Basin, Spitsbergen)

Introduction

Geological Setting

Depositional Environments

Sequence Stratigraphy

Samples and Methods

Results

Discussion

Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 16: Diagenetic Controls on Porosity Preservation in Lowstand Oolitic and Crinoidal Carbonates, Mississippian, Kansas and Missouri, USA

Introduction

Lithofacies

Stratigraphy

Discussion of Stratigraphy

Diagenesis

Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 17: Diagenetic Salinity Cycles: A link between Carbonate Diagenesis and Sequence Stratigraphy

Introduction

Hypotheses

Geological Settings

Methods

Results – Expressions of Diagenetic Salinity Cycles

Discussion

Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 18: Linkages between Tapho-Diagenesis and Sequence Stratigraphy in Cool-Water Limestones from a Pliocene Forearc Seaway, New Zealand

Introduction

Geological and Tectonic Setting

Methods

Sedimentology and Stratal Architectures

Taphonomy and Carbonate Diagenesis

Evolution of Contrasting Forearc Carbonate Factories

Eustatic Depositional – Carbonate Alteration Models

Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

Chapter 19: Recognition and Significance of Paludal Dolomites: Late Mississippian, Kentucky, USA

Introduction

Methods

Description

Interpretation

Discussion

Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Index

Other Publications of the International Association of Sedimentologists

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Edited by Christopher G. St. C. Kendall andAbdulrahman S. Alsharhan

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42 Carbonate Systems During the Olicocene-Miocene Climatic Transition

Edited by Maria Mutti, Werner E. Piller andChristian Betzler

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41 Perspectives in Carbonate Geology

A Tribute to the Career of Robert Nathan Ginsburg

Edited by Peter K. Swart, Gregor P. Eberli andJudith A. McKenzie

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40 Analogue and Numerical Modelling of Sedimentary Systems

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Edited by P. de Boer, G. Postma, K. van der Zwan, P. Burgess and P. Kukla

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38 Sedimentary Processes, Environments and Basins

A Tribute to Peter Friend

Edited by G. Nichols, E. Williams and C. Paola

2007, 648 pages, 329 illustrations

37 Continental Margin Sedimentation From Sediment

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Edited by C.A. Nittrouer, J.A. Austin, M.E. Field, J.H. Kravitz, J.P.M. Syvitski and P.L. Wiberg

2007, 549 pages, 178 illustrations

36 Braided Rivers

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35 Fluvial Sedimentology VII

Edited by M.D. Blum, S.B. Marriott and S.F. Leclair

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34 Clay Mineral Cements in Sandstones

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2003, 512 pages, 246 illustrations

33 Precambrian Sedimentary Environments

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32 Flood and Megaflood Processes and Deposits

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31 Particulate Gravity Currents

Edited by W.D. McCaffrey, B.C. Kneller and J. Peakall

2001, 320 pages, 222 illustrations

30 Volcaniclastic Sedimentation in Lacustrine Settings

Edited by J.D.L. White and N.R. Riggs

2001, 312 pages, 155 illustrations

29 Quartz Cementation in Sandstones

Edited by R.H. Worden and S. Morad

2000, 352 pages, 231 illustrations

28 Fluvial Sedimentology VI

Edited by N.D. Smith and J. Rogers

1999, 328 pages, 280 illustrations

27 Palaeoweathering, Palaeosurfaces and Related

Continental Deposits

Edited by M. Thiry and R. Simon Coinçon

1999, 408 pages, 238 illustrations

26 Carbonate Cementation in Sandstones

Edited by S. Morad

1998, 576 pages, 297 illustrations

25 Reefs and Carbonate Platforms in the Pacific and Indian Oceans

Edited by G.F. Camoin and P.J. Davies

1998, 336 pages, 170 illustrations

24 Tidal Signatures in Modern and Ancient Sediments

Edited by B.W. Flemming and A. Bartholoma

1995, 368 pages, 259 illustrations

23 Carbonate Mud-mounds

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1995, 543 pages, 330 illustrations

Reprint Series

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Edited by S.D. Burley and R.H. Worden

2003, 648 pages, 223 illustrations

3 Deep-water Turbidite Systems

Edited by D.A.V. Stow

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2 Calcretes

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This edition first published 2012 © 2012 by International Association of Sedimentologists

Cover images: Reproduced with permission of Sadoon Morad, J. Marcelo Ketzer, Luiz F. De Ros

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Linking diagenesis to sequence stratigraphy / edited by Sadoon Morad, Marcelo Ketzer, Luis F. De Ros.

pages cm. – (Special publication number 45 of the International Association of Sedimentologists)

Summary: “Sequence stratigraphy is a powerful tool for the prediction of depositional porosity and permeability, but does not account for the impact of diagenesis on these reservoir parameters. Therefore, integrating diagenesis and sequence stratigraphy can provide a better way of predicting reservoir quality”– Provided by publisher.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-1-118-48539-2 (hardback)

1. Diagenesis. 2. Reservoir sedimentation. 3. Sequence stratigraphy. I. Morad, Sadoon, editor of compilation. II. Ketzer, Marcelo, editor of compilation. III. De Ros, Luiz Fernando, editor of compilation.

QE571.L56 2012

552′.03–dc23

2012031369

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books.

Cover design by Code 5 Design

Preface

Diagenesis and sequence stratigraphy studies are conventionally performed as independent and isolated methods for the understanding and prediction of the spatial and temporal distribution of reservoir quality in sedimentary successions. Sequence stratigraphy focuses on the distribution of depositional facies and therefore of primary porosity and permeability of sedimentary successions promoted by the interplay between the rates of changes in relative sea level and in sedimentation. Diagenesis focuses on post-depositional processes causing modifications to depositional porosity and permeability at near-surface and during progressive burial of the successions, being commonly controlled by several parameters, which vary widely among the carbonate and siliciclastic successions.

Recently, several authors have demonstrated that the integration of diagenesis and sequence stratigraphy is a powerful tool for the understanding and prediction of the distribution of diagenetic alterations and of their impact on reservoir quality distribution and evolution. The successful application of the integrated approach is possible because the parameters controlling the distribution of early diagenetic (eogenetic) alterations also control the sequence stratigraphic framework. These parameters include: (i) changes in the relative sea level, which control changes in pore water chemistry (marine, meteoric and mixed); and (ii) rates of sedimentation, which control the residence time of the sediments under specific geochemical conditions, such as along surfaces of subaerial exposure (i.e. sequence boundaries) and at the seafloor (e.g. along marine flooding surfaces). The first papers, which have dealt with this integrated approach, apply to carbonate successions; usually carbonate sediments are far more reactive and sensitive to changes in pore water chemistry (marine, meteoric and mixed marine-meteoric compositions) than siliciclastic sediments.

This IAS Special Publication was assembled from a set of peer-reviewed papers by invited authors working with this research topic. Contributions cover the application of the integrated diagenesis-sequence stratigraphy approach to carbonate and siliciclastic successions from various geological settings.

This volume consists of 19 papers exploring different aspects of the integration of diagenesis and sequence stratigraphy in carbonate and siliciclastic successions, including review papers and case studies. The opening paper by Morad etal. is a general review of the links between diagenesis and sequence stratigraphy in carbonate and siliciclastic rocks and their applications to reservoir quality prediction. The second paper, by Amorosi, consists of a revision on the distribution patterns of glaucony in a sequence stratigraphic framework. The two following papers, by Caron etal. and Csoma & Goldstein, propose relationships between the diagenesis and the sequence stratigraphy of carbonate successions. Buijs & Goldstein, Smeester etal. and Railsback etal., present aspects of diagenetic alterations related to surfaces of subaerial exposure surfaces, while Ritter & Goldstein and Barnett etal. demonstrate examples of sequence stratigraphic controls on the diagenesis of carbonate successions. The influence of sequence stratigraphy on the diagenesis of mixed carbonate-siliciclastic successions is presented by Coffey.

The sequence stratigraphic controls on the diagenesis of siliciclastic, continental successions is explored by De Ros & Scherer, whilst controls on coastal and marine sucessions (including deep water turbidite deposits) are presented by Machent etal., Al-Ramadan etal. and Mansurbeg etal. and Marfil etal., McKinley etal. and Walz etal. present integrated studies applied to the understanding of burial diagenesis and to the application of diagenesis to sequence stratigraphy. The volume is completed with an example by Dill on the application of diagenesis and sequence stratigraphy integration to mineral exploration.

This volume is expected to interest various classes of readers, including: (i) sedimentologists and sedimentary petrologists who aim to understand the distribution of diagenetic alterations in siliciclastic and carbonate sedimentary rocks; (ii) sequence stratigraphers who wish to recognize key sequence stratigraphic surfaces based on their specific diagenetic signatures, aiding in the construction of the sequence stratigraphic framework of carbonate and siliciclastic successions, and (iii) petroleum geologists aiming to develop models for the spatial and temporal distribution of reservoir quality in these successions.

Linking Diagenesis to Sequence Stratigraphy: An Integrated Tool for Understanding and Predicting Reservoir Quality Distribution

S. Morad*,†, J.M. Ketzer‡ and L.F. De Ros§

*Department of Petroleum Geosciences, The Petroleum Institute, P.O. Box 2533, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; E-mail: [email protected]

†Department of Earth Sciences, Uppsala University, 752 36, Uppsala, Sweden

‡CEPAC Brazilian Carbon Storage Research Center, PUCRS, Av. Ipiranga, 6681, Predio 96J, TecnoPuc, Porto Alegre, RS, 90619-900, Brazil; E-mail: [email protected]

§Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre, RS, 91501-970, Brazil; E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

Sequence stratigraphy is a useful tool for the prediction of primary (depositional) porosity and permeability. However, these primary characteristics are modified to variable extents by diverse diagenetic processes. This paper demonstrates that integration of sequence stratigraphy and diagenesis is possible because the parameters controlling the sequence stratigraphic framework may have a profound impact on early diagenetic processes. The latter processes play a decisive role in the burial diagenetic and related reservoir-quality evolution pathways. Therefore, the integration of sequence stratigraphy and diagenesis allows a proper understanding and prediction of the spatial and temporal distribution of diagenetic alterations and, consequently, of reservoir quality in sedimentary successions.

Introduction

The diagenesis of sedimentary rocks, which may enhance, preserve or destroy porosity and permeability, is controlled by a complex array of inter-related parameters (Stonecipher et al., 1984). These parameters range from tectonic setting (controls burial-thermal history of the basin and detrital composition of clastic sediments) to depositional facies and palaeo-climatic conditions (Morad, 2000; Worden & Morad, 2003). Despite the large number of studies (e.g. Schmidt & McDonalds, 1979; Stonecipher et al., 1984; Jeans, 1986; Curtis, 1987; Walderhaug & Bjorkum, 1998; Ketzer et al., 2003; Shaw & Conybeare, 2003) on the diagenetic alteration of sedimentary rocks, the parameters controlling their spatial and temporal distribution patterns in paralic and shallow-marine and particularly in continental and deep water sedimentary deposits are still not fully understood (Surdam et al., 1989; Morad, 1998; Worden & Morad, 2000, 2003).

Diagenetic studies have been used independently from sequence stratigraphy as a tool to understand and predict the distribution of reservoir quality in clastic and carbonate successions (e.g. Ehrenberg, 1990; Byrnes, 1994; Wilson, 1994; Bloch & Helmold, 1995; Kupecz et al., 1997; Anjos et al., 2000; Spötl et al., 2000; Bourque et al., 2001; Bloch et al., 2002; Esteban & Taberner, 2003; Heydari, 2003; Prochnow et al., 2006; Ehrenberg et al., 2006a).

The sequence stratigraphic approach, nevertheless, allows the prediction of facies distributions (Posamentier & Vail, 1988; Van Wagoner et al., 1990; Emery & Myers, 1996; Posamentier & Allen, 1999), providing information on the depositional distribution of primary porosity and permeability (Van Wagoner et al., 1990; Posamentier & Allen, 1999). Depositional reservoir quality is mainly controlled by the geometry, sorting and grain size of sediments. Sequence stratigraphy enables prediction of the distribution of mudstones and other fine-grained deposits that may act as seals, baffles and barriers for fluid flow within reservoir successions and as petroleum source rocks (Van Wagoner et al., 1990; Emery & Myers, 1996; Posamentier & Allen, 1999).

Although sequence stratigraphic models can predict facies and depositional porosity and permeability distribution in sedimentary successions, particularly in deltaic, coastal and shallow-marine deposits (Emery & Myers, 1996), they cannot provide direct information about the diagenetic evolution of reservoir quality. As most of the controls on early diagenetic processes are also sensitive to relative sea-level changes (e.g. pore water compositions and flow, duration of subaerial exposure), diagenesis can be linked to sequence stratigraphy (Tucker, 1993; South & Talbot, 2000; Morad et al., 2000, 2010; Ketzer et al., 2002, 2003). Hence, it is logical to assume that the integration of diagenesis and sequence stratigraphy will constitute a powerful tool for the prediction of the spatial and temporal distribution and evolution of quality in clastic reservoirs, as it has already been developed for carbonate successions (Goldhammar et al., 1990; Read & Horbury, 1993 and references therein; Tucker, 1993; Moss & Tucker, 1995; South & Talbot, 2000; Bourque , 2001; Eberli , 2001; Tucker & Booler, 2002; Glumac & Walker, 2002; Moore, 2004; Caron , 2005). This approach can also provide useful information on the formation of diagenetic seals, barriers and baffles for fluid flow, which may promote diagenetic compartmentalization of the reservoirs. A limited number of studies has been undertaken that illustrate how the spatial distribution of diagenetic features in various types of sedimentary successions can be better understood when linked to a sequence stratigraphic framework (Read & Horbury, 1993 and references therein; Tucker, 1993; Moss & Tucker, 1995; Morad , 2000; Ketzer , 2002, 2003a, 2003b, 2005; Al-Ramadan , 2005; El-Ghali , 2006, 2009).